Psychology 101 Test 2: Chapter 7 Memory
What is decay?
-Memory traces fade with time - Seems to be especially true for sensory and working memory, but is also true of long term memories
How is knowledge represented in memories?
-categories & conceptual hierarchies -schemas -semantic
What is the capacity of short term memory?
: 7 + 2 items (old research) OR 4 +1 (new research)
A relearning measure requires subjects to A. memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved. B. select previously learned information from an array of options. C. reproduce information on their own without any cues. D. indicate whether a given piece of information is familiar
A
According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been ___ because researchers have not controlled for __ by participants. A. overestimated; covert chunking B. underestimated; covert chunking C. overestimated; serial positioning D. underestimated; serial positioning
A
As part of a memory test, Yosra was given a list of words that included dog, pail and hate. Later, she recalled these words as log, whale, and late. Yosra's errors in recall suggest that she encoded the original word list A. phonemically. B. structurally. C. semantically. D. retroactively.
A
Houssem is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of A. retrograde amnesia. B. anterograde amnesia. C. motivated forgetting. D. retroactive interference.
A
Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering material is A. similar to the material to be remembered. B. dissimilar to the material to be remembered. C. unrelated to the material to be remembered. D. not personally relevant.
A
Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings. Based on the results of studies on divided attention, should Kwan answer the phone? A.No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone call than on traffic signals. B. He should only answer the phone if he is an experienced driver who is driving in a familiar location. C. Yes, his attention system will allow him to process both traffic information and his phone conversation equally. D. He should only answer the phone if he has a hands-free device, so that he is not distracted by having to hold the phone.
A
Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective A. encoding only. B. storage only. C. retrieval only. D. encoding, storage and retrieval.
A
Shantel is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Shantel is using A. an efficient study strategy because examples should help her to recall key ideas. B. an ineffective study strategy that will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas. C. shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is reading. D. the linking method, to create a more complete semantic network.
A
While at a yard sale, you and your roommate find a great old sofa. As you are trying to decide if it will fit in your dorm room if you rearrange the beds, dressers and desks, you would be using the ___ component of working memory. A. visuospatial sketchpad B. semantic buffer C. executive control system D. phonological rehearsal loop
A
___ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information. A. Retroactive interference B. Proactive interference C. Retrograde amnesia D. Anterograde amnesia
A
What is memory?
A modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information
What is ineffective encoding?
AKA pseudoforgetting -lack of inattention can lead to ineffective encoding -inappropriate encoding
What is interference?
Addition information can get in the away of you remember other information -the amount, complexity, & type of information learned can affect retention
What does motivation to remember refer to?
At the time of encoding, we remember things we pay more attention to things that we believe are relevant to us
What are characteristics of attention
Attention is limited Attention must be selective Attention can be divided = ↓ memory encoding
As Lamar was walking out the door of his apartment, he quickly ran through a mental list of all the things he was supposed to take with him. He went through the complete list of items four or five times, just to make sure he hadn't forgotten anything. Based on Baddeley's model of working memory, Lamar was utilizing A. the visuospatial sketchpad to arrange all the information he needed. B. the phonological loop to temporarily hold his list of essential items. C. the central executive system to juggle all the information he needed to consider. D. his prospective memory to remember the actions he still needed to perform.
B
David asked his moms Carol and Sheri to get him apples at the grocery store. As not to forget to get apples for their son David, Carol focused her attention on how apples are her favorite fruit, while Sheri imagined a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart. Carol was using ___ and Sheri ___. A. elaboration; semantic encoding B. elaboration; visual imagery C. phonemic encoding; structural encoding D. phonemic encoding; visual imagery
B
The profound anterograde amnesia that H.M. experienced after undergoing surgery to control his epilepsy suggests that A. the prefrontal lobes are the storage area for most long-term memories. B. the hippocampal complex plays a key role in the consolidation of long- term memories. C. the cortex houses exact recording of past experiences and events. D. long-term memories are processed and stored in the cerebellum.
B
When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means that A. items that occurred close together in time are grouped together in LTM. B. related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories. C. words that look alike are grouped together in LTM. D. people create a network of nodes in LTM, with links to related concepts.
B
When you attempt to recall the name of a high school classmate by imagining yourself back in English class with her, you are making use of (choose the BEST answer) A. retrieval cues. B. context cues. C. schemas. D. recognition cues.
B
Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct? A. Schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately. B. Schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory. C. People are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas. D. Schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual evens.
B
When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ___ memory until you write it in your notes. A. trace B. sensory C. short-term D. long-term
C
Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes? A. structural encoding B. mnemonic encoding C. semantic encoding D. phonemic encoding
C
Yoram witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, when Yoram is interviewed by police a week later, he said that the car had been "weaving all over the road." The reason Yoram's memory was faulty was due to.. A. reconstruction effect. B. amnesia. C. source-monitoring error. D. serial position effect.
C
Yoram witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, when Yoram is interviewed by police a week later, he said that the car had been "weaving all over the road." Yoram's faulty recall illustrates A. proactive interference. B. implicit memory readjustment. C. the misinformation effect. D. mood-dependent memory.
C
What is the semantic network?
Consist of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
Ana is 55 years old. When she was 7 years old, she saw her grandfather fall down the stairs after he had a stroke. At the time, she visited him in the hospital every day for the 6 months it took him to recover. Today, Ana has no memory of her grandfather, his stroke, or her visits to him in the hospital. According to Freud, Ana may be A. showing signs of proactive interference. B. experiencing retrograde amnesia. C. suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome .D. using repression to push the memories out of her conscious awareness.
D
Animal studies show that manipulations that suppress neurogenesis lead to A. enhanced learning on many types of tasks. B. organic anterograde amnesia .C. nonorganic retrograde amnesia. D. memory impairments on many types of learning tasks.
D
Juwan was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description, he mentioned that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed. Juwan's error in recall illustrates A. the role of semantic networks in long-term memory. B. the need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory. C. the need for a good executive control system in short-term memory. D. the role of schemas in long-term memory.
D
Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes? A. encoding-storage theory B. information-processing theory C. enhanced imagery theory D. dual-coding theory
D
Which two types of memories are both considered to be divisions of declarative memory? A. prospective and episodic B. prospective and procedural C. semantic and procedural D. semantic and episodic
D
What is explicitly memory
Declarative memory system: information you talk about
What is semantic encoding?
Deep processing Emphasizes the meaning of verbal input E.g. Would the word fit in the sentence: "he met a _______on the street"
What is the central executive system?
Deployment of attention
What is Encoding?
Forming a memory code
What is motivated forgetting?
Freud- repressed memories, evidence for and against this, memories blocked by unconscious avoidance tendencies
What is enriching encoding?
Improving memory
What is retrograde amnesia?
Inability to remember events that occurred before the incidence of trauma
What is Phonemic encoding
Intermediate processing Emphasizes what a word sounds like E.g Does the word rhyme with weight
What does working memory capacity refer to?
One's ability not hold and manipulate information in conscious attention -temporarily reduced by situational factors -correlated with IQ
What is implict memory?
Procedural memory system: actions, skills, operations
What is an example of a low level of processing that can falsely boost confidence
Re-reading
What is structural encoding
Shallow processing - emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus E.g. is the word written in capital letters
What are the levels of processing in encoding
Structural encoding phonemic encoding semantic encoding
What happens when short term memory is "full"
The insertion of new information "bumps out"
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Visuospatial information is remembered through the use of mental images.
What is retrieval failure?
When the information is in your memory but you fail to locate it
What is the episodic buffer?
Working memory to integrate information
What is a chunk?
a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
What is short term memory?
a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds
What is a conceptual hierarchy?
a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items -can improve recall dramatically
Why do researchers even believe there are different types of memory stores
amnesia
What is a schema?
an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event
What is long term memory?
an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time -unlimited & durable but not necessarily permanent
What is the levels of processing theory?
deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
What are the types of long-term memory
explicit and implicit
What is semantic memory?
facts and general knowledge
What is attention?
focusing awareness onto something - it is critical to the encoding of memories
What is anterograde amnesia?
inability to form new memories
Why do we forget?
ineffective encoding decay interference retrieval failure motivated forgetting
What is episodic memory?
information about events we have personally experienced
What is storage?
involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time
What is retrieval?
involves recovering information from memory stores
What is elaboration?
linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding -the more examples given with a main idea, there likely the person will be able to remember the main idea
What is reconsolidation?
memories may be weakened, strengthened, or updated to take into account more recent information
What is the dual-coding theory?
memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall coined by pavio
What is source monitoring error?
occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
What are the four components of working memory?
phonological loop visuospatial sketchpad central executive episodic buffer
What is sensory memory
preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second -visual pattern, sound, or touch
What is repression?
refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feeling buried in the unconscious
What are the types of amnesia?
retrograde and anterograde
What are the types of explicit memory
semantic and episodic
What is multi-tasking?
shifting between tasks - high on impulsivity -high on sensation seeking - there is a cost (speed, accuracy)
what do semantic pathways lengths imply
shorter pathways imply = stronger associations
What is the encoding specificity principle?
the better a retrieval cue matches the memory, the more Likely retrieval will be successful
What is Visual imagery?
the creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus
What is source monitoring?
the process of making inferences about the origins of memories
What is the phonological loop?
the same as short term memory
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach
What is the misinformation effect?
the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself -due in part to the unreliability of source monitoring
What are flashbulb memories?
thought to be unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events -evidence long-term memory may be permanent
What can you do to maintain things longer in short-term memory
use rehearsal
What is retroactive interference?
when newly-learned information interferes with you remembering previous information (e.g., perhaps the French you are learning now is making it difficult to remember the Spanish you learned from before)
What is proactive interference?
when previously learned information interferes with learning new information
