Psych Exam 3

recall example

Fill in the blank: ______ is the capital of PA

shaping example

First a rat might be reinforced for going to the side of a box with the lever. Then we might reinforce the rat for touching the lever with any part of its body. By rewarding approximations of the desired behavior, we increase the likelihood that the rat will stumble upon the behavior we want.

what does the information processing theory propose?

First, info is encoded into our sensory memory, then by selective attention info is sent into our short-term memory systems, and is then consolidated into our long term memory. Info that is unrehearsed lost within 30 seconds. maintenance rehearsal is performed to keep info in our STM. we then retrieve, by using information in our LTM and bring it back to STM.

Cognitive Maps (mental)

-Internal representation of a place or environment -"Sketch Map" -Each is highly individual, dependent on information an individual deems important -Limited by the amount and type of experience an individual has with a place

what are the 3 ways in which information can be encoding?

1. visual (picture) 2. acoustic (sound) 3. semantic (meaning)

what are the 4 factors of observational learning?

1.memory 2.imitation 3.attention 4.motivation

B.F. Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box

Little Albert Experiment

1920 - Watson - classical conditioning on a 9 month old baby - white rat was paired with a loud clanking noise resulting in crying and fear of rat. Neutralstimulus- white rat, Albert was not scared of the rat-he would try and touch it. Watson snuck behind him and made loud noises causing Albert to cry (UCR). the loud noise was the (UCS). they paired the rat with the noise, the rat became the (CS), until the sight of the rat elicited fear response. fear becomes the (CR).

classical conditioning scenario

A neutral stimulus, such as a tone is presented just before a puff of air to a persons eye (puff of air=UCS). Initially, an eye blink (UCR) occurs reflexively in response to the air puff (the UCS), but with repeated pairings of the tone followed by the air puff, the tone becomes the (CS) and now elicits a new response, an eye blink (the CR), in advanced to the air puff. unconditioned stimulus= air puff conditioned stimulus= tone unconditioned response=eye blink conditioned response= eye blink

fixed-interval schedule

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered after the first response is given once a set interval of time has elapsed.

fixed-ratio schedule

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered each time a fixed number of responses is made. The fixed number can be any number greater than one.

variable-ratio schedule

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses it takes to obtain a reinforcer varies on each trial but averages to a set number across trials.

cocktail party effect

Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd

operant conditioning example 2

An animal rewarded for performing a certain behavior

"If we are above optimal level, then we want to lower our arousal level so we seek relaxation, then we take a nap" is based on what theory?

Arousal theory

"If we are below optimal level, our behavior is motivated to increase level of arousal so we watch an action movie" is based on what theory?

Arousal theory

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning: the response it elicited; it is involuntary. The learner is passive. Reinforcement comes before the response. certain response to conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned Operant Conditioning: the response is emitted; given voluntarily. The learner is active- making choices. Reinforcement comes after the response. reinforcements or punishments

what type of conditioning works by pairing a neutral stimulus to another stimulus that is similar?

Classical conditioning

instinctual drift

The tendency for an animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an innate, instinctual response to an object.

context dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place. ex: you walk into a room and remember what you need to do

state-dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.

false memories

Using imagination to create inaccurate memories

declarative/explicit memory example

What is the capital of Pennsylvania?

retroactive interference example

If you study psychology at 3:00 and sociology at 6:00, you might have trouble recalling the psychology information on a test the next day

overjustification effect

a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and then the reinforcement is discontinued

counterconditioning

a fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

Classical conditioning

a form of learning in which a response elicited by one stimulus becomes elicited by a previously neutral stimulus

vicarious punishment example

a kid gets spanked for hitting another classmate- influences others not to hit others

vicarious reinforcement example

a kid sees a classmate get a lollipop for using his manners= influences others to use manners

Yerkes-Dodson Law

a law describing the relationship between the amount of arousal and the performance quality on a task-increasing arousal up to some optimal level increases performance quality on a task, but increasing arousal past this point is detrimental to performance.

stimulus discrimination

a learned ability to differentiate among similar products ex: a person gets bit by a poodle, and likes all other dogs but poodles

hindsight bias example

Imagine you're cleaning out kitchen cupboards and you put a glass platter on the edge of the counter. It falls and breaks and you say you yourself, "Aww I knew that was going to happen" but you really didn't know.

conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test (given more info)

relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time ex: studying for an exam

cognitive maps

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

How do classical and operant conditioning differ?

In classical conditioning, one stimulus may be associated with another (tone-then-food sequence with Pavlov's dogs). With operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment may guide future behavior.

unconditioned response (UR)

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

implicit memory

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously; retention independent of conscious recollection. automatically processed/encoded unconscious recall

variable-interval schedule

a partial schedule of reinforcement in which the time that must elapse on each trial before a response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer varies from trial to trial but averages to a set time across trials

flooding

a person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished

information processing theory

a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

who conducted the Little Albert experiment?

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

____________ and his colleagues conducted a research on taste aversion in the 1960s on ______.

John Garcia; rats

what students discovered an important biological preparedness effect on operant conditioning?

Keller and Marian Breland (keller & Breland, 1961)

Motivation (Observational Learning)

Learners must want to demonstrate what they have learned; Motivation is influenced by the (a) consistency, (b) identification with, and (c) likability of the the model as well as (d) the Rewards/punishments of taking on a model

massed practice

a practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption (crammed)

cumulative record

a record of the total number of operant responses over time that visually depicts the rate of responding

adventitious reinforcement

Refers to accidental reinforcement, results in superstitious behavior. In this kind of reinforcement, the reinforcer is not produced by the response, but nontheless occurs after it. Ex: Pitcher wears socks and has good game, then wears sock at all games.

reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

punisher

a stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior response

unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning (unlearned) (produces a reaction)

reinforcer

a stimulus that increases the probability of a prior response

appetitive stimulus

a stimulus that is pleasant

aversive stimulus

a stimulus that is unpleasant

arousal theory

a theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

biological predispositions show that...

animals will learn certain associations (consistent with their natural behavior) easier than associations (less consistent with their natural behavior)

high-ordering conditioning

another neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for another conditioned stimulus

law of effect

any behavior that results satisfying consequences tends to be repeated, and any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated

organization

arranged in an orderly way -encoding

source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

example of unconditioned stimulus

dog food

Taste aversion is a _______ ____________ to the rule that the UCS in classical conditioning must immediately follow the CS for learning to occur.

dramatic counterexample

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person, an emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning

what memory does explicit memory include?

episodic and semantic

types of long term memory

explicit and implicit

hippocampus

explicit memory

in Alzheimer's disease what memory is lost?

explicit memory (semantic and episodic)

explicit semantic memory

facts, rules, concepts, general knowledge

retrieval theory

failure to access material stored in memory because of encoding failure or lack of retrieval cues

encoding failure

failure to process information into long-term memory

classical conditioning scenario 2

food is an (UCS) and salivation to the food is an (UCR), it is not learned. Pavlov used a bell as a neutral stimulus, by itself it did not cause a response from the dog. Pavlov rang the bell just before he presented the food to the dog, and repeated this many times. the bell then became of the (CS) and the dog would salivate after the bell, then becoming the (CR). the neutral stimulus, the bell, becomes the conditioned stimulus.

Tolman research

food-deprived rats had to negotiate a maze. there were 3 different groups. food was available at the end of the maze for one group... the rats completed the maze faster if there was food available.

flooding example

force someone to sit in a room of snakes and spiders (without getting hurt)

Grid cells allow us to

generate a coordinate system and allow precise positioning and pathfinding

incentive theory example

good grades motivate us to study and work hard

fixed ratio response rate

high rate of responding with breaks/pauses after reinforcment

observational learning helps us learn...

how to play sports, drive a car, and write letters of the alphabet

Fleeting visual memory

iconic

the Sensory Memory consist of ______ and ______ memory

iconic; echoic

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia

implicit memory

biological basis memory in hippocampus (implicit memory)

in cerebellum and basal ganglia= space, time, motor and cognitive skills, classical cond.

neutral stimulus (NS)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

biological basis memory in hippocampus (explicit memory)

in hippocampus (frontal lobes) = facts and experiences

acquisition

in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced operant response

Amnesia: Anterograde

inability to form new memories

a theory that is more cognitive

incentive theory

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

operant conditioning reinforcer

increase likelihood

Serotonin

increases efficiency of neurons

Interference

information in memory disrupts the recall of other information

biologically ________ ________ limit or hinder our ability to condition other, less natural responses.

instinctual responses

instinctual drift (the Brelands)

instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning

drive-reduction theory focuses on ________ needs.

internal

motivation

internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior directs us towards a goal

flashbulb memory brain structures

involved the amygdala- emotional content vividness comes from importance of event

overjustification effect example

kids who loved to draw for fun people then provided rewards then take away rewards after awhile and kids no longer like to draw because there is no award

mnemonics

learning aids, strategies, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues

observational learning (modeling)

learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others

Behavioral Perspective

learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice or experience

synaptic changes

learning results in increased release of serotonin and increased efficiency serotonin

memory

learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be retrieved

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is incentive to do so

fixed-interval response rate

little or no responding followed by a high rate of responding as the end of the interval nears

amnesia

loss of memory

Amnesia: Retrograde

loss of past memories

neutral stimulis has to be paired with unconditioned stimulus _____ times.

many

How are mirror neurons different in people with autism?

mirror neurons are linked to language and Autistic people have difficulty in social interactions because they have a dysfunctional mirror neuron system and have a harder time understanding social cues

Mirror Neuron example 2

mirror neurons fire when you jump and when you see someone else jump

what animal were mirror neurons first discovered?

monkeys

Adaptive

motivates organisms to avoid harmful foods

recognition example

multiple choice test: what is the capital of PA? a. harrisbug b. Hershey c. Houston

the animals ______ responses interfered with the Breland's operant training

natural

drive reduction theory example

need (food) --> drive (hunger) --> behavior (eating) ex: you go to Panera to eat, like the food, so you go back again

mirror neurons

neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs that same action

Bobo doll experiment

nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively

operant conditioning goal

one's behavior ---> outcome (starts with behavior)

retrieval example

opening a paper on your hard-drive that you previously saved, not it's on your desktop and you can continue working on it again

The Breland's work demonstrates biological preparedness effect upon _______ _________.

operant conditioning

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

latent learning example

person learns song lyrics, but doesn't sing until friends begin to sing

explicit episodic memory

personally experienced events

encoding specificity

phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

the creation of a cognitive map involves what neurons?

place cells and grid cells

variable-interval schedule example

pop quizzes

postive punishment

presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

level of processing theory

proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes processed according to meaning vs sound or characteristics *how well items are rembered depends on depth remembered of info

kids would NOT imitate behavior if an adult was ________.

punished

How did Garcia use the results to demonstrate biological preparedness in learning?

rats would not learn aversions for just any pairing of cue and consequences. those that seemed to make more biological sense were easily learned, but other pairings that didn't make sense did not seem learnable.

kids would model behavior if adults were ________ or if there was no _______.

reinforced; consequence

As memory fades, we lose details, we tend to fill in the details using _______.

schemas

how does selective attention move information?

selective attention allows you to focus on what is necessary/important to move to your STM to remember

what is our three-stage model for our memory system?

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

What are the 3 places information is stored?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Distributed (spaced) practice

shorter practice sessions separated by longer breaks (more beneficial)

retrieval cue example

sight, smell. sounds, people, words

variable-ratio schedule example

slot machines, gambling or a rat might press a lever 10 times to get a reinforcer, then 21 times, then 6 times, etc...

Skinner Box

small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised Named for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal in the box whenever it makes the desired response

successive appoximations

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

cocktail party effect example

being in a conversation with your friends and hearing your name in a crowd of people

selective attention

brain focuses on information even if you are not consciously aware: responsible for cocktail effect

Place cells allow us to

build an inner map of the environment

what is something called that was neutral but now learned?

conditioned

spontaneous recovery

conditioned response comes back without training

systematic desensitization example

someone is scared of clowns. make a list of things they associate with clowns: red nose clown costume balloons start with the least anxiety one and teach them to be calm and relaxed when presented to them, then work up to the most anxiety producing factor.

positive punishment example

spanking a child to stop a behavior or A student tries to avoid turning in late for class so that the teacher does not insult/shout.

variable-interval response rate

steady rate of responding during the interval

classical conditioning goal

stimuli ---> outcome (stimuli causes a response)

retrieval cues

stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory

primary reinforcer

stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water a stimulus that is innately reinforcing

extrinsic motivation example

studying to get good grades or exercising to lose weight

negative reinforcement example

take aspirin for headache --> headache goes away --> use of aspirin in future more likely for headache pain or The elevator in a building makes a lot of noise, so a person decides to take the stairs. Taking the stairs helps avoid the negative action of dealing with the noise. or reducing anxiety by smoking

reconditioning/reacquisition

take less time to relearn a response

what did the over-justification effect do?

takes intrinsic motivation and turns into extrinsic motivation

automatic encoding

tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding ex: remembering what you are for lunch

grouping

tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well because it's transferred into LTM

recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well because info is transferred into STM

extrinsic motivation

the desire to perform behavior to obtain an external reinforcer or to avoid an external aversive

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the continued stimulus ex: present conditioned stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus

retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

semantic encoding

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

visual encoding

the encoding of picture images

acoustic encoding

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

temporal contiguity

the extent to which events occur close together in time

partial reinforcement effect

the finding that operant responses that are reinforced on partial schedules are more resistant to extinction than those reinforced on a continuous schedule

Encoding

the first stage in memory- processing of information into the memory system encoded into sensory memory-->short-term memory

long-term memory

the memory component in which information is stored on a relatively permanent basis and whose capacity is limitless info is encoded according to its meaning

How extinction functions in operant conditioning

the operant response diminishes overtime when it is no longer reinforced. There are fewer and fewer responses.

Premack Principle

the principle that the opportunity to perform a highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

storage

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

What was the result of Garcia's research on rats?

the rats wouldn't drink the water in the experimental chambers cause the water containers were made of a different substance in their experimental and home chambers (plastic vs glass). The rats associated the different taste of water with their later sickness

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

sensory memory/register

the set of sensory registers, one for each of our senses, that serve as holding places for incoming sensory information until it can be attended to, interpreted, and encoded into STM temporary storage unlimited capacity

Sensory Memory (SM)

the set of sensory registers, one for each of our senses, that serve as holding places for incoming sensory information until it can be attended to, interpreted, and encoded into short-term memory

tip of the tongue phenomenon

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach acoustic and semantic coding may help provide a useful retrieval cue reflect incomplete learning

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it = cause you to misremember

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response ex: bell rings=food. dog hears TV ring=dog thinks there is food

iconic memory

the visual sensory register that holds an exact copy of the incoming visual input but only for a brief period of time, less than 1 second

variable-ratio response rate

very high rate of responding with fewer pauses after reinforcement

what are our sensory memory registers?

vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch

social learning theory

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

fixed-interval schedule example

weekly paycheck or one exam every four weeks

instinctual drift example

when animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment. Under stress, however, it may disregard the learned behavior and barking at the guest.

Decay Theory Example

when you create a path of footsteps in grass- if you don't walk back over it the path disappears

The pigs and raccoons continued their instinctual responses....

without reinforcement.

what does the serial position effect tell us about memory?

words at the beginning of a list were put into LTM because they were rehearsed, words from the end of the list were put into STM because they were last remembered, and words in the middle were held too long to be put in STM and not long enough to put in LTM

vicarious classical conditioning

you can be conditioned without going through the process yourself ex: your mom reacts negatively to a bee, so you react negatively

intrinsic motivation example

you exercise because you like it or you study because you want to learn

latent learning example 2

you learn material in your psych class but what you have learned it not demonstrated until you are tested on it. you learn, but you don't demonstrate the learning until reinforcement for demonstrating it (getting a good grade on exam)

non-declarative/implicit memory example

you remember how to drive a car

mirror neuron example

you see someone experience pain, so you feel empathy

fixed-ratio schedule example

(piecework schedule) worker has to make 2 shirts before getting paid or buy 10 coffees get one free

is maintenance or elaborative rehearsal more useful?

elaborative

discriminative stimulus

(in operant conditioning) the stimulus that has to be present for the operant response to be reinforced

negative punishment example

A child might stop throwing tantrums after his/her favorite toy is taken away after each tantrum. or getting fired from your job because you show up late

Operant Conditioning example

A child might stop throwing tantrums after his/her favorite toy is taken away after each tantrum. While positive and negative reinforcement help in increasing or strengthening a particular behavior, positive and negative punishment help in decreasing or discouraging it.

delayed conditioning

A classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus and remains present until after the unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimuli occur together.

trace conditioning

A classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimuli do not occur together.

intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

adrenaline

A hormone that gives the body extra energy

recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. (given less info)

elaborative rehearsal

A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over. (deeper thinking)

method of loci

A mnemonic device that involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.

secondary reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing property through learning ex: money, good grades, and applause

postive reinforcement example

A student will complete their homework so you give them candy or getting a paycheck

incentive theory

A theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that we have learned to associate with reinforcement.

drive-reduction theory

A theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated to reduce drives (bodily tension states) created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the body to a balanced internal state.

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

acronym

A word formed from the first letter of each word in a series

How does biological preparedness and taste aversion relate?

Biological preparedness says organisms form associations between stimuli and responses... a person may form a taste aversion if they ate cake and got a migraine after and associated the migraine with the piece of cake and then avoid cake

Bandura (1961, 1965, 1963)

Bobo doll experiment

example of conditioned response

salivation even when no food is presented

who developed the law of effect?

Edward L. Thorndike

Who examined latent-learning in rats?

Edward Tolman (Tolman & Honzik, 1930a, b, and c)

Elizabeth Loftus (false memory)

Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony (car crash) use of words influence peoples responses causing them to believe something that didn't happen or change the story

proactive interference example

If a researcher reads a list of items in a certain order and then rereads them in a different order and asks you to list them in the new order, the old list interferes with recall of the new list

biological preparedness

In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses. a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) ex: taking Tylenol to stop a headache

Acronyms/Acrostics

ROY G BIV My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos Never Eat Soggy Waffles PEMDAS

reconstruction of memory

Re-creating a memory using all accessible information in long term memory.

counterconditioning example

Suppose Charley is afraid of going to the doctor and cries hysterically as soon as he enters the doctor's office. His mother might attempt to replace the conditioned response of crying with contentment by bringing Charley's favorite snacks and toys with them every time they go to the office

decay theory

The act of forgetting something as the memory fades with time: info that was intended into LTM

Tolman research results

The rats completed the maze quickly with few errors when there was food. the third group didn't demonstrate their learning until food was presented. the rats learning = latent.. this caused them to create a cognitive map of the maze but only used it when reinforcement (food) was available.

biological preparedness and taste eversion research on rats

The rats would be moved from their home cages to experimental chambers for the radiation. the radiation made the rats nauseated, they they would get sick in their home cage. the rats would still go back to the experimental chambers but they would no longer drink the water in the chambers.

Noradenaline

This enables the body to perform well in stressful situations.

According to what law is performance best at middle levels of arousal?

Yerkes-Dodson law

adaptive example

You throw up and get really sick when you ate sushi so you don't eat sushi anymore

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

schemas

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information (can be false info)

hormones with memory

adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten Two tasks: store new info (15-30secs) and works on info (working memory) limited capacity: 7 +- 2 units

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Biological preparedness and taste aversions relate to _______ ________.

classical conditioning

what memory does implicit memory include?

classical conditioning, procedural memory, and priming

conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus has to be ______ pairing.

close; temporal contiguity (little time in between)

stimulus generalization can be maladaptive or adaptive

can be be good or bad

cortisol

can interfere with ability to master/retrieve info

misinformation example

car crash example: adding info into the event

we forget most information early on then the act of forgetting _________.

decreases

operant conditioned punishment

decreases likelihood

visual imagery

descriptive language that appeals to the sense of sight

conditioned taste aversion

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association, the acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

conditioned stimulus is _______.

distinctive; something that doesn't occur often

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

In extrinsic the reward involves _______ of the task.

outside

shaping based on operant conditioning

reinforces progressive steps toward the behavior goal

continuous schedule of reinforcement

reinforcing the desired operant response each time it is made

partial schedule of reinforcement

reinforcing the desired operant response only part of the time

cognitive perspective

relatively permanent changes in representing the environment due to experience

effortful processing example

remembering concepts from a chapter

effortful processing

requires attention and conscious effort rote rehearsal chunking, visual imagery, mnemonics explicit memory

effortful encoding

requires attention and conscious effort. ex: studying

Rote rehearsal/ maintenance rehearsal

retaining information in memory simply by repeating it over and over

example of conditioned stimulus

ringing a bell before giving dog food

automatic processing example

running on a treadmill how many times you have seen a shark remember what you did in one day implicit memory

example of unconditioned response

salivation

explicit memory

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences processed in hippocampus requires effort to recall

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

positive punishment

the addition of something unpleasant following an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior

behavior modification

the application of classical and operant conditioning principles to eliminate undesirable behavior and to teach more desirable behavior ex: toilet training

What did the raccoons and pigs begin to do with the coins?

they drifted back to their instinctual responses with food and the pigs pushed the coins with their snouts and the raccoons rubbed the coins together

What experiment did the Brelands do?

they trained animals to do tricks. they used food reinforcement to train pigs and raccoons to pick up coins

interactive imagery

to learn a list of items, create a vivid mental image of each item and imagine each item interacting with the next

Little Albert Experiment results

took only 7 pairings and the experiment was unethical

Stereotyping is a schema

true

conditioned stimulus precedes (signales, comes before) __________.

unconditioned stimulus

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Some responses in classical conditioning are _________.

unlearned. ex: blinking when air is blown into your eyes