Practice Test 4

A Spanish-speaking teen who says "Me gustaria manejar. I'll take the car!" is demonstrating: A. Codeswitching B. Transfer from the first language C. Linguistic confusion D. Syntactic reversal

A. Codeswitching

External validity of a study may be threatened by A. the Hawthorne effect. B. statistical regression. C. maturation. D. attrition.

A. the Hawthorne effect.

As you analyze a child's language sample, you find that she uses many instances of recurrence. Which of the following is an example of recurrence? A. "More juice." B. "No milk." C. "Yummy juice." D. "Want cookie."

A. "More juice."

Your assessment of a child with cerebral palsy (CP) shows that in addition to significant speech and language problems, the child exhibits slow, writhing involuntary movements. You correctly diagnose that the child has which of the following? A. Athetoid CP B. Ataxic CP C. Quadriplegia D. Spastic CP

A. Athetoid CP

As you evaluate the language of an eighth-grade boy, Derek, and listen to him talk about his hobbies and interests, he says things such as "I like to play football, and I also like Mario Cart Wii" and "My football team won the championship last Saturday; later, we celebrated at a pizza place." What has Derek just used? A. Compound sentences containing two independent clauses B. Complex sentences containing two independent clauses C. A compound and a complex sentence D. Complex sentences containing two dependent clauses

A. Compound sentences containing two independent clauses

The parents of a 10-year-old child consult a clinician. The child is short and has intellectual delay, cryptorchidism, and sleeps excessively. He also has a speech delay, hyperphagia, and is obese. The clinician notices that the child has a prominent nasal bridge, high, narrow forehead, thin upper lip, downturned mouth, almond-shaped eyes, and small hands and feet. The parents report that he frequently picks his skin. They report that the genetic counselor informed them that his condition is caused by autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11015q13) in some cases. The child has A. Cornelia de Lange syndrome. B. Apert syndrome. C. Prader-Willi syndrome. D. Dandy-Walker syndrome

A. Cornelia de Lange syndrome

The concept of period is related to which of the following? A. Frequency of sound vibrations B. Amplitude of sound vibrations C. The force with which the sound vibrates D. The pressure exerted by sound waves

A. Frequency of sound vibrations

You are a speech-language pathologist serving a hospital in an area with many African American patients. You will remember that: A. Hypertension is prevalent among African American adults, and it can result in hemorrhagic strokes B. Hypotension is prevalent among African American adults, and it can result in ischemic strokes C. Diabetes especially affects African Americans, and diabetes is associated with increased stroke risk D. Many African Americans are susceptible to sickle cell anemia, where blood vessels of the brain become clogged with plaque and make people more vulnerable to strokes

A. Hypertension is prevalent among African American adults, and it can result in hemorrhagic strokes

A clinician in private practice receives many referrals from local public school clinicians. The children being referred are those whose language test scores are too high to legally qualify them for therapy in the public schools. The parents of these children want services and are willing and able to pay for them out of pocket. The clinician in private practice often administers the Test of Word Intentionality, Temporality, Tenses, and Rules (TWITTER). One day, she becomes curious about the "typical score" of the children to whom she administers the TWITTER. The clinician takes the TWITTER scores of 21 children and lines them up in order from highest to lowest score: 33 46 48 51 55 60 69 73 73 73 73 82 85 89 91 93 95 95 95 96 98 The clinician concludes that the "typical" score (the one that occurs most often) on the TWITTER is 73. In terms of measures of central tendency, what is the typical score calculated by the clinician? A. Mode B. Median C. Standard deviation D. Mean

A. Mode

You are a clinician in a school district where increasing numbers of children are being diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). As you plan intervention for these children, what can you anticipate they will display? A. Slow, effortful speech, inconsistent and multiple articulation errors, and more difficulty with consonant clusters than fricatives B. Consistent sound errors accompanied by prolongation of speech sounds, voicing and devoicing errors, and deviations in prosody C. Deficits in phonological representation, problems with hyponasality, and rapid speech D. A limited sound inventory, unusual errors of articulation (e.g., metathesis), and rapid speech rate

A. Slow, effortful speech, inconsistent and multiple articulation errors, and more difficulty with consonant clusters than fricatives

An audiologist is conducting a hearing test on an 84-year-old-patient he suspects has a hearing loss. He would like to evaluate baseline hearing of the patient and provides her with a list of two-syllable, or disyllable, words that are pronounced with equal stress on the first and second syllables (e.g., suitcase, pushcart). Which test is the audiologist administering? A. Spondee recognition test B. Whispered speech test C. Rinne test D. Weber test

A. Spondee recognition test

You have been referred a 75-year-old woman by a neurologist who suspects hypokinetic dysarthria in her and has requested a speech evaluation and diagnosis of her communication difficulties. To confirm a diagnosis of hypokinetic dysarthria, you will be especially alert to which of the following? A. Symptoms of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, or Pick's disease, evidence of damage to the basal ganglia, mask-like face, slowness of movement, micrographic writing, monopitch and imprecise articulation among other symptoms B. Bilateral facial weakness with less severe lower face weakness, perhaps normal jaw strength, hyperactive gag reflex, hyperadduction of vocal folds, short phrases, continuous breathy voice, and predominant hypernasality, among other symptoms C. Fasciculations and fibrillations of muscles, progressive muscle weakness with use and recovery with rest, nasal emissions, harsh voice, monopitch, and monoloudness, among other symptoms D. Evidence of cerebellar damage; rotated or tilted head posture; over- and undershooting of movement targets; jerky, inaccurate, and halting movement; prolonged phonemes and intervals between words or syllables; and impression of drunken speech; among other symptoms

A. Symptoms of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, or Pick's disease, evidence of damage to the basal ganglia, mask-like face, slowness of movement, micrographic writing, monopitch and imprecise articulation among other symptoms

A clinician is a member of a cleft palate and craniofacial team that asks her to conduct an objective assessment of a 6-year-old child's velopharyngeal mechanism. The clinician decides to do nasopharyngoscopy, in which the nasopharyngoscope is passed through the middle meatus and back to the area of velopharyngeal closure. What will this procedure enable the clinician to observe? A. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces sentences B. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the adenoid pad as the child sustains /a/ C. The child's nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces CVC words D. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces nasals /n/ and /m/

A. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces sentences

The parents of 4-year-old Mariah consult a clinician. They have moved several times since Mariah was born; her father is a construction worker, and her mother works full-time inside the home caring for Mariah and her three siblings. The family has "struggled financially," according to Mariah's mother, Mrs. E. The clinician obtains the following information from Mrs. E. about Mariah's history: Mariah was born with a cleft of the soft palate and "a funny-looking face." Mrs. E. shares that "it was a nightmare to feed Mariah when she was a baby—the milk always came out through her nose." Mrs. E. begins to get angry as she describes the hospital staff in the town where Mariah was born. She states, "They said Mariah had some sort of syndrome and that she might always have special needs. I think that's bunk. Those people were so insensitive. They were just too busy to work with her properly. Mariah will be fine. I know she has had her problems, but I'm going to put her into a Montessori preschool because she is so smart." When the clinician sees Mariah for the first time, she notes that Mariah has a wide nose, small ears, almond-shaped eyes, and an elongated face. In addition, the clinician finds during assessment that she has a significant expressive language delay. The clinician will probably also find that she has A. articulation disorders and an intellectual disability. B. an above-average IQ. C. no history of failure to thrive. D. normal hearing with no history of middle ear infections.

A. articulation disorders and an intellectual disability.

A 4-year-old-child, Abby, is referred by her pediatrician to a multidisciplinary clinic where speech-language pathologists and audiologists work with a variety of other health care professionals. The pediatrician is concerned because Abby has had many middle ear infections and several sets of pressure equalizing (PE) tubes. At her preschool, the teacher says that she "tunes out" and has difficulty following directions. Her mother says that, at home, Abby always requests that music and TV be turned up louder. Thus, the pediatrician wants her to have a thorough evaluation of her hearing. If Abby has difficulty with homophonous pairs, she would have trouble distinguishing between words like A. bat-mat B. trash-cash C. horn-corn D. show-row

A. bat-mat

A mother brings her preschool daughter, Aubrey, to you for an evaluation. She says that the children tease Aubrey because she "sounds funny," and the teachers state that they do not understand her. Your assessment reveals that Aubrey is highly unintelligible. As part of your treatment plan, you have Aubrey's mother select 70 vocabulary words that are functional in Aubrey's environment and these words are used for training. You are using which approach? A. core vocabulary approach B. distinctive feature approach C. developmental approach D. maximal semantic contrast approach

A. core vocabulary approach

Procedures in which stuttering is directly reduced without teaching fluency skills (e.g., slow speech) are known as A. direct stuttering reduction methods. B. fluent stuttering. C. fluency shaping. D. desensitization to stuttering.

A. direct stuttering reduction methods.

You find that a child you are evaluating uses a number of phonological processes. One of those processes is stopping. You know this when you hear the child make what substitutions? A. du/zoo B. kown/clown C. bus/bush D. wing/ring

A. du/zoo

In spite of their significant disadvantages, standardized tests are used by most clinicians in assessing clients because such tests A. help qualify children for clinical services in public schools. B. are required by federal law. C. help generate the most reliable and valid assessment data. D. help select target behaviors for treatment

A. help qualify children for clinical services in public schools.

In second-language acquisition, a typical process in which a communicative behavior from the first language is carried over to the second language is called A. interference (transfer). B. fossilization. C. the silent period. D. interlanguage.

A. interference (transfer).

Brutten and Shoemaker hypothesized that stuttering, as they defined it A. is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion. B. is caused by operant conditioning. C. is caused by hereditary factors. D. is limited to word and phrase repetitions.

A. is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion.

An outpatient was seen for therapy for acquired apraxia of speech. The clinician instructed the patient to produce speech at one syllable per beat. The beat was set at a slower rate than the patient's actual speaking rate. Hand-tapping was also used simultaneously with this treatment technique. This is an example of A. metronomic pacing. B. metrical pacing. C. rate control. D. integral practice.

A. metronomic pacing.

The theory that asserts that each child is born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) is the A. nativist theory of Chomsky. B. cognitive theory of Piaget. C. behavioral theory of Skinner. D. social interactionist theory of Vygotsky.

A. nativist theory of Chomsky.

I n selecting the fluency-shaping technique, clinicians should consider that it A. often leads to relapse of stuttering. B. is known to promote long-term maintenance of fluency. C. does not induce unnatural prosodic features. D. is the most effective treatment available for preschoolers.

A. often leads to relapse of stuttering.

You are asked to develop a management plan for a patient with right hemisphere syndrome. Your treatment targets would include A. pragmatic language impairments. B. production of morphologic features. C. syntactic skills. D. phonological skills.

A. pragmatic language impairments.

A 61-year-old pastor, Rev. Parks, has a stroke and takes a leave of absence from his job while he recovers. After 5 or 6 months, he tells his doctor that he feels well enough to go back to work. When he begins his job again, he goes back to his usual duties: preaching sermons on Sunday mornings, teaching Bible studies, visiting church members who are sick, and others. Rev. Parks says that he is "100% back"; however, his parishioners and family notice some subtle problems. For example, he tends to bump into people who walk on his left; when he writes, he does not use the left side of the page. He does not recognize parishioners he has known for 20 or more years until they begin to speak. When people tell jokes, he does not laugh or appear to understand the jokes as he used to. He does not detect sarcasm in other people's speech. Rev. Parks probably has A. right hemisphere syndrome. B. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. C. global aphasia. D. apraxia of speech.

A. right hemisphere syndrome.

Speech samples of persons who clutter may contain such productions as "many thinkle peep so." This phenomenon is a A. spoonerism. B. dactylology. C. disassimilation. D. tachylalia.

A. spoonerism.

Sometimes specialists assess the lung volume of voice patients because breath support is inadequate. Specialists can measure _____________, or the total volume of air in the lungs; other measurements can include ___________ , or the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle; and _______________, or the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation. A. total lung capacity, tidal volume, vital capacity B. vital capacity, tidal capacity, total lung volume C. vital capacity, total lung capacity, tidal volume D. tidal volume, total lung capacity, vital volume

A. total lung capacity, tidal volume, vital capacity

A 45-year-old woman was complaining of difficulty masticating. She had tonic spasms after irradiation. The physician explained to the speech-language pathologist that this condition is believed to exist secondary to fibrosis of the muscles involved in mastication. This condition is called A. trismus. B. osteoradionecrosis. C. necrosis. D. mucositis.

A. trismus.

You have completed your assessment of a 6-year-old boy's language skills. Reports from such specialists as an audiologist, a pediatrician, and a psychologist are negative, but your assessment results show that the boy's language skills are limited, with marked deficiencies in producing grammatical morphemes. The correct diagnosis you convey to the parents of this child is A. "Your child has a language disorder due to lack of stimulation during infancy." B. "Your child has a specific language impairment." C. "Your child has a central auditory processing disorder that causes language problems." D. "Your child has a language disorder that is due to subtle neurological impairment."

B. "Your child has a specific language impairment."

You plan to write a treatment program for an adult who stutters. You wish to use the fluency-shaping procedure. Among the following choices, what would you include in your program? A. Auditory masking with white noise B. Airflow management, gentle onset of phonation, slower speech, and normal prosodic features C. Cancellations, pullouts, and preparatory sets D. Fluent stuttering with desensitization to stuttering

B. Airflow management, gentle onset of phonation, slower speech, and normal prosodic features

In the mand-model method of teaching language skills to children, the clinician does which of the following? A. Prompts an elaboration of a verbal response, and requires the child to imitate B. Asks questions like "Tell me what you want" and models or prompts the correct response if necessary C. Adds comments to the child's production, with no response requirement D. Repeatedly and consecutively models a particular structure but does not require the child to imitate it

B. Asks questions like "Tell me what you want" and models or prompts the correct response if necessary

While the clinician was conducting the examination in the radiology department to determine whether there was a delay in the pharyngeal swallow reflex, she most likely would have selected the following treatment technique with the patient: A. Head back B. Head down (chin tuck) C. Lying on one side D. Cervical auscultation

B. Head down (chin tuck)

Among the following symptoms, which one is NOT an especially significant feature of traumatic brain injury in children? A. Sentence comprehension problems B. Marked deficiency in producing grammatical morphemes C. Topic maintenance D. Word-retrieval problems

B. Marked deficiency in producing grammatical morphemes

While completing an Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) assessment, the clinician noted that the client was proficient in unaided communication. Which of the following would be an example of unaided communication? A. A speech-generating device B. Sign language C. A device that produces voice output D. Paper and pencil

B. Sign language

You have just administered a standardized test of articulation to a boy with speech sound disorders. You had decided that the test was appropriate for the child because children of the same background as the child were sampled in the normative standardization process. The child scored in the 50th percentile on the test. Which of the following statements is a correct interpretation of this score? A. The child is below average in speech sound production. B. The child's score is equivalent to the median in the normative sample. C. The child is above average in speech sound production. D. The test results suggest target speech productions for treatment.

B. The child's score is equivalent to the median in the normative sample.

Being a branch of physics, acoustics describes various physical properties of sound, its generation, and its propagation. Of the following descriptions, which one is incorrect? A. Newton's law of inertia states that all bodies always remain at rest until a force sets them in motion. B. The process of a sound wave traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in its speed is called refraction. C. Formant frequency is a frequency region with concentrated energy. D. Measured in terms of Nt, force is the product of mass and acceleration.

B. The process of a sound wave traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in its speed is called refraction.

A hospital-based speech-language pathologist is serving increasing numbers of patients with Parkinson's disease. This clinician, Jason, works to help his patients increase their intelligibility. One way that Jason evaluates the success of the therapy he provides for these patients is to rate their overall intelligibility of speech before and after they participate in 10 weeks of articulation and voice therapy. He finds that the patients appreciate these before-and-after measures of their progress. However, after seeing a number of patients with Parkinson's disease, Jason realizes that a potential problem with his before-and-after intelligibility ratings is that he has become accustomed to the patients' speech as he has gotten to know them, and this could be affecting the "after" intelligibility rating. Jason goes to a local university and selects four speech-language pathology graduate students to watch before-and-after videos of his patients and independently rate each patient's intelligibility. He finds that, happily, the four students' ratings of the same patients vary little. For example, Student A rates Patient 1 as "90% intelligible after 10 weeks of therapy;" Student B rates Patient 1 as "92% intelligible," and Students C and D rate this same patient as "88% intelligible." In this situation, what can one conclude? A. There is low interjudge reliability. B. There is high interjudge reliability. C. There is low intrajudge reliability. D. There is high intrajudge reliability.

B. There is high interjudge reliability.

In a voice evaluation, air pressure can be measured with a A. thermometer. B. manometer. C. airmometer. D. altimeter.

B. manometer.

A researcher wishes to synthesize the results of studies about the effectiveness of alternative/augmentative communication with children with cerebral palsy. She uses a statistical method involving the integration of data across studies to form general conclusions. This method is called the: A. ethnographic method B. meta-analysis method C. single-subject design method D. summative survey method

B. meta-analysis method

The two muscles in the middle ear that dampen the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and the ossicular chain are the A. levator tympani and stapedius muscle. B. auditory meatus and levator tympani. C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle. D. buccinator tympani and risorius.

C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle.

A child from Culber City transfers to Central City, and his file indicates that he has been receiving speech-language services in Culber City. Some pages of the report from the speech-language pathologist in Culber City are missing. However, the first page indicates that this child has Moebius syndrome. He also has a history of frequent hospitalizations. What can the Central City clinician probably expect to find? A. This child has syndactyly, cranial synostosis, resulting in smaller anterior-posterior skull diameter, high forehead, an arched and grooved hard palate, class III malocclusion, and possible cleft of the hard palate. B. This child has delayed language and an articulation disorder, as well as bilabial paresis and weak tongue control for lateralization, elevation, depression, and protrusion, a mask-like face, a history of feeding problems in infancy, and unilateral or bilateral paralysis of the abductors of the eye. C. This child has a small maxillary structure, sphenoethmoidal synchondroses, ocular hypertelorism, facial asymmetry including a tall forehead, and brachycephaly. D. This child has low muscle tone, a history of early feeding difficulties, initial failure to thrive, obesity after the first year, and underdeveloped genitals.

B. This child has delayed language and an articulation disorder, as well as bilabial paresis and weak tongue control for lateralization, elevation, depression, and protrusion, a mask-like face, a history of feeding problems in infancy, and unilateral or bilateral paralysis of the abductors of the eye.

A teacher refers Juan to you for a speech-language evaluation. Juan, a second grader from the Dominican Republic who speaks Spanish and English with equal fluency, transferred to your school district 3 months ago from another district in your state. In his previous district, Juan was in a bilingual classroom where his primary language of Spanish was maintained, and he was also exposed to English. According to Juan's report card from the previous district, "Juan does well speaking both Spanish and English. I [the teacher] think he is beginning to show a preference for English. Juan is performing adequately in all academic areas." The second-grade teacher at your school, who teaches only in English, feels that after 3 months in her classroom, "Juan is catching on slowly. I wonder if he needs special education. It seems that he would benefit from speech therapy." What would be your best course of action? A. Ask the district to send you a bilingual, Spanish-speaking, speech-language pathologist who can evaluate Juan, because you are sure that he has a language disorder. B. Use a dynamic-assessment model to evaluate Juan's language-learning ability and combine that with classroom observations over the next 2 to 3 months to evaluate his progress. C. Use a variety of English screening instruments to assess Juan's English ability because these instruments are ecologically valid for him. D. Ask Juan's parents to sign a permission form so he may be assessed immediately in English, using only English tests, since English is apparently beginning to be h

B. Use a dynamic-assessment model to evaluate Juan's language-learning ability and combine that with classroom observations over the next 2 to 3 months to evaluate his progress.

A patient was having difficulty swallowing solids and liquids and was regurgitating his food hours after eating. During a barium swallow the physician noted that there was a complete loss of peristalsis. She also noted that the nonrelaxing lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was preventing the downward passage of the bolus into the stomach. This condition is called A. trismus. B. achalasia. C. luminal deformity. D. extrinsic compression.

B. achalasia.

Which one of the following is a homophonous pair? A. ship-rip B. bean-mean C. pine-vine D.honey-money

B. bean-mean

A patient with end-stage cancer was experiencing loss of weight, fatigue, weakness, and a significant reduction in appetite. The oncologist mentioned to the speech-language pathologist that even though the patient was not actively trying to lose weight, his loss of body mass would be difficult to reverse nutritionally because he had aggressive cancer. This condition of weight loss that is a common complication associated with cancer is called A. gluconeogenesis. B. cachexia. C. anorexia. D. lipolysis.

B. cachexia.

The radiographic imaging procedure that allows X-ray beams to circle through segments of the brain and pass through tissue while a camera takes pictures of sections of the structures being scanned is known as A. electroencephalography (EEG). B. computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). D. positron emission tomography (PET) scan.

B. computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan.

You are working with a mother who wishes to reduce her son's whining behavior. You have determined that because of his limited oral language skills, he whines to get what he wants. In the clinic, you have established a few mands the child can reliably produce (e.g., "I want [juice, water, candy, cookie, car, etc.]"). Now you are asking the mother not to respond to whining but instead to prompt the verbal mands and immediately give what the child mands. The mother reports success with the procedure. This procedure is known as A. differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI). B. differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (DRA). C. differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL). D. differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO).

B. differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (DRA).

You are consulting with the nursing staff about a patient who is being tube fed. During the evaluation, you notice that the patient is experiencing aspiration. The nurse says that the most appropriate method to reduce aspiration would be to A. introduce a pureed diet. B. elevate the head of the bed at least 30 degrees before and during continuous feeding. C. monitor the patient to see if aspiration continues for another week. D. discontinue tube feeding.

B. elevate the head of the bed at least 30 degrees before and during continuous feeding.

Measures of jitter and shimmer are becoming more common in use with voice patients because they can be useful in early detection of vocal pathology. Although you suspect that the otolaryngologist will find obvious vocal pathology, given Allison's history of prolonged hoarseness, you still want to obtain measures of jitter and shimmer because these can serve as an excellent baseline, especially if Allison has phonosurgery. When you take these measures, you might expect to see A. a small amount of shimmer and a large amount of jitter. B. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with more than 1 dB of variation across vibratory cycles when shimmer is measured. C. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with more than 1 dB of variation across vibratory cycles when jitter is measured. D. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with Allison being able to sustain a vowel with approximately 15% shimmer.

B. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with more than 1 dB of variation across vibratory cycles when shimmer is measured.

A speech-language pathology graduate student received her first adult patient diagnosed with apraxia of speech. The student consulted with the supervisor, who recommended that they try to maintain the natural prosody of the patient's utterances. She suggested using computer-generated pacing tones each time the patient produced an utterance, so that the patient could keep the natural rhythm of the utterance without regard to the rate of speech. The student clinician conducted further research and during therapy coupled hand-tapping and choral reading along with the suggestions made by the supervisor. This type of therapy is called A. metronomic pacing. B. metrical pacing. C. cued speech. D. integral practice.

B. metrical pacing.

You need to view Allison's vocal folds. You know that the otolaryngologist will do this, also, but you are fortunate to have instrumentation available to you. You decide to use a procedure that uses a pulsing light to permit the optical illusion of slow-motion viewing of the vocal folds. This is called A. nasoendoscopy. B. stroboscopy. C. electromyography. D. videofluoroscopy.

B. stroboscopy.

A correlation coefficient A. helps establish the effect of a variable. B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other. C. allows researchers to make predictions about their subjects' future behaviors. D. confirms a cause-effect relationship between two variables.

B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other.

You are working in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a hospital. You often evaluate the infants there by using Oller's stages as a guide. One of Oller's stages of infant vocalization, in which the infant continues to use adult-like syllables in CV (consonant-vowel) sequences but uses a variety of consonants and vowels in single vocalizations, is known as the A. reduplicated babbling stage. B. variegated or nonreduplicated babbling stage. C. cooing or gooing stage. D. expansion stage.

B. variegated or nonreduplicated babbling stage.

Delay is a treatment procedure in which the clinician A. requires specific responses from the child by giving such commands as "Tell me what is this." B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models. C. repeatedly models target responses but does not require the child to imitate them. D. waits for 30 seconds to deliver reinforcement for correct responses.

B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models.

Which one of the following statements is false? A. Speech pathologists should incorporate literacy materials into therapy when appropriate. B. It is important to collaborate with the classroom teacher when working with school-age children with language disorders. C. A child's chronological age, not developmental level, is the most reliable indicator of what treatment goals will be appropriate. D. Through use of the discrete trial procedure, the incidental teaching method teaches functional communication skills to children with language disorders.

C. A child's chronological age, not developmental level, is the most reliable indicator of what treatment goals will be appropriate.

In assessing children with language disorders, clinicians often count the number of morphemes in a child's utterance. This counting helps assess the length of single utterances the child typically produces. Clinicians follow certain rules in counting morphemes. Of the following rules, which one is correct? A. Inflected words, such as looked, are counted as one morpheme. B. When words are repeated for emphasis (e.g., "No, no, no!"), each repetition is counted as a morpheme (i.e., three morphemes in the example). C. A compound word, such as birthday, is counted as one morpheme. D. Contracted negatives (e.g., won't, can't) are counted as two morphemes.

C. A compound word, such as birthday, is counted as one morpheme.

A person with otosclerosis often has an audiogram reflecting Carhart's notch. What is Carhart's notch? A. Specific losses at both 2,000 and 4,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing B. A specific type of sensorineural hearing loss characterized by a "dip" at 1,000 Hz C. A specific loss at 2,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing D. A specific loss at 4,000 Hz, as indicated by both air- and bone-conduction testing

C. A specific loss at 2,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing

A child is referred to a hospital-based clinician for assessment and treatment. In the child's chart, it is stated that the child has a syndrome caused by spontaneous autosomal dominant mutations. The gene and the locus of this syndrome is FGR2 at 10q25-26. The child has midfacial hypoplasia, an arched and grooved hard palate, and mild mental retardation. What does the child have? A. Trisomy 13 B. Angelman syndrome C. Apert syndrome D. Turner syndrome

C. Apert syndrome

A 92-year-old patient with dementia is experiencing severe oral-and-pharyngeal-stage dysphagia including aspiration. The clinician would like to teach the patient a swallowing therapy technique, as the family is concerned that he is losing weight. The patient is currently being tube fed and is monitored closely by the hospital staff and dietitian. Ethically, which is the only appropriate technique that the clinician should consider? A. Introduce the supraglottic swallow procedure to the patient. B. Teach the family members the chin tuck procedure, so that they can feed the patient during visiting hours. C. Continue with the tube feeding. D. Explain to the family that it is okay for the patient to ingest small amounts of food every hour.

C. Continue with the tube feeding.

An attending physician refers a patient for swallowing therapy. The patient has a tracheostomy tube in place. Which of the following is recommended while conducting therapy? A. There is no need to suction after feeding, as there is no chance of aspiration. B. Feed the patient when the cuff is inflated. C. Do not feed when the cuff is inflated. D. Recommend immediate NG-tube feedings.

C. Do not feed when the cuff is inflated.

A 15-year-old high school sophomore with th/s substitution comes to you for therapy. She is frustrated because she wants to act in high school plays but has been told she cannot do that because of her "speech problem." She is highly motivated to produce /s/ correctly, and you begin seeing her for therapy. If you are using Van Riper's approach, what will you do? A. Begin therapy at the syllable level, focusing especially on principles of coarticulation as you help her produce /s/ accurately in various contexts. B. Use a training approach that emphasizes three phases: establishment, transfer, and maintenance and that heavily emphasizes imitation. C. Focus on phonetic placement, auditory discrimination, and drill-like practice at increasingly complex motor levels until accurate /s/ production is automatized. D. Use a cycles approach in which you do not drill /s/ to mastery but rather introduce the correct way to produce /s/, give the student limited practice producing /s/, and use auditory bombardment.

C. Focus on phonetic placement, auditory discrimination, and drill-like practice at increasingly complex motor levels until accurate /s/ production is automatized.

During the study in the radiology department, the clinician mentioned to her student intern that the following technique would result in widening of the vallecula space: A. Thermal stimulation B. Labial exercises C. Head down (chin tuck) D. Head back

C. Head down (chin tuck)

A researcher wishes to assess the efficacy of the new Riverton method of training children to say /r/ accurately. He decides to use a single-subject design because he has a private practice where he serves a number of children who have w/r substitutions. The researcher needs to keep several concepts in mind as he begins his research. Which one of the following concepts is false? A. An example of a multiple-baseline-across-settings design would be teaching a behavior (e.g., correct /r/ production) sequentially in different settings to demonstrate that the behavior changes only in a treated setting and thus treatment is effective. B. In a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design, several subjects are taught a behavior sequentially to show that only treated subjects change, and thus the treatment is effective. C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective. D. For this researcher, an advantage of using a single-subject design to evaluate the efficacy of the Riverton method in training children to say /r/ accurately is that he can integrate research and clinical service by using the clients he serves as subjects in an experiment that attempts to answer a significant clinical question.

C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective.

A 32-year-old patient was involved in a motor vehicle accident. He is a ventilator-dependent patient with a tracheostomy tube in place. Because the ventilator controls the respiratory cycle, the patient cannot lengthen exhalations; however, the physician recommends trial therapy for tolerance for swallowing. In preparing for feeding and swallowing, which of the following is recommended? A. Have the patient sit in the bed at a 120-degree angle before occluding the patient's tracheostomy. B. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the end of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle. C. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the beginning of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle. D. It is too dangerous to present food. Immediately recommend NPO.

C. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the beginning of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle.

Researchers often use cross-sectional studies to study children's development in various areas. What is a difficulty with cross-sectional studies? A. The same subjects are studied over time, and this is expensive, time consuming, and difficult because subjects might drop out of the study. B. The investigator is examining data already on file to answer questions about children in various age groups, and that data might not be reliable. C. Observations are made of differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature. D. The total age span of children to be studied is divided into several overlapping age spans, and it is difficult to follow subjects from the lower to the upper end of each age span.

C. Observations are made of differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature.

Contact ulcers may be caused by all of the following except A. chronic throat clearing. B. hard-glottal attack. C. psychogenic problems. D. intubation for surgery.

C. psychogenic problems.

You receive a phone call and a report from the otolaryngologist that Allison will indeed need phonosurgery for the presence of bilateral vocal fold polyps (the right polyp is larger than the left). The otolaryngologist wants you to obtain quantitative measurements of Allison's voice before phonosurgery; he wants to use these baseline measures as a comparison with measures taken after phonosurgery to evaluate whether the phonosurgery was successful. To obtain these quantitative measurements, you will probably use A. esophageal manometry. B. indirect laryngoscopy. C. sound spectrograph. D. Nasometer.

C. sound spectrograph.

A clinician in a private practice is approached by the parents of Cole, a 5-year-old boy. They want to place Cole in kindergarten in the fall, but they share, "We know there's something wrong with him—we're just not sure what." According to Cole's parents, he is a "sweet, lovable boy who will go to anybody. He likes to sing a lot, too." Because the parents live in a rural area, health-care access has been limited. After seeing Cole for the first time, the clinician refers his parents to a neurologist because she suspects that Cole has a syndrome. Cole is small for his age and has an elfin-like appearance characterized by a small chin, turned-up nose, puffiness around the eyes, a long upper lip, and a wide mouth. Cole's teeth are small and widely spaced. The clinician knows that she will probably end up seeing Cole for intervention if his parents are able to bring him on a weekly basis. The clinician will probably be working on which of the following goals? A. Morphological skills, because although children with this syndrome usually have above-average IQs, they frequently delete bound morphemes from the beginnings and ends of words B. Feeding, because children with this syndrome tend to have feeding problems C. Overall expressive and receptive language, because children with this syndrome generally have IQs between 50 and 70, although some have good language skills D. Oral motor coordination, because children with this syndrome usually have oral-motor coordination problems that contribute to decreased intelligibility

C. Overall expressive and receptive language, because children with this syndrome generally have IQs between 50 and 70, although some have good language skills

You are developing a language treatment program for a child diagnosed with autism. In your treatment program, you include which of the following main and initial skills? A. Morphologic language skills B. Syntactic language skills C. Pragmatic language skills, including social appropriateness D. Increased verbalizations on topics of interest for the child

C. Pragmatic language skills, including social appropriateness

In a comprehensive oral examination for the master's degree, a faculty member describes a 40-year-old woman who talks to herself, uses confused language (although the speech is mostly grammatical), and describes events and experiences that may be unreal. The student is asked to diagnose the communication problem of the woman described. Which of the following is the correct answer? A. Global aphasia B. Wernicke's aphasia C. Schizophrenia D. Apraxia of speech

C. Schizophrenia

While working in a school setting, you are planning to assess a child whose parents speak Spanish. The child's primary language is Spanish, although the child is in the process of learning English. You want to find out if any standardized test will be applicable for the child. In selecting a particular test, you should consider which of the following? A. You can have a family member translate English test items into Spanish. B. You can go ahead and administer an English test because the child is learning English anyway. C. Spanish-speaking children of the same background as the client have been adequately sampled in the standardization of a potentially useful test. D. Whether you can translate English test items into Spanish.

C. Spanish-speaking children of the same background as the client have been adequately sampled in the standardization of a potentially useful test.

Employees at an infant-care program ask you for advice about a baby who has been placed in their care. They say the baby is "playing" with his speech mechanism and producing noises such as raspberries, squeals, yells, and some CV-like combinations. The baby is 5 months old. What do you tell the personnel? A. This is not normal; the baby should be in the variegated babbling stage of development. B. This is not normal; the baby should be in the cooing or gooing stage of development. C. This is normal; the baby is appropriately in the expansion stage of development. D. This is not normal; the baby should be in the expanded intonational stage of development.

C. This is normal; the baby is appropriately in the expansion stage of development.

A clinician is measuring communicative behaviors in a child with a cleft palate. The clinician measures the time intervals during which the speech behaviors selected for observation occurred. What are the methods of measurement called? A. Latency measures B. Self-report measures C. Time sampling measures D. Covert measures

C. Time sampling measures

A screening test for hearing that uses a vibrating tuning fork (which is placed on the middle of the forehead) to detect unilateral conductive hearing loss and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss is called the A. chi-squared test. B. Mann-Whitney U test. C. Weber test. D. Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

C. Weber test.

If an African American adult patient in a hospital setting says, "I been had the measles when I was a kid," this is an example of A. circumlocution. B. semantic paraphasia. C. a perfective construction. D. the use of an additional auxiliary.

C. a perfective construction

Sarah, the mother of 18-month old toddler Brandon, has taken time off her job as an engineer to be with Brandon full time at home. Sarah is very conscientious about Brandon's speech and language development, and brings him to you for an evaluation "just to make sure he's on track." Which of the following would Brandon be expected to demonstrate at 18 months of age if he is developing in a typical fashion? A. 20-30 expressive vocabulary words, mostly consisting of nouns B. establishment of joint reference and 10-15 expressive vocabulary words C. an expressive vocabulary of 50 words as well as beginning to put 2 words together D. primary use of 3-4 word responses and use of "and" to join sentences

C. an expressive vocabulary of 50 words as well as beginning to put 2 words together

Recent research has highlighted findings regarding the linguistic and cognitive development of internationally adopted children. You are summarizing this research for a group of parents to present to them in a workshop. Which one of the following statements is the MOST accurate? A. age of adoption is not a critical factor in language development B. intervention does not usually need to focus on the area of social-pragmatic skills; being raised in an orphanage with many other children contributes positively to the social-pragmatic development of internationally adopted children C. for many children, after they arrive in the United States, receptive English language skills will increase more rapidly than expressive English language skills D. it is not necessary to assess these children's language skills immediately after they arrive in the United States; ideally, we would assess language skills after children have lived in the United States

C. for many children, after they arrive in the United States, receptive English language skills will increase more rapidly than expressive English language skills

A teacher has referred Jeremy to you for an evaluation. Jeremy is an African American first grader who is reportedly doing well in class academically. When you observe him on the playground with his peers, you see that he has many friends and does not appear to have problems interacting appropriately with other children. His friends do not appear to have any difficulty understanding what he says. However, the teacher is concerned. She says, "I think Jeremy pronounces some of his sounds wrong. I think he needs speech therapy." When you conduct a speech screening with Jeremy, you will remember that which one of the following patterns indicates a possible disorder, not a difference, based on Jeremy's use of African American English (AAE)? A. f/th substitution in word-final position B. Production of [ks] instead of [sk] C. th/s substitution in all word positions D. Differing stress on some words (e.g., police instead of police)

C. th/s substitution in all word positions

A professor is teaching a class anatomy and physiology and mentions that closure of the airway occurs at anatomically different locations and functionally separate levels in the larynx. A student in the class answers that the appropriate choice would be A. vallecula. B. pyriform sinus. C. the supraglottic portion of the laryngeal vestibule. D. cricopharyngeus muscle.

C. the supraglottic portion of the laryngeal vestibule.

A 58-year-old patient who had undergone a total laryngectomy came to an outpatient clinic complaining of coughing when swallowing. The patient was puzzled because he had been told that he would not run the risk of aspiration because there was a physical separation of the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract. The patient had a prosthetic valve in his tracheoesophageal segment to facilitate speaking. The patient said he had understood that the duckbill prosthesis would prevent backflow from the esophagus to the trachea and eliminate aspiration. After completing trial feedings, the speech-language pathologist informed the client that he was coughing because A. the tongue did not have enough rotary movement. B. the size of the bolus was too large. C. there was leakage around the prosthesis. D. he did not time his breathing with each swallow.

C. there was leakage around the prosthesis.

A Cambodian child is referred to you because the teacher "can't understand a word he says." In the course of your speech-language screening, you record the following utterances. Which might be typical of an articulation disorder, not a difference? A. "The funny circus crown had red nose." B. "I won't ste on your toes." C. "Please hand me the block [black] one." D. "I am derry [very] appy [happy] to meet your tids [kids]."

D. "I am derry [very] appy [happy] to meet your tids [kids]."

What would a child whose utterance contained an embedded form say? A. "My dad drove me to school, and he dropped me off at the carpool place." B. "Because I did my homework right after school, I got to play extra Game Boy." C. "My mom took away my cell phone because I didn't get a good report card." D. "The teacher who gave a lot of homework wasn't very popular."

D. "The teacher who gave a lot of homework wasn't very popular."

A researcher is interested in completing a single-subject design experiment to study the additive and subtractive effects of individual components of treatment rather than the comparison of two treatments. He decides to use an interaction design to study the interactive effects of two or more variables. The researcher is also interested in examining the effects of both variables alone and in combination. He is interested in isolating the components that are effective to any extent from those that are not at all effective and controls for phase lengths during the treatment. He also counterbalances the order of treatment in the experiment. The most appropriate design for this experiment would be A. ABAB. B. BAB. C. A-B-A-BC. D. A-B-BC-B-BC.

D. A-B-BC-B-BC.

As a clinician, you are concerned with using the most appropriate assessment approach that suits your clients, avoids false positive or false negative diagnoses, helps generate treatment goals, and is fair to clients of all ethnocultural backgrounds, including mainstream clients. To accomplish this assessment goal, you would select which of the following approaches? A. The portfolio approach B. The authentic approach C. A criterion-referenced approach D. An integrated approach

D. An integrated approach

You are evaluating a 65-year-old man who has been referred to you by a neurologist. The client's report suggests a history of a single left hemisphere stroke with no clinically significant muscle paralysis or weakness. Your orofacial examination reveals a possible reduction in oral sensation. Speech evaluation suggests that the client makes an effort to slow down his speech, but his speech is full of variable articulatory breakdowns on repeated attempts at producing the same word. You also find anticipatory substitutions, metathetic errors, easier automatic production than volitional production, and failed attempts at self-correction. Based on these findings, which of the following is your diagnosis? A. Right hemisphere syndrome B. Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria C. Broca's aphasia D. Apraxia of speech

D. Apraxia of speech

As you analyze a language sample, you find an utterance made by the child: "big pizza." This utterance is an example of which type of semantic relation? A. Action + locative B. Agent + action C. Attribute + locative D. Attribute + entity

D. Attribute + entity

A child comes to your clinic with her mother for articulation and language therapy. The mother tells you that her daughter has Hurler's syndrome. What causes Hurler's syndrome? A. An expanded number of CGG nucleic acid repeats on a specific gene on one of the distal ends of the Y chromosome B. A spontaneous autosomal dominant mutation of FGR2 at 10q25-26 C. Autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the region of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11-15q13) D. Autosomal recessive deficiency of X-L iduronidase

D. Autosomal recessive deficiency of X-L iduronidase

You are assessing a 60-year-old woman for a possible diagnosis of aphasia, and you are interested in the specific type of aphasia this woman might have. You notice that she has marked buccofacial apraxia. This condition alone might suggest which of the following? A. Wernicke's aphasia B. Anomic aphasia C . Transcortical sensory aphasia D. Broca's aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, or conduction aphasia

D. Broca's aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, or conduction aphasia

A 12-year-old boy has been referred to you with a note from the teacher that the boy speaks very fast and his speech is difficult to understand. The teacher believes the boy may have an articulation disorder. Your assessment suggests extremely rapid speech, compression of syllables, deletion of syllables in words, transposition of sounds in words, and a high rate of disfluencies but normal articulation of sounds at a slower speech rate. Your diagnosis of this boy should be which of the following? A. A complex cognitive communication disorder B. Neurogenic fluency disorder C. A severe phonological disorder D. Cluttering

D. Cluttering

A 54-year-old man came to an ENT physician complaining of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, nausea, and a fullness of pressure in the ear. The patient informed the doctor that the episodes of vertigo last for about 30 minutes at a time. After conducting several tests, including videonystagmography, rotary-chair testing, vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing, and posturography, the doctor diagnosed A. autoimmune inner ear disease. B. presbycusis. C. an acoustic neuroma. D. Meniere's disease.

D. Meniere's disease.

An infant presents with tracheaesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. The physician mentions to the speech-language pathologist that this condition probably developed between the 4th and 6th weeks of gestation. The infant exhibits significant respiratory distress, excessive oral secretions, and chronic regurgitation. The speech-language pathologist in consultation with the physician should immediately recommend A. pureed foods. B. thin liquids. C. thick liquids. D. NG-tube feedings.

D. NG-tube feedings.

This muscle is located under the jaw and extends from the mastoid process to the symphysis menti. It is part of the suprahyoid group of muscles. When this muscle contracts, it elevates the hyoid bone. This muscle is known as the A. palatoglossus. B. palatopharyngeus. C. musculus uvulae. D. digastric.

D. digastric.

A public school teacher refers DePonce, an African American second grader, for speech-language assessment. According to the teacher, "DePonce does not always say his words correctly. I think he might have a grammar problem, too." The clinician screens DePonce and finds that he uses AAE. She decides to carry out a formal evaluation to ascertain whether he has a speech-language difference or a disorder. DePonce's parents are not happy with the teacher's referral, and they share that they think his speech and language development are within normal limits. Nevertheless, they agree to testing. The clinician finds that DePonce has one phonological pattern that is not typical of children who speak AAE, but the rest of his patterns are typical of AAE speakers. The clinician can accurately conclude that A. DePonce needs to be placed into speech-language therapy with the goal of teaching him Standard American English grammatical and articulatory-phonological patterns. B. DePonce does not need speech-language services because his grammatical and articulatory-phonological patterns (with one exception) are the same as those of his peers. C. DePonce needs to be placed into speech-language therapy with the goal of teaching him Standard American English grammatical patterns. D. DePonce should receive speech-language therapy to teach him correct production of the one articulatory pattern he produces that is not typical of speakers of AAE, but the clinician should not address patterns that are commensurate with those of his AAE-speaking peers.

D. DePonce should receive speech-language therapy to teach him correct production of the one articulatory pattern he produces that is not typical of speakers of AAE, but the clinician should not address patterns that are commensurate with those of his AAE-speaking peers.

The parents of 4-year-old Mariah consult a clinician. They have moved several times since Mariah was born; her father is a construction worker, and her mother works full-time inside the home caring for Mariah and her three siblings. The family has "struggled financially," according to Mariah's mother, Mrs. E. The clinician obtains the following information from Mrs. E. about Mariah's history: Mariah was born with a cleft of the soft palate and "a funny-looking face." Mrs. E. shares that "it was a nightmare to feed Mariah when she was a baby, the milk always came out through her nose." Mrs. E. begins to get angry as she describes the hospital staff in the town where Mariah was born. She states, "They said Mariah had some sort of syndrome and that she might always have special needs. I think that's bunk. Those people were so insensitive. They were just too busy to work with her properly. Mariah will be fine. I know she has had her problems, but I'm going to put her into a Montessori preschool because she is so smart." When the clinician sees Mariah for the first time, she notes that Mariah has a wide nose, small ears, almond-shaped eyes, and an elongated face. In addition, the clinician finds during assessment that Mariah has a significant expressive language delay. Mariah's mother is exemplifying the defense mechanism of: A. Projection B. Reaction formation C. Displacement D. Denial

D. Denial

You are a monolingual English-speaking speech-language pathologist working in a Head Start program in a city with many children from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. In the past year, CLD children from more than 22 cultural and linguistic groups have come to Head Start speaking only their primary language. What would be the optimal plan for helping these children succeed in Head Start and eventually in elementary school? A. Hire aides who speak only the children's primary language and not English, so that the children will be in the ideal situation to maintain their primary language and not really learn English until kindergarten. B. Tolerate the children's use of their primary language and speak to them solely in English, hoping they will eventually "pick up" English and discontinue using their primary language. C. Assume that these children probably have language-learning disabilities in their primary language and hire bilingual speech-language pathologists to assist in remediation. D. Hire bilingual aides from the neighboring communities and use their services to help the children learn English, as well as maintain their primary language.

D. Hire bilingual aides from the neighboring communities and use their services to help the children learn English, as well as maintain their primary language.

A U-shaped bone that suspends the larynx is the A. Cricoid B. Thyroid C. Arytenoid D. Hyoid

D. Hyoid

You are evaluating a 10-year-old boy who was referred because of difficulties associated with partial submucous cleft palate accompanied by a bifid uvula. He is being teased at school for "sounding funny," and his parents are concerned about how he talks. During your evaluation, what can you probably expect to find? A. Hypernasality, leading to difficulty producing nasals adequately B. Hyponasality, accompanied by increased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of liquids and glides C. Intermittent hyponasality, leading to difficulty producing nasals adequately D. Hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates, and plosives

D. Hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates, and plosives

Critical diagnostic features of the right hemisphere syndrome include which of the following? A. Acceptance of illness B. Intact discourse skills C. Ease of expressing experienced emotions D. Impaired narrative skills

D. Impaired narrative skills

The criteria for diagnosing autism in children include which of the following? A. Normal intelligence, normal early language acquisition that begins to deteriorate, and appearance of symptoms after age 6 B. An unusual interest in acquiring nonverbal means of communication, a strong preference for varied environmental arrangements, and a lower than normal prevalence of seizure disorders C. Maternal failure to bond with the child, absence of motor deficits, absence of pragmatic language deficiencies D. Impaired social interaction, stereotypic behaviors and interests, and disturbed communication

D. Impaired social interaction, stereotypic behaviors and interests, and disturbed communication

In treating the communication deficits of a young adult with traumatic brain injury, you would do which of the following? A. Refrain from using techniques to increase orientation and attention because the inappropriateness of these treatment targets subside in due course. B. Exclusively use cognitive rehabilitation. C. Introduce a variety of treatment activities to promote faster recovery. D. Withhold attention from irrelevant and inappropriate responses.

D. Withhold attention from irrelevant and inappropriate responses.

In preparing for feeding and swallowing with a patient with a tracheostomy tube, which of the following is recommended while conducting therapy? A. Have the patient sit in the bed at a 120-degree angle before occluding the patient's tracheostomy. B. Use cervical auscultation to determine if there is any aspiration. C. There is no need to occlude the tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as there is no chance of aspiration. D. Occlude the patient's tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as the exhalatory airflow after the swallow may contribute to clearance of residual food from the top of the airway, reducing the chance of aspiration after the swallow.

D. Occlude the patient's tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as the exhalatory airflow after the swallow may contribute to clearance of residual food from the top of the airway, reducing the chance of aspiration after the swallow.

The primary muscle of the lips is the A. Buccinator B. Risorius C. Depressor labii inferioris D. Orbicularis oris

D. Orbicularis oris

A clinician who works in a skilled nursing facility has an 82-year-old male patient referred to her. The patient presents with a mask-like face with infrequent blinking and no smiling, tremors in his muscles that diminish when he moves voluntarily, swallowing problems, reduced vital capacity, irregular breathing, imprecise articulation, short rushes of speech with variable and increased rate in segments, and difficulty walking. This patient most likely has A. dementia of the Alzheimer's type. B. apraxia of speech due to damage to Broca's and supplementary motor areas. C. dysarthria due to a right hemisphere lesion that coexists with right hemisphere syndrome. D. Parkinson's disease.

D. Parkinson's disease.

A mother brings her 3-year-old daughter, Shannon, to you. The mother is a pediatrician and is worried that Shannon's "sounds are not developing the way they should." She wonders if Shannon needs speech therapy. What can you tell this mother? A. Shannon should be producing consonant clusters with 80% to 90% accuracy. B. Shannon should definitely be producing /r/, /l/, /th/, and /s/ accurately. C. Shannon should have mastered /f/ but will still be developing /p/, /m/, and /n/. D. Shannon should be in the process of mastering glides /w/ and /j/, but liquids /r/ and /l/ will probably develop later.

D. Shannon should be in the process of mastering glides /w/ and /j/, but liquids /r/ and /l/ will probably develop later.

An investigator carries out a study in which the effect of rate of speech upon stuttering during sibling interaction is being investigated. The investigator gathers conversational samples from children who stutter and their siblings. In the control group, siblings are asked to speak as they normally would at home. In the experimental group, siblings are asked to speak much more quickly than they would at home. The investigator wishes to measure the effect of rate of siblings' speech upon the amount of stuttering done by the children who stutter. In other words, the investigator is asking if increased rate of siblings' speech causes children to stutter more. In this study, what is the dependent variable? A. The amount of stuttering done by children who stutter when siblings speak at a slowed rate B. The rate of speech of the siblings in the experimental group C. The rate of speech of the siblings in the control group D. The amount of stuttering done by the children who stutter when the siblings increase their rate of speech

D. The amount of stuttering done by the children who stutter when the siblings increase their rate of speech

A hospital-based clinician is conducting an experiment with patients with aphasia. She is assessing the efficacy of a new therapy kit, The Basic Object Memory Builder (The BOMB), in increasing the memory skills of her patients. The experimental and control groups have been carefully matched on all variables. Halfway through the experiment, the clinician finds that many of the experimental subjects go to a local senior citizens' center several times a week for Bingo and other games. There are refreshments afterward, and a group of high school student volunteers comes and acts as conversational partners with the subjects. None of the control subjects go to the senior citizens' center. At the end of the experiment, the clinician finds that the subjects in the experimental group who were treated using The BOMB have improved significantly in their memory skills compared to the control subjects, who have been treated with more traditional memory therapy techniques. What can the researcher safely conclude from her study? A. The BOMB was more successful in helping the experimental patients improve their word memory skills than were the traditional methods in helping patients in the control group improve their memory skills. B. The BOMB was not successful in helping the patients in the experimental group improve their memory skills; the improvement was due to weekly attendance at the senior citizens' center. C. Traditional memory therapy techniques are the most reliable and valid; the clinician should not attempt to use The BOMB again. D. The attendance of most experimental subjects at weekly Bingo nights at the senior citizens' center was a possible confounding variable, making it impossible to conclude that The BOMB alone caused the difference in the performance of the two groups.

D. The attendance of most experimental subjects at weekly Bingo nights at the senior citizens' center was a possible confounding variable, making it impossible to conclude that The BOMB alone caused the difference in the performance of the two groups.

You are planning treatment for a child who needs to learn morphological features of language. You have selected four grammatical morphemes to teach at the word level. You will then teach each word to a training criterion. You show a stimulus card, ask a question, wait for the response, reinforce the correct response, score the response, and wait for a few seconds before presenting the next opportunity for the child to produce the target morpheme. What is this procedure called? A. The shaping method B. The successive approximation C. The naturalistic method D. The discrete trial method

D. The discrete trial method

Which of the following is not a characteristic of single-subject experimental designs? A. Repeated measures of behaviors before a treatment is administered B. Intensive study of a few individuals C. Absence of a control group D. The use of an experimental and a control group

D. The use of an experimental and a control group

A 19-year-old student was airlifted to a hospital following a car accident. He had difficulty breathing, as the steering wheel had compressed his chest. He had been immediately intubated by the paramedics at the scene of the accident to establish an airway. Three days after the accident, he was still intubated, as he continued to have difficulty breathing on his own. What would be the most appropriate and ethical course for feeding the patient? A. To introduce the Mendelssohn maneuver B. To introduce the supraglottic swallowing procedure C. To provide the patient with one glass of water for nourishment D. To disallow any swallowing therapy until the intubation is removed

D. To disallow any swallowing therapy until the intubation is removed

The clinician would like to determine where the bolus is lodged, so that she can plan an effective treatment strategy. She visited the radiology department and discussed evaluation options with the radiologist. Which of the following methods would the radiologist most likely suggest to view the bolus in the pharynx? A. Manometry B. Electromyography C. Scintigraphy D. Videofluoroscopy

D. Videofluoroscopy

When you assess Allison, you indeed find the presence of "double voice." The perception of two distinct simultaneous pitches during phonation is called A. harshness. B. glottal fry. C. cul-de-sac resonance. D. diplophonia.

D. diplophonia.

A physician refers a 50-year-old male patient with dementia to you for assessment and treatment. The referring physician suggests the strong possibility of dense intracellular formation in the neuronal cytoplasm and ballooned and inflated neurons. Your assessment reveals that the patient has had a progressive loss of vocabulary, paraphasia, circumlocution, and dominant language problems, with somewhat better preserved memory and orientation. The most likely diagnosis you would make on this patient is A. dementia of the Alzheimer's type. B. dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. C. dementia associated with Huntington's disease. D. frontotemporal dementia associated with Pick's disease.

D. frontotemporal dementia associated with Pick's disease.

A clinician who concentrated on syntax during therapy with children with language delays and did not believe in external reinforcement would probably subscribe to the A. behaviorist theory. B. social interactionist theory. C. cognitive theory. D. nativist theory.

D. nativist theory.

A client who stutters mentions to his speech-language pathologist that his social life is limited. He states, "No one will talk to me because I stutter." This is an example of the common defense mechanism known as A. displacement. B. projection. C. repression. D. rationalization.

D. rationalization.

A patient comes to an ENT physician complaining of a lump in the throat, hoarseness, frequent throat clearing, sore throat, and heartburn. After completing all tests, the physician indicates that the patient's condition is caused by a backflow of stomach acids into the laryngopharynx. The physician suggests that the patient take Alka-Seltzer or Tums about 30 to 60 minutes after each meal and at bedtime. She also suggests that the patient take small meals in the evening, avoid coffee and spicy foods, and sleep several hours after eating. The patient has A. vocal fold atypia. B. Reinke's edema. C. recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. D. reflux laryngitis

D. reflux laryngitis

Sound is defined as vibrations or disturbances of molecules in a medium. This means that A. the sound waves actually travel from point A to point B. B. sound waves are always audible; otherwise, we could not study them. C. a rigid medium can be as good as a flexible medium in transmitting sound. D. sound waves are disturbances in adjacent molecules within a medium.

D. sound waves are disturbances in adjacent molecules within a medium.

Key parts of the auditory nervous system include cranial nerve VIII, which has two branches: the branch and the branch, which carries electrical sound impulses from the cochlea to the brain. A. retrocochlear, auditory B. cochlear, auditory-acoustic C. auditory-acoustic, retrocochlear D. vestibular, auditory-acoustic

D. vestibular, auditory-acoustic

A 43-year-old high school football coach comes to you for an evaluation. He states that he has been hoarse for approximately 10 months. A subsequent medical evaluation reveals that he has bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal fold. A naso-endoscopic evaluation confirms that the patient has developed A. polyps. B. traumatic laryngitis. C. contact ulcers. D. vocal nodules.

D. vocal nodules.

Kyle, a 27-year-old man, speaks with a pitch that is perpetually too high despite complete laryngeal maturation. You believe that Kyle has A. hormonal changes. B. conversational dysphonia. C. spasmodic dysphonia. D. mutational falsetto.

mutational falsetto.