PSYCH Exam 4

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

T or F? Women and men have equal levels of physical aggression when you don't consider gender role bias.

False

When meeting new people, we tend to make snap-judgments as the basis for impression formation, which is best explained by ______________.

Primary effects

retention

The proportion of material retained (remembered).

Shaping

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Exchangeable Reinforcer

acquires value because you trade it for something else

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

door-in-the-face technique

asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment

Psychology has identified three major types of learning. Which type(s) of learning is/are most likely associated with solving a mathematical word problem? a- Classical conditioning b- Operant conditioning c- Social/observational learning

b- Operant conditioning c- Social/observational learning

The tendency for certain neutral stimuli to more easily (i.e., with fewer pairings) become conditional stimuli is termed ____________. a- Aversive therapy b- Biological preparedness c- Higher-order conditioning d- Taste aversion

b- biological preparedness

The experience of Kitty Genovese in the mid-1960s began over a half-century of research in what area? a- Obedience to authority b- Conformity c- Bystander effect d- Social socials and social scripts

c- Bystander effect

At a casino, one can find slot machines. Which schedule of reinforcement would most likely govern the payout of slot machines? a- Extinction b- CRF c- Intermittent d- Fixed ratio-1

c- Intermittent

ccording to the Fundamental Attribution Error, when making attributions about other people, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions, whereas when making attributions about ourselves, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions. a- Internal; internal b- External; external c- Internal; external d- External; internal

c- Internal; external

Which of the following best describes the Stanford Prison experiment? a- A few "bad apples" made things difficult. b- The "prison" was operational until the end of week two. c- Participants quickly fell into their roles as prisoners and prison guards. d- Zimbardo engaged the services of real guards from the local prison.

c- Participants quickly fell into their roles as prisoners and prison guards

According to Phillip Zimbardo, what type of attributions would he use to explain the behavior of participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment? a- Dispositional b- Internal c- Situational d- None of the above

c- Situational

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

After which of the following events did Stanley Milgram find it important to examine the extent to which other persons would go due to the demands of an authority figure? a- The Vietnam War b- The Challenger explosion c- The Holocaust d- The Stanford Prison experiments

c- The Holocaust

Positive reinforcement is positive in the sense that ____________. (Select all that apply) a- Consequence stimulus is delivered in a positive manner b- It results in the addition of the behavior c- The behavior results in the addition of a positive stimulus d- The behavior is strengthened or increases in frequency

c- The behavior results in the addition of a positive stimulus d- The behavior is strengthened or increases in frequency

primary reinforcer

stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water

positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

stereotype threat

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Baseline

A count of behaviors an observer makes before any steps are taken to try to change the behavior

Discrimination

Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

T or F? All forms of prejudice are learned.

True

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Thorndike and Skinner

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. Watson and Pavlov

Select all the components of Kelley's covariation model that are used to determine a person's attribution style. a- Consistency b- Distinctiveness c- Constancy d- Consensus e- Reliability

a- Consistency b- Distinctiveness d- Consensus

To avoid groupthink, what would you recommend to a potential leader? (Select all that apply) a- Encourage the expression of diverse opinions. b- Quickly make important decisions - debates lead to disaster and animosity. c- Beware of mind guards. d- Do not pressure people to make decisions. e- If voting use anonymous ballots. f- Some people's opinions are simply not worth hearing.

a- Encourage the expression of diverse opinions. c- Beware of mind guards. d- Do not pressure people to make decisions. eIf voting¸ use anonymous ballots.

Which of the following best illustrates the effects of biological constraints? a- not being able to train an animal to act in a way that disrupts its normal foraging b- Training an animal to do tricks it would not do in its normal habitat c- Biological preparedness d- Depriving an organism of food to make positive reinforcers more powerful

a- Not being able to train an animal to act in a way that disrupts its normal foraging more powerful

As a result of his famous experiments with cats, E. L. Thorndike developed the Law of Effect, which is most similar to which of the following? a- Positive reinforcement b- Negative reinforcement c- Positive punishment d- Social learning

a- Positive reinforcement c- Positive punishment

According to Kelley's covariation model, select the examples that are evidence of an internal attribution regarding Susan. a- Susan is the only one who is enjoying the party. b- Susan likes this party but usually hates all parties. c- Everyone thinks it's a great party. d- Susan has been having fun all night. e- Susan loves going to parties.

a- Susan is the only one who is enjoying the party. d- Susan has been having fun all night. e- Susan loves going to parties.

Which of the following is an example of groupthink? (Select all that apply) a- The Challenger explosion b- The attack on Pearl Harbor c- The terrorist attack on 9/11 d- The assassination of Abraham Lincoln

a- The Challenger explosion b- The attack on Pearl Harbor

Which of the following characteristics listed below increase the likelihood of a participant's conformity? a- Their gender (females) b- Everyone in the surrounding group responds unanimously c- Participants can easily escape the situation d- Individualistic cultures e- Collectivist cultures f- Not knowing how to behave g- Having another person disagree with the group

a- Their gender (females) b- Everyone in the surrounding group responds unanimously e- Collectivist cultures f- Not knowing how to behave

Which of the following statements about conformity is true? a- Conformity always leads to disaster. b- Few people conform to the actions of others. c- People in the Western cultures are more likely to conform than those in Eastern cultures. d- Animals, such as whales and chimpanzees, clearly demonstrate conformity.

d- Animals, such as whales and chimpanzees, clearly demonstrate conformity.

The period of the zygote ends at which point in prenatal development? a- When the developing organism moves into a head-down position in preparation for birth b- Approximately one week after fertilization c- When cephalocaudal development is complete d- Approximately two weeks after fertilization or when the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall

d- Approximately two weeks after fertilization or when the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall

A "reinforcer test," or contingency analysis, allows one to empirically determine which of the following? a- If there is a contingency between a response and a consequence b- If an antecedent tells us when to respond c- Whether the consequence is a primary or secondary reinforcer d- If the consequence functions as a reinforcer for the target behavior

d- If the consequence functions as a reinforcer for the target behavior

The psychologist becomes hoarse from his maniacal screaming and loses his voice. Eventually, the woman no longer trembles when the bell is rung. Which phenomenon best accounts for this? a- Stimulus discrimination b- Stimulus generalization c- Spontaneous recovery d- Extinction

d- extinction

After the occurrence of a response, a consequence is added. If the response occurs less often in the future, what is the operant process called? a- Negative reinforcement b- Positive reinforcement c- Negative punishment d- Extinction e- Positive punishment

e- positive punishment

Which of the five basic operant processes is viewed as the "operant process of last choice?" a- Negative reinforcement b- Positive reinforcement c- Negative punishment d- Extinction e- Positive punishment

e- positive punishment

social norms

expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

attention

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

duration

how long a behavior lasts

Production

learner imitates response without trainers model

social/observational learning

learning by observing others. Bandura

Attitudes

people's evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas

Motivation

reinforcement/feedback provided when response is correct

frequency

the number of times a response occurs during an observation

low balling

the persuader gets you to commit to an action then before you perform it the "cost increases"

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

Intensity

the strength/magnitude of a response

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others