PWS 344 Brock Test 2

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Gause

pharyngeal slits

Slits used for filter feeding in primitive chordates and have been adapted for other functions in more highly evolved chordates; a common feature of all chordates.

Resource Partitioning

MacArthur

Zygote

fertilized egg

Vertebrate Chordates

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flatworms, flukes, tapeworms

Order Diptera

flies and mosquitoes

Order Diptera

flies and mosquitoes "two winged"

Order Chiroptera

flying mammals (bats)

Class Turbellaria

free-living flatworms. Eats via pharynx tube. Regenerative. Simple brain.

Order Orthoptera

grasshoppers, crickets, katydids "straight winged"

Phylum Arthropoda

has jointed appendages (body extensions that give them a wide range of controlled motion); most successful because they are the most diverse, living in a great range of habitats; body symmetry: bilateral; eg. lobsters, centipedes, butterflies, spiders Over 1 Million species identified.

Class Merostomata (Phylum Arthropoda)

horseshoe crabs, 4 eyes, predators

Subphyla Uniramia; Class Insecta

insects, millipedes, centipedes Largest group of animal Usually have insect segmentation

Superclass Agnatha

jawless fish lampreys and hagfishes -no jaws -no ventral fins -notochord persistent

Order Squamata

lizards and snakes

Class Polychaeta

marine worms: filter feeders that are tube dwelling. High abundance. Some are active predators

Define bilateral symmetry

A term that means that right and left sides of the body are mirror images

Fish

A vertebrate whose body temperature is determined by the temperature of its environment, and that lives in the water and has fins. Jaws Paired appendages Single looped blood circulation

Class Gastropoda (Phylum Mollusca)

"gut foot" snail, slug, abalones, limpets, nudibranchs largest and most varied class foot used for motility monoecious/dioecious/protandry(sexes can switch: testes change to ovaries)

Order Plecoptera

"plate winged" Stoneflies! • Simple metamorphosis • plant feeders & predaceous • use acoustal signals for mating • immatures/niads with 2 cerci • live near streams or rocky shores

Order Ephemeroptera

"temporary winged" mayflies: live half a day in their adult form

Order Odonata

"toothed", dragonflies and damselflies, 2 pairs of membranous wings operate independently, incomplete metamorphosis, lay eggs in water nymphs are called naiads

Order Hemiptera

"true" bugs, assassin bugs, bed bugs "half winged"

Class Hirudinea

(leeches) parasitic lifestyle; suckers for attachment; reduced body segmentation; body flattened; no bristles (Phylum Annelida)

Phylum Echinodermata

- "Spiny-skinned" animals such as sea stars, urchins and sea cucumbers - Have radial symmetry as adults but metamorphose from a bilateral larval stage - Can often regenerate lost body parts - Move by using tube feet -have an exoskeleton

simple metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)

- about 10% - No resting stage, juvenile looks like tiny adult (ex. grasshopper)

Class Insecta Orders

-Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) -Order Odonata (Toothed) Dragonflies and Damselfly -Order Dermaptera (Skin WIng) -Order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) -Order Coleoptera (beetles) -Order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, bees) -Order Hemiptera (stink bugs/true bugs) -Orthoptera: (grasshoppers, crickets) -Order Diptera (flies) -Order Trichoptera (caddisflies) -Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)

Class Cephalopoda (Phylum Mollusca)

-squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish -"head foot" -mantle forms body tube -arms (8) and tentacles (2) -squids have 0 tentacles -pen: stiffens -chambered nautilus shell with siphuncle

Gastrula

An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Deuterostomes

Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus during early embryonic development

How did jaws evolve in fish?

Bars supported gills in primitive fishes Modified gill bars led to jaws

Order Trichoptera

Caddisfly "Trichos" (Hair) and "Ptera" (Wing) Larva variability: Shredders, scrapers, collectors, Larva mostly feed on periphyton (Layers of Algae)

optimal foraging theory

Charnov

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein

Notochord formation

Day 16, mesodermal cells migrate from primitive node of primitive streak to form the mesodermal rod or notochord Defines the longitudinal body axis and provides rigidity to the embryo

Class Aves

Feathers and wings present (birds)

Fish single looped circulatory system

Fish have a closed-loop circulatory system where blood is pumped by the heart through the gills for oxygenation and then distributed throughout the body, with deoxygenated blood returning to the heart to complete the cycle.

Class Trematoda

Flukes: endoparasites of vertebrates; most complex life cycle of any animal.

Ideal Free Distribution

Fretwell

Advantages of bilateral symmetry in animals

Improved mobility, faster information processing since brain is close to the front. Efficient movement. Specialized appendages.

What is the IACUC?

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, they oversee animal care and use

Subphyla Crustacea (Phylum Arthropoda)

Isopods, crabs, lobsters, shrimp. Marine

Order Squamata

Lizards and snakes 7000 species: 95% of all reptile species Venomous Species Most are terrestrial

Proglottids

One of the segments of a tapeworm, containing both male and female reproductive organs

complex metamorphosis

One of two types of metamorphosis by insects; the four developmental stages are egg, larval(maggot), pupa, and adult. Each stage is morphologically and structurally different from the other stages.

Order Didelphimorphia

Opossums

Raptor Orders

Order Falconiformes Order Accipitriformes Order Strigiformes

Class Amphibia

Order Urodela: salamanders and newts Order Apoda: Caecilians Order Anura: Frogs and toads

Strigiformes

Owls

Order Galliformes

Quail grouse, pheasants, ptarmigan, turkeys, and domestic fowl

Class Aves characteristics

Reproduction: lay eggs (oviparous) Scales: legs with scales Feathers: derived from scales Endothermic: share with mammals Nitrogenous wastes as uric acid Respiration: lungs with air sacs (one-way air flow) Heart: four chambered Bills: adapted for specific kinds of food Digestive system: • crop: food storage and quizzard for food grinding

Class Holothuroidea (Phylum Echinodermata)

Sea cucumbers, thick/muscular/elongated body, has tentacles around mouth

Non-vertebrate chordates

Subphyla Urochordata (Tunicates) and Cephalochordata (Lancelets)

Blastula

The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development

Order Rhynchocephalia

Tuataras; have a third eye on the top of their head only found in New Zealand

Amphibians characteristics

Vertebrates with moist, scale-less skin Eggs laid in water, Larva (tadpole ) lives in water Adult often lives on land Larva has gills, adults has lungs.

Subphylum Vertebrata

a. A vertebral column b. Closed circulatory system c. Neural crest cells d. Bones or cartilage e. Cranium (skull)

Phylum Porifera

aka sponges; means animal that contains holes; are sessile feeders (stuck to the ground, eating what comes near them); body symmetry: asymetric eg. yellow tube sponge

Parts of an Amniotic Egg

amnion: encases embryo in fluid chorion: membrane that allows gas exchange but retains water yolk sac: provides fluid and nutrients allantois: surrounds waste cavity

Class Reptilia

amniotic eggs, dry skin, thoracic breathing

Protostome

an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore

Coelomates have

an enclosed body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

Eumetazoans

animals with true tissues

Order Hymenoptera

ants, bees, wasps

Order Hymenoptera

ants, bees, wasps "membraned wing"

Define radial symmetry

arrangement of body parts in a circle around a central axis

types of symmetry in animals

asymmetrical, radial, bilateral

Advantages of radial symmetry

attack prey from all sides, defend from all sides, uses less energy

Order Coleoptera

beetles and weevils "sheathed wing"

Superclass Osteichthyes

bony fish Skeleton made of bone 30,000 species -most species rich group of vertebrates

Class Ophiuroidea (Phylum Echinodermata)

brittle stars; slender, often branched, arms

Phylum Chordata

chordates -eumetazoan ball -notochords -hollow nerve chord develops into spinal cord of brain -pharyngeal slits -non terminal anus

Kingdom Animalia

contain organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including vertebrates and invertebrates.

Class Maxillopoda (Subphyla Crustacea)

copepods and barnacles

Class Malacostraca (Subphyla Crustacea)

crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish

Order Crocodilia

crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials 25 species closest living relative to birds

Order Anseriformes

ducks, geese, swans

Class Oligochaeta

earthworms, hermaphroditic and eat organic soil matter. No eyes. Increase surface area of organic soil material

Order Artiodactyla

even-toed ungulates

Phylum Mollusca

one of the largest phyla composed of many diverse organisms; all have a soft body; body structure composed of three parts; body symmetry: bilateral. They have a complete gut and complex organs. eg. octopus, snails, oysters 2nd Most diverse phylum. 3 Classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda

Phyla Nematoda

organisms with bilateral symmetry, nerve/muscle/digestive tissues, a simple brain, bodies covered with a stiff outer covering and digestive system with 2 openings (example: roundworm) 90% of all life on ocean floor 80% of all animals. Carry diseases. -Elephantitis -Trichinosis -Pinworms

Class Bivalvia (Phylum Mollusca)

oysters, clams, mussels, scallops. incurrent & excurrent siphons; gills used for gas exchange, feeding, and brooding

Order Passeriformes

perching songbirds

Order Lagomorpha

rabbits, hares, pikas

Order Rodentia

rodents

Order Lepidoptera

scaled wings, butterflies and moths

Class Crinoidea (Phylum Echinodermata)

sea lilies, sea feathers. arms with pinnules. filter feeders; some are sessile, some stalked, and some motile

Class Asteroidea (Phylum Echinodermata)

sea stars; body in the form of a central disc with radially arranged arms -mouth ventral -anus dorsal

Phylum Annelida

segmented worms, earthworms, leeches Bilateral symmetry Coelomates Complete Gut Circulatory system

morula stage

solid ball of 16 cells that resembles a mulberry

Subphyla Chelicerata

spiders and scorpions

Class Cestoda

tapeworms, endoparasites. No digestive system, avoid nutrients through their skin. Each segment is a complete animal called a proglottid.

blastopore

the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.

Order Hemioptera

true bugs

Order Testudines

turtles

Order Testudines

turtles, tortoises, terrapins, terrestrial and aquatic, omnivorous (plants and invertebrates) 300 species

Bird lungs are efficient because of

unidirectional and continuous air flow