Psy 315 Exam 1

Which of the following is one of the responses to the situationist argument?

- Personality researchers searched for certain kinds of people who were more consistent than other - Personality researchers argued that Mischel's literature review was selective - Personality researchers started to think more carefully about the importance of correlation .40

According to the text which is a part of the situationist argument?

-Every intuitions that people have about personality are wrong - there is an upper limit to how well we can predict behavior based on a personality trait measure - situations are more important than traits for determining behavior

Which of the following does describe a type of person-situation interaction?

-people react differently to the same situation - people change the situations they occupy - people choose the situations they occupy

A researcher computes a correlation coefficient between variables X and Y using a handheld calculator. Which of the following values would automatically tell the researcher that he or she made a mistake?

2.50

Which of the following is NOT an example of something that can limit how reliable a measure is?

After comparing the self-report to informant reports, a researcher realizes their measure isn't accurate

Which of the following is an expression of Funder's First Law?

Characteristics that are strengths in one sense are weaknesses in other ways

Which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict accurately?

David will generally be on time for work most days next week

According to the text, personality's greatest strength, understanding whole persons is also its greatest weakness. Which term describes this fundamental observation?

Funder's first law

After Lenny Skutnik dove into a freezing river to save a woman in danger of drowning, he rejected the media's assertion that he was a hero and claimed that anyone would have done the same. According to Funder, why was it difficult for Lenny to accept that he had behaved heroically

He did not have the perspective to judge his actions against that of others

___ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance

L

Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and fails to find a statistically significant correlation between exercise and weight loss. However, there is a real association between exercise and weight loss in the population. What kind of mistake has the researcher made?

Type II

Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a personality judgement?

You always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious

Binomial Effect Size Display

a method for illustrating the size of correlation coefficients

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?

a psychology's interpretation of a participant's responses to an unstructured clinical interview

According to the text, ______ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do

a strong situation

Why haven't personality psychologists combined all paradigms into One Big Theory?

a theory that tries to explain everything would probably not provide the best explanation for any one thing

What is one advantage of collecting descriptions of a participants personality from his or her acquaintances

acquaintances descriptions of the participant are likely based on many behaviors in many situations

the trait approach, the behaviorist approach, and the psychoanalytic approach

address different sets of questions about human psychology

the most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to

aggregate your measurements

According to the text, correlational and experimental methods are not entirely different. For example, they both _______

assess the relationship between two variables

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality?

assessment

Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of

behavior thought emotion

The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the __________ perspective

behaviorist

Funder and ozer (1983) converted the results of three classic social psychological studies to effect sizes. After comparing those effect sizes with those typically obtained by personality psychologists, Funder and Ozer concluded that

both situational and personality variables are important determinants of behavior

Shy people fear social interactions and often feel lonely. Others typically perceive them as

cold and aloof

When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to

collect as many clues as possible

Personality psychology shares with clinical psychology

common obligation to try to understand the whole person

The _____ method is NOT a basic method for constructing objective personality tests

consensus validation

In simple language, questions about reliability concern _____, whereas questions about validity concern ______

consistency; accuracy

The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from ______ studies

correlational

in addition to serving as a way for psychologists to construct objective tests, the factor analysis method has also been used to

decide how many fundamental traits exist

The finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgement is based more on _____ than on _____

direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation

Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?

experimental

Peer acceptance is associated with what trait?

extraversion

The BIG Five

factor analytically derived dimensions of personality

A major advantage of personality psychology is that focuses on the whole person and real-life concerns, yet this can often lead to overinclusive and unfocused research. Which of the following is a major theme of your textbook that speaks to this conflict?

great strengths are usually great weaknesses

The phenomenological approach leads to which two directions of research?

humanistic and cross-cultural perspectives on personality

The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to

identify groups of test items that seem to be alike

the primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item

is cross-validated between two known groups

Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because personality

is something difficult to measure that resides inside an individual

What is one of personality psychology's biggest advantages over other areas of psychology?

it appreciates the uniqueness of the individual

What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?

it is not generalible

Someone who is _____ is likely to express his or her personality consistently from one situation to another

low in self-monitoring

According to the principles of enhancing reliability described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of attitudes toward

lumber tariffs

A variable that affects the relation two other variables is known as a

moderator

Eliminating the use of personality tests in employment screening will

not prevent traits from bring judged but will change the way traits are judged

A judge may see a target's behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his judgement about the target's personality. However, for the personality judgement to be accurate

observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged

According to recent research, individual high in ________ might actually be more consistent

preference for consistency

According to Lee Jussium (1991), the source to real-life expectancies is likely

previous observations of behavioral tendencies

What is the correct definition of the p-value?

probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is true

______ test aim to gain insight into personality by interpreting individuals' open-ended responses, whereas ________ tests evaluate individual's responses to specific questions with predetermined response options

projectice; objective

Funder notes that the person who is most talkative at a party is also likely to be the most talkative at the department of motor vehicles. Which of the following terms describes this principle?

relative consistency

What are the steps in the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgement?

relevance/availability/detection/utilization

Which of the following is an open science practice?

reporting studies that failed and succeeded describing all aspects of al studies freely sharing data with other scientists

The basic reason that research on the accuracy of personality judgments experienced a lengthy hiatus between 1955 and the mid 1980s was that

researchers lacked consensual criteria for deciding the accuracy of personality judgements

Which of the following conclusions does Funder draw about the role of persons vs situations?

situations have an important influence on behavior, but people also tend to be consistent

If measurement errors are truly random, then they should

sum to zero

According to research that shows a link between a trait's observability and the accuracy with which it was judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately?

talkativeness

What dramatic conclusion did some psychologists and non-psychologists draw from Mischel's claims regarding personality and behavior?

that personality did not exist

Situationism is the position that

the ability of personality traits to predict behavior is severely limited

What was the boundary on the acquaintanceship effect identified by Colvin and Funder (1991)?

the advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not

Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis?

the smaller the sample size, the easier it is to find a significant effect

What is the largest and most dominant approach in personality psychology today?

trait

the task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable, conscientious, and hard-working task of the _______ psychologist, who attempts to identify and assess individual differences

trait

In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Bersheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photo an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with

was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humourous, and friendly manner