Psych Final

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?

External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

Extra version, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

Which of the following statements about suicide are correct?

Extracting a promise not to die by suicide before calling or visiting a helping professional seems to prevent some suicides

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive change in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene _

Has high self-efficacy expectations

Researches estimate that the heritability of the extroverted personality is _

40% to 60%

According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?

Archetypes

the _ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.

autonomic nervous system

Which of the following statements is true of prelinguistic vocalizations?

babies babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels

Pansy is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. She is most likely to be labeled

bisexual

In the context of the human eye, the size of the _ is sensitive to an individual's emotions.

Pupil

a _ is a state of deprivation

need

Jane is a 10 year old girl with a mental age of 12. Jane's intelligence quotient calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is _

120

Which of the following statements is true of the biological views that explain the origins of anxiety disorders?

A predisposition toward anxiety, in the form of a highly reactive autonomic nervous system, can be inherited.

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?

A visual illusion

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Aggression

Jenny was beginning g to panic as the store began to become crowded with shoppers. Jenny most likely suffers from _

Agoraphobia

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.

_ is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Altruism

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor prescribes her a drug. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

An antidepressant

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of _

An implicit social norm

Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to _

Appraise change as interesting incentive to personal growth

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

Aversive conditioning

Baby Sam's dad could not stop laughing because every time he touched the soles of his feet his toes would fan out. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the _

Babinski reflex

In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting?

Behavior therapy

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?

Behaviorist

Tom was suffering from severe anxiety. However, with the help of his therapist, he noticed that his cheek would start to "twitch" prior to an anxiety attack. This technique is most similar to _

Biofeedback training

The ____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams- and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species- are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain

Biological

_________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

Biological factors

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits _

Both positive and negative symptoms

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

_ believed that general intelligence was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests

Charles Spearman

On a(n) _ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism

Cognitive

_ primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language.

Cognitive psychologists

Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal to help him cope with his work more effectively. In this scenario, Susan is using _

Cognitive therapy

Visual acuity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of _ in the region.

Cones

An association among variables is known as

Correlation

People withdrawing from chronic alcoholic use may experience _ with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations.

Delirium tremens

It seems like no matter what you were talking about, Sam always thought you were talking about him. What type of delusion is he most likely suffering from?

Delusions of reference

Steve's physician has prescribed him Valium for his anxiety attacks. This drug will _

Depress the activity of the central nervous system

Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Jeff's car and that of a stranger's car is due to _

Discrimination

Cory was driving when his car met with an accident. His best friend, who was sitting in the car with him, was killed in that accident. However, Cory escaped I injured. When he work up the next morning, he could not recall where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting _

Dissociative amnesia

_ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

Dissociative amnesia

In the context of the origins of dissociative disorders, both psychodynamic and learning theories suggest that:

Dissociative disorders help people keep memories or ideas out of mind

Nearsightedness can result when the eyeball is elongated such that the images of:

Distant objects are focused in front of the retina

Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Tripp's ability to remember these specific details is known as _

Eidetic imagery

Which of the following is true of aggression?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals

The _ monitors brain waves and can be used to teach people how to produce alpha waves, which are associated with relaxation.

Electroencephalograph

In client-centered therapy, _ refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings.

Empathy

_ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

Epinephrine

_ stress is considered healthful

Eustress

When Shaina is about to begin her speech in class, she notices that a few of her classmates are whispering among themselves. She becomes nervous that she might be boring to her audience and gets distracted. In this scenario, the presence of the classmates is not likely to facilitate her performance due to _

Evaluation apprehension

_ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.

Existentialism

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:

Focus on the present

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) _

Forensic psychologist

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems arise _

From roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization

In the context of psychosurgery, in _, physicians beam streams of radiation deep into the skull, destroying spots of tissue believed to be overactive in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder

Gamma knife surgery

_ form a fatty substance called myelin.

Glial cells

Which of the following is not an advantage of group therapy?

Great members who are overly shy do better in these settings

Shana is a young girl who was in a bus accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana is only able to remember people she had met before the accident and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She is often introduced to the same people whom she has met earlier. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has made Shana unable permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her _____.​

Hippocampus

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of _ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

Iconic

How to perform different skills and actions is a component of _

Implicit memory

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates _ memory.

Implicit memory

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:

Infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.

Explicit memory is:

Information that can be clearly stated

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Insist on evidence

If you have a(n) _ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers.

Internal

_ involves championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

Intimacy

The blind spot:

Is insensitive to visual stimulation

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?

It involved continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

Which of the following is true of applied research?

It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems

Which of the following is true of the absolute threshold?

It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is true of the majority-wins scheme?

It is the most commonly used social decision scheme.

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

It reinforced progressive steps toward the behavioral goal

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight reaction?

It stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening.

_ refers to learning that is hidden or concealed.

Latent learning

People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:

Learn more slowly

High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by:

Low levels of adrenaline

Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with _

Major depressive disorder

Sanchez, an eight-year old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to his imaginary friends. His mother confessed to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused damage to Sanchez's brain." This statement supports the _ on psychological disorders.

Medical model

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness?

Meditation

Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing?

Medulla

Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:

Memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.

These neurons fire when an animal observed the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.

Mirror neurons

Which of the following is considered the most complex form of conflict?

Multiple approach-avoidance

_ is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection

Mutation

_ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

Narcolepsy

_ is the concept that holds that adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce

Natural selection

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of

Naturalistic observation

_ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

Observational learning

The __ conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is relayed to the visual area of the occipital lobe.

Optic nerve

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called

Placebos

Some researchers consider the _ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

Prefrontal cortex

Keisha takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. She knows that her interviewers will evaluate her based on the first impression she creates. In this scenario, the impression created by Keisha is an example of the _

Primacy effect

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tried to generate her own examples based on her experiences. Using levels of processing terminology, Angelica is:

Processing the information at a "deep" level do that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory.

What are the names of the two terms your text discusses with regard to why we typically develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to us?

Propinquity and reciprocity

The principles of psychotherapy focus on all of the following except for:

Psychoanalysis only influences clients' feelings

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The __ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.

Pupils

Adam, a sleep researcher, noticed that his sleeping patient had a high level of neurological arousal. The patient is most likely in _ sleep

Rapid eye movement

Essay tests are examples of _

Recall

According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXCEPT:

Reduced probability of aggressive behavior

_ are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.

Reinforcers

According to your text, which of the following is NOT a reason for dreaming?

Role theory

Professor Schwiesow is trained as which of the following?

School psychologist

Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English text books and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using _

Selective attention

Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in __

Sensorineural deafness

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

Serotonin

People with _ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.

Sleep apnea

_ believe that we are not likely to act aggressively unless we believe that aggression is appropriate under the circumstances and likely to be reinforced.

Social-cognitive theorists

Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life-change units" to measure the impact of life changes among colleges students. Surveys with students revealed that:

Some of them considered academic success to be stressful

Psychological disorders are:

Sometimes associated with faulty perception or interpretation of reality

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:

Spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur.

Sleepwalking typically occurs during:

Stage 4

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of _

Subliminal stimulation

The _ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared.

Sympathetic division

If the _ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

Thalamus

According to cognitive psychologists, _

The changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior.

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of _ is severed.

The corpus callosum

Asch's study using line judgements was able to demonstrate

The effects of social conformity

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

The exhaustion stage

According to your text, if you are American you are most likely stressed about _

The future of the nation

Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident?

The gate theory

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?

The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates

The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of:

The person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved.

__ refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole

The principle of closure

Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates _

The serial-position effect

Which of the following is true of collectivists?

They are more likely to conform to group judgements.

One potential reason why women and centra in ethnic groups are significantly affected by alcohol is because

They produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your __ system

Vestibular

Behavior-therapy methods for reducing fears include _

Virtual therapy

Which of the following senses is dominant in human beings?

Vision

Schizophrenia is characterized by _

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood.

according to James and Lange, _ are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses

emotions

which of the following is true of metabolism?

fatty tissue in the body metabolizes food more slowly than muscle tissue does

the _ is the final stage of Piagel's theory of cognitive development

formal operational stage

when a child utters the word "mama" it may signify meanings as varied as "there goes mama" "come here mama" and "you are my mama". such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as _

holophrases

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

motives are _

inferred from behavior

according to Maslow's Hierachy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

love and belongingness

according to William Masters and Virginia Johnson,

men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation

Pointing to a cat and saying "this is not a dog" is a _ of the dog concept

negative instance

_ tests are tests whose items must be answered in a specific, limited manner and have concrete answers

objective

Max's three year old typically says things like "i seed it" and "Mommy sitted down". These examples illustrate

overregularization

the _ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processed that restore reserves of energy to the boy

parasympathetic nervous system

which of the following is true of psychological needs?

psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another

the _ assumes that the more similar something is to our expectations, the more likely the entity belongs to the category

representativeness heuristic

which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?

sense of smell declines

_ is best described as the direction of one's romantic interests and erotic attractions - towards members of one's own anatomic sex, the other anatomic sex, or both

sexual orientation

observational learning is one of the foundations of _

social cognitive theory

which of the following is a focus on Erickson's theory of personality and development?

social relationships

identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence

studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement

Dave could not remember the last digit of his friends cell phone number, so he kept trying different digits until he found the right one. In this scenario, which of the following methods did Dave use?

systematic random search algorithm

in boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the tests to increase the output of _ , which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair

testosterone

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them?

the age of possibilities

in the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes _ when someone goes on a diet

the body to burn fewer calories

Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school anymore because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which concept of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is best depicted in this scenario?

the concept of imaginary audience

which of following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

the far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality

which of the following is one of the most common concerns about the Cannon-Bard theory?

the theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment

the embryo is connected to the placenta by the _

umbilical cord

someone who does not run on the wrong side of the road because it's the law is exhibiting which stage of moral reasoning?

conventional

_ is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place

displacement

according to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, _ only occurs during a critical period of development

attachment

which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?

both are ages of feeling in-between

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development?

children bring neurological prewiring to language learning

Humor helps people cope with stress by _

creating positive cognitive shifts that result in positive emotions.

While on a study tour, Kruti realized how the trip had really helped her gain perspective on her life and why she is working towards earning her degree. What theory best explains this?

humanism

the _ is a pea sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger

hypothalamus

People with _ alternative between extremes of adulation in their relationships when their needs are met and loathing when they feel scorned.

Borderline personality disorder

is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence

Critical thinking

Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is _ resistant to extinction

More

After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or except use at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) _

Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristic of neuroticism?

Nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?

Noise

_ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

Nonconscious processes

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember? and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summon up _

Preconditions information

According to the American Pyschological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

The participants are debriefed afterward

Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying _

Tolerance

Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?

Umami

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _, while Michael salivating would be labeled the _.

Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Every morning, Jaclyn's parents watch for the school bus to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived. This schedule is a _

Variable-interval schedule

Chelsea sells used cars and she has noticed over the years that when you initially quote a high price car people tend to not have a drastically different counteroffer. This is an example of

an anchoring and adjustment heuristic

according to Ainsworth, infants who show _ are least distressed by their mother's departure, play by themselves without fuss, and ignore their mother's when they return

avoidant attachment

in _ , the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course

divergent thinking

Tom a high school senior is very clear that he wants to study medicine. He spends his summer volunteering at hospitals and studies hard for all his tests. He subscribes to medical journals so that he does not miss out on developments in the medical field. Tom is determined to study at Harvard Medical School. According to Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, Tom is demonstrating _

ego identity

According to behaviorists, personality is formed by _____________.

situational or environmental influences

which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?

the Id

in the context of the theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is true of creative people

they appreciate art and music

in the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

they are developed through experience

according to Piagel's theory cognitive development, which of the following is true of children in the concrete operational stage?

they center on the motives of wrongdoers as well as on the amount of damage done when assigning blame

If you are upset over something that you saw on social media, most likely your _ is highly active right now.

Amygdala

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _

Determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

Which of the following is true of sleep?

People need more sleep when they are under stress

Two identical model cars are parked at the far end of a parking lot. You are able to determine that one of the cars is closer to you than the other because it appears to be slightly larger, even though you know it is the same as the other. This is an example of which perceptual cue?

Size constancy

In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's _

Social roles and obligations

As we enter _, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.

Stage 1 sleep

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, _ is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

Substance use disorder

The term _ refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness

Suppression

According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, _ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.

Emotional concern

Seligman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, we sometime develop inappropriate attribution as styles towards the causes of failure. Which of the following was not proposed by him?

Negative or positive

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by _

Observation of other people acting aggressively.

According to _, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced.

Observational learning

After suffering the horrific car accident, Jesus has experienced intense fear and avoids driving a car. He most likely is suffering from _

Post-traumatic stress disorder

In Stanley Milgram's study, whenever some of the "teachers" would hesitate his research assistants would say one of the following, except for :

"You cannot stop, the experiment must continue."

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the _

Bystander effect

A(n) _ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables

Correlation coefficient

The loudness of a sound is expressed in __

Decibels (dab)

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _

Dopamine

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know.' This is an example of a _ study.

Double-blind

_ is a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing anxiety and concern instead of rational analysis of the issues

Fear appeal

Esteban finds that he is often very anxious and not at ease. Which of the following neurotransmitters might help him the most?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?

Genotype

Research on acculturation shows that people who do not fully surrender their traditional backgrounds:

Have higher self-esteem than those who do

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) _ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features.

Hierarchy

Jenny is obsessed with collecting chocolate wrappers. She picks up wrappers from the road and stacks them at her house. Over the years, these wrappers have piled up to such an extent that Jenny is left with only a narrow pathway that leads from the entrance of her house to her bedroom. Although Jenny has been advised by many to get rid of the clutter, she refuses to do so. Jenny is most likely suffering from _

Hoarding disorder

Tom is a World War II war hero who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. In 1954, he was sent to an institution for treatment. He was successfully cured and he resent ERES society to lead a normal life. He was most likely admitted to a(n) _

Mental hospital

Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may _, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.

Metastasize

_ is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observed and imitates a person who approached and copes with feared objects or situations.

Modeling

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of _ in the brain

Norepinephrine

Which of the following best identifies the behaviorists primary emphasis for the study of psychology?

Observable behavior

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from _

Paranoid personality disorder

Which of the following statements highlights the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia?

People with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine in an area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding.

_ can be defined as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

Personality

Disaster victims may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual disaster. These patients are diagnosed with _

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to take a lot of medication. She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to do so. This forgetting is a failure of what type of memory?

Prospective memory

In the context of operant conditioning, an example of _ is when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes."

Reinforcement

According toy the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in the _ are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal.

Resistance stage

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing _

Retrieval cue failure

Carole walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that she did not see any utensils (I.e fork, knife, & spoon). Her surprise stems from the fact that she has never ration without utensils before. This is an example of a(n) _

Schema

Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he efficient at his job. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of _

Schizoid personality disorder

Hudson was pretty depressed because, after receiving some world news updates on his cell phone, he believed that the world was a violent place. His friends were surprised by his mood because Hudson worked with wonderful people at his place of worship. According to Beck, what type of cognitive error is this?

Selective perception

_ refers to our ability to bring about desired changes through our own efforts.

Self-efficacy

_ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.

Self-efficacy expectations

The strong tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors is called the _

Self-serving bias

Kira, an eight-year old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of _

Somnambulism

_ is the process by which test scores from various population groups, are obtained and organized so that test results can be compared to those with similar demographic profiles.

Standardization

A hypothesis is a:

Statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research

The pain message is relayed from the spinal cord to the __ and then projected to the cerebral cortex, making us aware of the location and intensity of the damage.

Thalamus

B.F. Skinner proposed

That organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome

Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?

The identities must not be aware of the others

_ tells us whether we are falling and provided cues to whether our body is changing speed

The vestibular sense

Derris's mom used to give him gold stars on their refrigerator whenever he would help out around the house. If Derris earned enough gold stars, then he could have some ice cream after dinner. This type of reward system is called a _

Token economy

Sean's client, Jacob, had quickly become unusually close to him, almost as if they were brothers. The term for this according to psychoanalytic therapy is what?

Transference

Michaela works as waitress and she knows that the more tables that she waits on the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a _

Variable-ratio schedule

In a study of Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs smashed)

Daniella thinks she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?

anorexia nervosa

a two year old child has a pet dog named Sophie. The child visits her neighbor and sees the neighbor's pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?

assimilation

in relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that

both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence

Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is likely experiencing the _ of middle adulthood.

climacteric phase

Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Their older daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Recently, their younger daughter also moved to a different country for her undergraduate studies. Now, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the _

empty-nest syndrome

Eli is a school student. Her teachers appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to meet through

extrinsic rewards

a researcher places a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at any one of the stimulus or object. This shows the baby's visual preference. In this scenario, the researcher is most likely measuring the baby's _

fixation time

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

forced-choice format

which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

Ava a four year old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating _

infinite creativity

In Gestalt psychology, _ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits the solution

insight

Which of the following statements is true of the trait theory?

it focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins

which of the following is true of crystalized intelligence?

it is shown more generally by vocabulary

according to the text, one of the common complaints concerning Kinsey reports was that

it was collected from a non-random sample

What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language

language acquisition device

In the context of psychological problems arising from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization, if, when we are young, other people approve of us only when we are doing what they want us to do, we _

may learn to disown the parts of ourselves to which they object

in the context of motor development of children, which of the following statements is true of activities like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking and running?

most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence

_ is best described as the field of psychology that is about personal well being and satisfaction, joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness, and optimism and hope for the future

positive psychology

according to Louis Thurstone, _ are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence

primary mental abilities

which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?

there are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal chord and the brain through _

Afferent neurons

Three- year old Derris watched the children's television show "Spongebob Squarepants." At first, Derris became really excited whenever he saw a spongebob doll. Now Derris gets excited whenever he sees any yellow sponge. Ferris is displaying stimulus _

Generalization

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In this given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to __

Higher-order conditioning

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called _

Placebos

Research that is undertaken primarily because the researcher is interested in a research topic is called:

Pure research

Which of the following is true of amphetamines?

They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses

In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.

Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders

The brain and the spinal cord make up the _, which controls and commands bodily functions.

Central nervous system

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as _

Reinforcement

At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?

Sensory adaptation

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

Which of the following statements is true of hormones?

They are secreted directly into the bloodstream