Psychology Ch. 12
asch effect
group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate
groupthink
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
social facilitation
improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone
peripheral route
one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues(such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message
confederate
person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
script
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
sexism
prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another
racism
prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race
cognitive dissonance
psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception
cyberbullying
repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online
self-fulfilling prophesy
treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs
conformity
when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group
aggression
seeking to cause harm or pain to another person
informational social influence
conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information
normative social influence
conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group
central route persuasion
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness
discrimination
negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group
prejudice
negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group
conformation bias
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
bystander effect
situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
attitude
evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative
social loathing
exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks
out-group
group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us
in-group
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
social norm
group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members
Stanford Prison Experiment
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
bullying
a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time
scapegoating
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
hostile aggression
aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
instrumental aggression
aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal
foot-in-door technique
persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item
in-group bias
preference for our own group over other groups
homophobia
prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
ageism
prejudice and discrimination against older people
social role
socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
stereotype
specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
group polarization
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group
diffusion of responsibility
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
