Psychology: Chapter 4
What is the stage of sleep that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep?
1
Stage 1 sleep is produced by what low frequency, high amplitude waves?
Alpha
The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep
alpha
Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.
at least three nights a week for one month
Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm
biological
Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when an individual's airway becomes ________ during sleep.
blocked
Sleep apnea is defined by episodes during which a sleeper's ____________.
breathing stops
Which disorder is.... • Opposite of REM sleep behavior • You get paralysis when you are awake • Occurs usually with another sleep disorder
cataplexy
________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.
cataplexy
An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.
central sleep apnea
Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.
changes in normal bodily function
The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
circadian
________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.
circadian
_______________, as described by ________, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Meaning certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location.
collective unconscious; Carl Jung
Amphetamines can be used to treat ADHD in children because they ______________________ within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity.
decrease neurotransmitter activity
The consequences of sleep debt include ____________ levels of alertness and mental efficiency."
decreased
Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.
external
Which disorder is.... • Overly diagnosed in the elderly • Difficulty in going to sleep and staying asleep
insomnia
Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli
internal
A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.
meditation
What is the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment?
meditation
________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.
melatonin
What is a study that combines the results of many related studies?
meta-analysis
Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.
narcolepsy
The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.
narcolepsy
Which disorder is.... • Horrible hallucinations • Occur during stage 4 sleep You appear to wake up screaming bloody murder
night terrors
LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.
seratonin
Which disorder is.... • Biological restriction in the airways, windpipe collapses slightly when you lay down • C-PAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machines, to a mouthpiece that changes the shape of the airway
sleep apnea
What is the result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis?
sleep debt
How long of our lives do we spend approximately sleeping? or approximately how many years?
1/3; 25
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
2
As we move into stage _______ sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as _______________.
2; sleep spindles
What stages of sleep are often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep? They are characterized by low frequency, high amplitude _________. During this time, an individual's heart rate and respiration slow dramatically.
3 and 4; delta waves
Between ________ of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives.
30% and 50%
Stages ______ & __________ are described as slow-wave sleep.
3; 4
Who described the collective unconscious?
Carl Jung
What is a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity?
Depressant
Which disorder is.... • Ways to fix it: belland pad • It's a moisture sensitive pad hooked up to an alarm; when you are at the dribble, it wakes you up to relieve yourself
Enuresis
What is a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection?
Evolutionary Psychology
Who suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness? This is when dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness.
Hobson
What is a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli?
Hypnosis
Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?
John Hobson
What is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli?
K-complex
________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.
Light-Dark exposure
_________ content is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. ________ on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. What psychologist made the connection between these?
Manifest; latent; Freud
What is sleep that is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness characteristic patterns of brain waves?
NREM
Which disorder is.... • When you're awake and suddenly fall asleep • Brought on by strong emotions Adderall and Amphetamines are sometimes given to help
Narcolepsy
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
REM
What type of sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids?
REM
What is known as people who are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, will spend more time in REM sleep in effort to recoup the lost time in REM?
REM Rebound
Which disorder is.... • REM without atonia • Not paralyzed during REM sleep • People often kill their significant other
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
NREM sleep is a period of sleep outside periods of ________.
REM sleep
What is the period in which dreaming occurs? Also associated with __________ of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible.
REM; paralysis
Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?
Rosalind Cartwright
Who believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? This psychologist found empirical support, unlike Jung and Freud.
Rosalind Cartwright
What is a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness?
Sleep
What refers to the brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world?
Sleep Regulation
____________ wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task.
Slow
What is a drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity?
Stimulants
What parts of the brain control the sleep-wake cycles?
Thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons
What are even lower frequency, higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves and also continues through stage 1 sleep?
Theta
What is characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought and behavior?
Wakefulness
Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
depressant
Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.
depression
________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.
dissociative
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.
dopamine
How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?
four
Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
hallucinogenic
When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.
homeostasis
________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.
hypnosis
While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.
hypnosis; meditation
The ________ plays a role in controlling slow wave sleep.
hypothalamus & thalamus
The body's biological clock is located in the ________. But it is the ________________.
hypothalamus; SCN
Individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are ___________.
in control of their own behaviors
Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.
jet lag
The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.
latent
A theta wave is a type of _______ frequency, ________ amplitude brain wave.
low; low
In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content
lucid
In a ____________ dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dream's content.
lucid
Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.
opiod
What is a drug that have analgesic properties and decrease pain?
opiod
REM sleep is often referred to as __________ sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone.
paradoxical
What is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/ or experiences during sleep play a role? Sleep walking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of this.
parasomnia
Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.
pituitary gland
__________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.
protoconsciousness
What are drugs that alter the central nervous system and produce a change of consciousness or a deep meditative stat?
psychoactive drugs
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?
psychological dependence
________ refers to drug craving.
psychological dependence
Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________.
sleep rebound
What refers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will tend to take longer falling asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep?
sleep rebound
What is a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory?
sleep spindles
Which disorder is.... • Usually occurs during stage 4 • Some say we sleep walk more due to stress Also called somnambulism
sleep walking
________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.
slow-wave sleep
________ is another word for sleepwalking.
somnambulism
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.
stage 2
Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity
stimulant
The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the ______________ nucleus.
suprachiasmatic
While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________.
there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness
________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.
tolerance