PSY 452 Cognitive Exam 3

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

Can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Category members that have been encountered in the past

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Constructive

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

Damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

truck

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

The distance that must be traveled through the network

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

The same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

The self-reference effect

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

Transfer-appropriate

The definitional approach to categorization

We may decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether a particular object meets the definition of the category

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

Specificity

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.

Spreading activation

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

By the person whose memory will be tested

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

Elaborative rehearsal

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

Encoded

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

Encoding Specifity

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

Failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________.

"know"

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

A failure of memory consolidation

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

A sequence of actions

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

Highlighting

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

Imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

Increased firing in the neurons

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

A presented stimulus is a word

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory

Emotional

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.

definitional

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

exemplar

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

exemplars

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

family resemblance

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

freedom

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

guitar

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

side of the field view

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations.

spatial

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________.

stone; smoke

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.

strong

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories arise from

the same constructive processes that produce true memories

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

Distraction

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?

Highlighting

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

· Schemas

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

· Semantic network

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

· Source misattribution

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

· Transition points

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

Encoding

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

a spatial layout.

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

· Graduating from college at age 22

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

· repetition

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

Accurate

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

Apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was

Auditory from a female speaker

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

Back propagation

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.

Fragility

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

Generation Effect

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

Location

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with minimum of interruption from the officer

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

Produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

Recent and remote episodic

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.

Relaxed

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

Repeating it over and over

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

Retrieval cues

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

Scale

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

Semantic category

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

Short and across several days

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?

Strong encoding

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

Survival

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

Systems

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

Tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

Testing

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

The type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

Transfer-appropriate processing

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

Typicality

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

a turtle is an animal

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

an organizational context during learning

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

boat _______ - car ________.

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

parallel distributed processing theory

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

tree; oak

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.

the method of loci

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

· Adolescence and young adulthood

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

· Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

· Can fly; bird

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

· Cognitive hypothesis

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

· Concepts

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

· Cortisol

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

· Creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

· Cryptoamnesia

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

· Cultural expectations

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information

· Even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

· Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization.

· Exemplar

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

· Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

· It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

· Memory for life events is enhance during the time we assume our life identities

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

· Narrative rehearsal hypothesis

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

· Pragmatic inference

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?

· Prefrontal cortex

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.

· Repressed