Psychology ch 6

Classical and operate conditioning are forms of_______ learning.

Associative

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Jenna wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Continuous

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and rayner's work with "little Albert"?

It would be unethical by today's research standards

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditional is approximately synonyms with the word________

Learned

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic ( which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using_______.

Negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a______.

Neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

In_________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

Partial

According to psychologist_______ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS

Rescorla

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

_______ reinforces have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

stimulus discrimination

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts