Psychology - Chapter 8: Memory
What is chunking?
A process in which individual pieces of a set are broken down and then grouped together
What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing?
Automatic processing is the encoding of details such as time, space, and location. Usually done without any conscious awareness. Effortful processing, on the other hand, requires a lot of work and attention to encode
What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?
Both are explanations for forgetting in long-term memory. However, proactive interference occurs when old information prevents the recollection of new information. Retroactive interference is vice versa.
What is the difference between explicit memories and implicit memories?
Explicit memories involve the conscious recollection of factual information and concepts; implicit memories are acquired unconsciously
Give one example of an explicit memory and one example of an implicit memory.
Explicit: recalling what you ate for dinner last night Implicit: the ability for you to ride a bicycle
Explicit and implicit memories belong to which stage of human memory?
Long-term
In order for a memory to go into storage, what are the three distinct, consecutive stages it must pass through?
Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and then Long-Term Memory
Describe the misinformation effect.
When one's memory of particularly emotional events becomes less accurate over time
What is commonly processed in sensory memory?
brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
The input of information into the memory system is known as
encoding
Because semantic memory includes facts that are generally considered common knowledge, it is a type of
explicit memory
John remembers how emotional he was at his high school graduation, and how he had to say goodbye to all the great friends he made over the years. This is known as a
flashbulb memory
What is declarative memory, and what type of memory is it known as?
has to do with the storage of facts and events we personally experienced; explicit
Because procedural memory involves the completion of tasks unconsciously, it is a type of
implicit memory
What is the Serial-position effect?
our tendency to recall the first and last items in a list best, and the middle items worst
Cameron knows how to play the piano. This is a form of
procedural memory
What are the three main ways in which we can retrieve information?
recalling, recognizing, and relearning
What term best describes the conscious repetition of information to get it permanently stored as a memory?
rehearsal
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as
retrieval
On a test, Jamie recalls that Washington, D.C. is the capital of the U.S. Jamie is using
semantic memory
Once information has been encoded, our brains take that information and place it into
storage
What is procedural memory, and what type of memory is it known as?
stores information about how to do things; implicit
What is the definition of memory?
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Short-term memory is also known as
working memory
