SOC 023 Chapter 11

Per Capita Income

a common measure of average income, calculated by dividing the total value of goods and services produced (GNP or GDP or PPP) by the total population size

To reach high levels of economic development

a country must bring rate of growth down quickly

Impact Equation

a formula developed by Paul Ehrlich and associates to express the relationship between population growth, affluence, and technology and their impact on the environment: Impact= Population x Affluence x Technology

Ester Boserup idea on population growth

a growing population is more likely than either a non-growing or a declining population to lead to economic development.

Doomsters

a nickname given to people who believe that population growth retards economic development

Neo-Marxian

a person who accepts the basic principle of Marx that societal problems are created by an unjust and inequitable distribution of resources of any and all kinds, without necessarily believing that communism is the answer to those problems

Drought

a prolonged period of less-than-average rainfall

Purchasing Power Parity

a refinement of GDP that is defined as the number of units of a country's currency required to buy the same amounts of goods and services in the domestic market as one dollar would buy in the United States

Economic Development definition

a rise in the average standard of living associated with economic growth; a rise in per capita income

Overpopulation

a situation in which the population has overshot a region's carrying capacity

Aquaculture

a steady increasing source of fish for food

Capital

a stock of good used for the production of other goods rather than for immediate enjoyment of anything invested to yield income in the future

Ecosphere

all of the earth's ecosystems, the living portion of the biosphere

Green Revolution definition

an improvement in agricultural production begun in the 1940s based on high-yield variety strains of grain and increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation

Hirschman idea on population growth

an increase in population size will lower a population's standard of living unless people reorganize their lives to increase production;

Global Warming

an increase in the global temperature caused by a buildup of greenhouse gasses

Economic growth

an increase in the total amount of income produced by a nation or region without regard to the total number of people

Proponents of the world system theory

argue that population growth is irrelevant to the process to the economic development

Boomsters

believe population growth is a good thing nickname given to people who believe that population growth stimulates economic development

Green Revolution

combined plant genetics with pesticides to get more food out of every acre

Ecosystems

communities of species interacting with one another and with the inanimate world

Sustainable Development

defined by the Brundtland Commission as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"

Sustainable development requires

different definition of a desirable standard of living and permanent inequalities in levels of living around the world

Rapid population growth

dipping into capital resources base of the planet

High Yield Varities

dwarf types of grains that have shorter stems and produce more stalks than most traditional varieties

Malthusian cycle of poverty

economic growth will have been enough to feed more mouths, but not enough to escape from poverty

Paul Harrison stated

embrace of environmental crisis in a mere 15 years due to deforestation, and biological diversity, and 1.4 consumers eating

Overshoot

exceeding region's carrying capacity

Food stabilization possible if

farmers in less developed countries are able to reach production levels and if environment does not intervene

11 to 12 bullion could be sustained if

food production worked far more efficiently and if environment did not intervene

Famine

food shortage accompanied by a significant increase in deaths

Contribution to changes varies

from place, time, and according to specific type of degradation

Gross Nation Income in PPP

gross national product expressed in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (rather than the official exchange rates

Economic development

growth in average income and material well being of people

United Nations and World Bank

have sponsored a number of household expenditure surveys in developing countries to try to estimate actual differences in the standard of living

Population Hurdle

higher the rate of population growth, the higher the rate of investment must be (Leibenstein)

Increasing population requires

increase in food production unless we alter the way we eat and how we waste food

Extensification of Agriculture

increasing agriculture output by putting more land into production

Food production increased by

increasing farmland or per-acre yield, plant breeding, fertilizers, and pesticides

Hope for the future brought by

increasing yield per acre and reducing wasted food

Arable

land that is suitable for agricultural purposes

Semiperipheral nations

linked to core countries and other semiperipheral nations, but are only weakly linked to peripheral nations

Peripheral nations

linked to core nations but not to each other,

Population growth creates

long-term pressures on societal resources

Doomster

neo-Malthusians who argue that population growth must slow down or the economic well-being of the planet will deteriorate over time.

Food Security

people have physical and economic access to the basic food they need in order to work and function normally

Environmental Resourcing Use is

raising legitimate concerns about how long we can sustain developmental and increasing population size

Boomsters believe population growth

stimulates development and is a sign of well-being

Demographers

studied what lies ahead for us if we continue on this path

Marxist, neo-Marxists and adherents argue

that population growth is irrelevant to economic development because it determines pace and pattern

Troposphere

that portion of the atmosphere which is closest to (within about 11 miles of) the earth's surface

Carbon Cycle

that process through which carbons, central to life on the planet, are exchanged between living organisms and inanimate matter

Human Resources

the application of human ingenuity to convert natural resources to uses not originally intended by nature

Hydrosphere

the earth's water resources, including water in oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and water in glaciers and ice caps

Demographic overhead

the general cost of adding people to a population caused by the necessity of providing goods and services

Demographic overhead Definition

the general cost of adding people to a population caused by the necessity of providing goods and services

Most common used index of a nation's income

the gross national income which is known as gross national product (the total output of goods and services produced by a country, including income earned from abroad)

Optimum Population Size

the number of people that would provide the best balance of people and resources for a desired standard of living

Intensification of Agriculture

the process of increasing crop yield by any means—mechanical, chemical, or otherwise

Mariculture

the process of increasing crop yield by any means—mechanical, chemical, or otherwise

Ozone Layer

the region of the earth's upper atmosphere that protects the earth from the sun's ultraviolet rays

Wealth of a nation

the sum of known natural resources and our human capacity to transform those resources into something useful

Ecological footprint

the total area of productive land and water required to produce the resources for and assimilate the waste from a given population

Gross Domestic Product

the total value of goods and services produced within the geographic boundaries of a nation in a given year, without reference to international trade

Lithosphere

the upper part of the earth's crust, which contains the soils, minerals, and fuels that plants and animals require for life

Hydrologic cycle

the water cycle by which ocean and land water evaporates into the air, is condensed, and then returns to the ground as precipitation

Atmosphere

the whole mass of air surrounding the earth

Biosphere and three layers

the zone of Earth where life is found Atmosphere Troposphere Hydrosphere

Greenhouse gases

those atmospheric gases (especially carbon dioxide and water) that trap radiated heat from the sun and warm the surface of the earth

Natural Resource

those resources available to us on the planet

Early capitalist saved

to build capital as a building block for future success

In the USA

we can see the relationship between population and environmental change

High Average income is associated

with lower rates of population growth and vice versa

Damage to lithosphere results in

○ Soil erosion ○ Soil degradation from excess salt water ○ Desertification ○ Deforestation ○ Loss of biodiversity ○ Strip mining for energy resources Dumping hazardous waste

GNI does not measue

○ it does not take into account the depletion and degradation of natural resources; ○ it does not make any deduction for depreciation of manufactured assets such as infrastructure; ○ it does not measure the value of unpaid domestic labor such as that generated especially by women in developing nations; ○ it does not account adequately for regional or national differences in purchasing power.

World Systems

Core nations are linked to other core countries and to semiperipheral and peripheral nations

A major constraint on providing food

Degrading the enivornment

Perspective on Relationship between Population Growth and Economic Development

Each describes different part of complicated process A major difference is the experience with rapid rates of population growth in developing countries

Consuming Resources at

An unprecedented rate

Resources that go into producing income

Human Resources Natural Resources

All living organisms in the biosphere require three basic things

Resources Space to live Space to dump waste

Millennium Development Goals for the World Community

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development

Ester Boserup and Julian Simon

Boomsters idea

Cornucopians

Boomsters who believe that we can always grow enough food to feed whatever size population we have