Psychology Exam 3
John has just been assessed as having an mild intellectual disability. Part of this diagnosis was based on his IQ score, which must have been below which of the following thresholds? 70 60 50 40
70
Which of the following is not a likely explanation of the Flynn effect in many cultures? IQ tests have become progressively easier over time. The amount of scientific education people typically receive has increased over time. The rates of many childhood diseases have fallen over time. The quality of childhood nutrition has generally increased over time.
IQ tests have become progressively easier over time.
Consciousness can best be described as: a state of calm and peace a state of meditation in which a person focuses on the self A state of awareness of the self and of the environment the times in which a person in not asleep
A state of awareness of the self and of the environment
The "law of effect" states: Behaviors that lead to positive states will not occur in an artificial cage environment. Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated. Any behavior that leads to a negative state is likely to be repeated. The effect of a behavior has little or no relationship to the behavior itself.
Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.
Which of the following best explains the concept of "levels of awareness"? Awareness is a continuum that includes both high and low awareness. Animals have low awareness and humans have high awareness. Children have low awareness and adults have high awareness. With proper mind training, people can be made aware of all things.
Awareness is a continuum that includes both high and low awareness.
The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are: Ivan Pavlov and John Watson David Premack and Albert Bandura B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike
The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by: psychologists who derived questions from their education experiences with children Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection teachers who were asked to submit questions they thought children of particular ages should be able to successfully answer including questions that should tap the abilities of adults as well as children
Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection
When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests: They are able to overcome biases in the tests. Fear may undermine their performance. They will often work harder to overcome the stereotype but their performance will remain unaffected. Their fluid intelligence declines.
Fear may undermine their performance.
This person was among those who pioneered psychological measurement. Among other contributions, he was possibly the first to popularize the notion that the heritability of psychological traits could be assessed by looking at identical and fraternal twins. Francis Galton Alfred Binet Charles Spearman Theodore Simon
Francis Galton
In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct? In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses. In operant conditioning, the outcome does not depend on the organism's response, whereas in classical conditioning, whether the US is present does depend on the organism's response. In operant conditioning, the likelihood of the response leading to the outcome is certain, whereas in classical conditioning, the likelihood of the US eliciting the UR is uncertain. In operant conditioning, the behaviors are elicited by the stimulus, whereas in classical conditioning, the behaviors are emitted by the organism.
In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.
Howard Gardner proposed that: Intelligence tests measure one overarching ability. Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other. Analytical, Practical and Creative intelligences are related to each other. Intelligence is inherited.
Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other.
Which of the following is a major advantage of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)? It is difficult to fake. It measures associations in standard units. It is inexpensive. It is updated annually.
It is difficult to fake.
We should really call classical conditioning "twitmeyerian conditioning" because It was discovered by Edwin B. Twitmeyer, not Pavlov It is similar to tweeting. Pavlov would have wanted it that way This isn't a real answer, it's a rick roll. I'm never going to give you up.
It was discovered by Edwin B. Twitmeyer, not Pavlov
Which of the following is true of sleep? People can adapt to only a couple hours of sleep a night and still function well. Children need less sleep than adults do because adults do more work throughout the day. Sleep deprivation is associated with better attention and memory. Many studies show that sleep is a common problem for college students.
Many studies show that sleep is a common problem for college students.
I always put my seatbelt on before turning on my car. That way I avoid the loud alarm that would remind me to do so. This increase in behavior (buckling up) is an example of what kind of learning? Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Negative punishment Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
Walter Mischel (1968, 2009) pointed out this apparent fact about the predictability of individuals' behavior through personality tests: People's behavior can vary so greatly due to situational influences that tests are of little to no value. Some tests are better than others at assessing or predicting individual behavior in a given situation. Personality tests can be very accurate at assessing people's personality type, but not their behavior. People's behavior varies greatly situation by situation, but tests can reveal their average behavior across many situations.
People's behavior varies greatly situation by situation, but tests can reveal their average behavior across many situations.
The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what? Reinforcer devaluation effect Renewal effect Law of effect Preparedness
Reinforcer devaluation effect
Which of the following examples is consistent with the Law of Effect? The more you play soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. The younger you are when you begin to play soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. The more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. The more you watch soccer on TV, the more likely you will continue to play soccer.
The more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer.
Despite potential dangers, marijuana has been legalized in some places. Which factor is most likely related to this trend? Budget cuts to law enforcement programs make it difficult to enforce marijuana laws. The falling price of marijuana has led to a sharp decrease in violence associated with the distribution of the drug. The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes has shown a potentially positive side of the drug. Recently, conclusive proof has been published that marijuana poses no health risks.
The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes has shown a potentially positive side of the drug.
If you and a friend had a chat next to an advertisement for a restaurant and then felt hungry and wanted to go to that restaurant, which of the following best explains this phenomenon? This would only be possible if the friends noticed the advertisement and spoke about it. This is an example of high awareness, because a low influence raises up into actual decision making and behavior. This would only be possible if you were hungry already. This is an example of low awareness because it does not use effortful conscious processing.
This is an example of low awareness because it does not use effortful conscious processing.
__________ is the idea that an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure and can predict future performance or behaviors. Validity Reliability Explanatory capacity Standardization
Validity
Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed. The nagging punishes Jaspreet and makes it less likely that he will make his bed His parents would be better off making his bed for him Time out would negatively reinforce Jaspreet When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced
When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced
In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when: aggressive models were punished aggressive models were rewarded non aggressive models were punished non aggressive models were rewarded
aggressive models were punished
Dianne has a reputation for being a difficult person. She is suspicious of others, unhelpful, and not very compassionate. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Dianne likely score low in? agreeableness extraversion openness conscientiousness
agreeableness
Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high in? agreeableness conscientiousness openness extraversion
agreeableness
Intelligence is: an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information how smart someone is the ability to navigate many different social and academic settings a trait that cannot be measured
an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information
Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to: generate statistically significant descriptions of personality traits assess the ability of specific personality tests to predict behavior measure the contribution of genetics to personality characteristics analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones
analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones
The technical definition of a reinforcer is: a stimulus that increases the likelihood of good behaviors any consequence of a behavior that decreases the likelihood that it will be performed again. any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again any consequence that follows a behavior
any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again
Social models are an important part of observational learning. Which group is NOT necessarily a good social model for learning? teachers same age experts best friends police officers
best friends
Personality refers to ______. characteristic ways that people differ from one another. people's unconscious processes. the unique ways people learn behaviors. a person's feelings, thoughts, and attitudes
characteristic ways that people differ from one another.
What are the three criteria that characterize personality traits? consistency, flexibility, and individual differences continuity, stability, and interpersonal parallels continuity, flexibility, and interpersonal parallels consistency, stability, and individual differences
consistency, stability, and individual differences
A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather than distinct personality types. qualitative differences continuous distributions dimensionality stable characteristics
continuous distributions
John is a Canadian having dinner with his friends from China. He openly shows both his enthusiasm and his anger about various topics as they speak. John notices that his friends smile and nod but that they do not display strong emotions. This is an example of ________. cultural influence on emotion norms out-group bias prejudice cultural transmission
cultural influence on emotion norms
Which of the following is an example of "dissociation"? getting a divorce daydreaming while driving sleeping changing your opinion on a political topic
daydreaming while driving
Some researcher say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods. interpersonal intelligence emotional Intelligence street smarts practical Intelligence
emotional Intelligence
When a goal-directed action becomes automated and routine it is called a: association conditioned response habit learned behavior
habit
If Janet were to fly from Toronto to London, she might have difficulty adjusting to the new time. This is likely because _______. modern planes fly faster than the Earth rotates she suffers from insomnia she suffers from a chronic melatonin-production disorder her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto
her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto
Darcy is in a relaxed state with decreased self-consciousness. In this state she is open to suggestion. Which state is Darcy in? hypnosis mindfulness high awareness priming
hypnosis
Knowing Paige is extremely high in Extraversion does not help predict her scores on Neuroticism. This is because scores within the Five-Factor Model are mostly ___________, where two traits are separate from one another. Thus, in the Five-Factor Model, you need five scores to describe most of an individual's personality. interdependent collective intrapsychic independent
independent
Paulo is being tested in the office of a licensed psychology. The test is examining Paulo's ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information. In short, his cognitive capacity is being assessed. Paulo is probably undergoing a(n) __________ test. intelligence aptitude memory adaptive skills
intelligence
Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner's multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate? interpersonal. intrapersonal. naturalistic. bodily-kinesthetic.
interpersonal
The ________ functions of emotions refers to the roles that emotions play within each of us individually. They can include physical changes in our bodies or psychological changes in our minds. intrapersonal nomothetic interpersonal hedonic
intrapersonal
One challenge to the trait approach to personality is that traits may not be as stable across situations as we think they are. An explanation for this instability is that personality: is not determined by genetics cannot be determined from the behaviors that people display is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to is not a stable characteristic of persons
is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to
Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior? positive punishment. positive reinforcement. parental reinforcement. negative reinforcement.
negative reinforcement.
If you compare your IQ score of 95 to your buddy who scored 105, you should feel not disappointed, because 95 and 105 are not statistically different. The small difference is not meaningful in the real world Bad because 95 is below average Good because 95 is above average Jealous because 105 is significantly better than 95
not disappointed, because 95 and 105 are not statistically different. The small difference is not meaningful in the real world
Wayne likes to travel to learn about new cultures. Whenever he returns from a trip he brings home a piece of art from that culture to add to his collection. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in? agreeableness conscientiousness openness extraversion
openness
Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment
positive punishment
According to the _________ law of effect, David is less likely to turn to drugs, sex, or alcohol for reinforcement since he has plenty of other sources of reinforcement such as good grades, soccer team wins, and parental praise. qualitative quantitative mathematical natural
quantitative
Which of the following is associated with dreaming? rapid eye movement beta waves daydreaming sleep that, in terms of brain waves, is deep and relaxed
rapid eye movement
At the end of class, students start packing up their things. That's because they want to escape. They've learned to do this because packing up has been ______________ because of the ________ outcome of leaving. reinforced, appetitive reinforced, aversive punished, aversive punished, appetitive
reinforced, appetitive
Personality traits are defined as: sets of behaviors that are not influenced by being in different situations relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types of situations sets of characteristics that influence behavior and are controlled by genetic factors valid and reliable descriptions and statements of a person's personality characteristics
relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types of situations
Each night at 10 pm, Jiao becomes very sleepy. This is most likely because _________. she works so hard during the day, she simply has no energy left she experiences an increase in melatonin production she experiences a decrease in melatonin production she has learned to associate the number 10 with going to bed
she experiences an increase in melatonin production
When she notices that her girlfriend, Ellana, seems particularly quiet, Bess starts gently asking her what is wrong. After a while Ellana shares that she is having some problems in their relationship and this leads to a very constructive conversation about how things can be improved. This demonstrates the way that emotions can have ________ that elicits actions from others. signal value hedonic valence intrapersonal stimulation inspirational cohesiveness
signal value
Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place. social models reinforcements a complex game a set of rules
social models
Young Lilah is taken to a family dinner and she meets an uncle who she has never met before. As he reaches to her for a hug, Lilah looks to her mother with an uncertain look on her face. As she sees her mother nodding and smiling, Lilah looks back to the uncle and gives him a warm hug. Lilah has used ________ to determine how to act in this situation. social referencing ambiguous decoding facial interpretation affective forecasting
social referencing
Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning? obedience elimination renewal effect spontaneous recovery
spontaneous recovery
A possible problem in the use of psychological tests (e.g., IQ tests) is that many different psychologists from different backgrounds and with different theoretical orientations and backgrounds may give the test. Every psychologist then might deliver the test differently. In order to overcome this problem, it is ideal if psychological tests are: standardized unitized ranked agreed to by all psychologists
standardized
Banafsheh is a female student in a graduate program in pure mathematics. On the first day of classes, she notices that she is one of the only females in the group. Consequently, she feels more conscious of her gender in that situation. At the start of the class, the instructor gives each student a written quiz to assess their current level of knowledge. When taking this test, Banafsheh, being particularly aware of her gender, is most likely to experience which of the following phenomena? extrinsic motivation stereotype threat functional fixedness mental set
stereotype threat
In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________with a significant event. behavior; stimulus stimulus; behavior command; reflex reward; punishment
stimulus; behavior
Which of the following is NOT an example of low awareness? sleep daydreaming studying brushing your teeth
studying
When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates: operant conditioning incremental learning stimulus generalization taste aversion
taste aversion
Wechsler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items: test physical abilities such as the speed of writing test nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs test nonverbal abilities such as arithmetic knowledge test physical abilities such as hand to eye coordination
test nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs
In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is: the response triggered by the conditioning the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus the response triggered by the conditioned stimulus the response given by the subject outside of the stimulus
the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus
Which of the following best describes the Flexible Correction Model? the way a person can use low awareness states to support his high awareness opinions the way a person can change her opinion if her friends change their opinions the way a person can change her opinion up to three times on a topic the way a person can use high awareness to change opinions formed in low awareness conditions
the way a person can use high awareness to change opinions formed in low awareness conditions
As you consider how emotions function at the level of culture, which of the following flows naturally and immediately from the fact that societies are complex? there is a need for social order people need norms regarding emotions culture influences emotional reactions and nonverbal behaviors culture exists as a meaning and information system
there is a need for social order
In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn: to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet rats were unable to learn new behaviors. rat's behavior varied over several days.
to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet
Almost all forms of gambling, including the example of a slot machine, give out rewards after a random number of rounds played (or levers pulled). This schedule of reinforcement is best described as: variable ratio fixed ratio fixed interval variable interval
variable ratio
Which type of intelligence related skill would be found in Stratum I? verbal comprehension broad retrieval auditory perception processing speed
verbal comprehension
