Social Psych Final
Which of the following is an example of a stereotype?
Alex thinks that all Asians are good at math.
We hold values similar to, and identify with, ________
members of our reference group(s)
Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________.
modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more consistent with each othe
Mrs. Smith has a son, Brad, who is in the military and who is specially trained in interrogation tactics. Brad is currently on duty in Afghanistan. Mrs. Smith cannot fathom her own son being tortured, but she feels that his torturing of terrorist operatives is warranted. Mrs. Smith is experiencing ________.
moral disengagement
In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student ________ in the ________ condition than in the ________ condition.
more negatively; complaint; responsibility
According to the theory of planned behavior, what type of process precedes the decision to engage in a particular behavior?
A rational process
Which of the following can contribute to a person showing attitudinal change when confronted with a counterattitudinal message?
Ego-depletion
Wendy, Greta, Tom, and Bill have all made New Year's resolutions to lose weight. Based on the information below, which of them is MOST likely to lose weight?
Greta, who intends to dramatically reduce her fat intake and tells others that she is greatly committed to her diet
Which of the following has been shown to reduce negative reactions among members of differing and competing groups?
Groups working together to reach superordinate goals
Which form of conditioning causes many children and young teens to hold political, religious, and social views that are very similar to those of their parents?
Instrumental conditioning
Elena and Kyle are having a conversation about minorities. Kyle has a racist attitude. Elena, by providing Kyle with information on how most people feel toward minorities, convinces Kyle that his views are out of line with those of most people in his community and in the United States as a whole. What effect will this have on Kyle's racial attitude?
It will move Kyle's views to a less prejudiced position
One study employing the IAT suggests that the gender gap in wages may be linked to implicit attitudes. Which of the following findings support this idea?
Reaction times are faster for associations between men and wealth.
An advertising company has been hired by the Centers for Disease Control to produce TV commercials to increase awareness of breast cancer in males. Advertising executives are considering three different commercials. The first features actual patients who describe the pain they experienced from the disease. The second focuses on medical doctors discussing early detection strategies and treatment options. The third shows grieving family members surrounding a grave. Which is likely to be more effective at changing men's behavior?
The second, focusing on specific information that will reduce fear
"Whistle-blowers" generally blow the whistle on corporate misbehavior because of what three attributes?
Their attitude is extreme, certain, and derives from personal experience.
In what health context might positive messages be much better than fear-inducing messages for effecting behavior change?
When the message's health concern is very serious or fatal
John is a white man who is interested in purchasing a house. Max is a black man who is interested in purchasing the same house. This is an example of ________.
a zero-sum outcome
If, as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated, Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans, it is because ________.
although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture, he has good knowledge of those stereotypes
If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate, then Billy's intention reflects a(n) ________.
attitude
Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity. He may well ________ publicly, believing active member decision makers will hear of his views. He is, in private, ________ to express those same views.
badmouth other fraternities; unlikely
Suppose John has completed a study where he engaged in stereotype negation training. Given this scenario, John will likely ________.
be much less inclined to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member of the matching race
Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by ________.
blocking women's progress in the workplace
Sarah is a white woman who lives in New York. She frequently hears stories of how other white men and women join hate groups and discriminate against minorities throughout the United States. She feels horrible and disgusted that white Americans can still be thinking and acting in such a way. Sarah is experiencing ________.
collective guilt
According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's ________.
capacity to process information and level of motivation
Promoting one or a very few women into high-status positions in an organization has the result of ________.
causing women not promoted to be more likely to blame themselves for not being promoted
Upon learning that soda sales are in decline, a soda manufacturer, ABC Fizz, decides upon a new advertising tactic. Using demographic data, ABC Fizz discovers that 30-34-year-olds show a strong affiliation with Apple products. In the new advertising campaign, the company repeatedly pairs images of its soda with 30-34-year-olds using Apple products. Before long, they find that sales of their soda increase within this demographic. This is an example of ________ conditioning.
classical
Quentin is a devout religious follower. The holy books of the religion Quentin subscribes to strongly advocate helping the poor. However, Quentin believes that the poor simply need to work harder, and he refuses to offer them any assistance. Quentin's reaction to the poor is a form of ________.
cognitive dissonance
Encouraging majority members to think about the advantages they have enjoyed as a result of their majority status increases their ________ guilt, which, in turn ________ racism.
collective; reduces
One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model.
common ingroup identity
Recently, researchers have found that if homophonic people get to know and interact with homosexuals, homophobic attitudes are reduced. This strategy for reducing prejudice is known as the ________.
contact hypothesis
Suppose a breaking news story has occurred involving an incident of terrorism. A certain news station invites a well-respected terrorism scholar to discuss the event. His views will likely be persuasive because he will be seen as ________.
credible
LaPiere's research with the Chinese couple pointed out the ________.
difficulty of predicting actual behavior from reported attitudes
A campaign manager has advised the candidate he represents to make sure there is a "spontaneous" demonstration of support for him during the candidate's next major speech. Given that the candidate relies on his audience's peripheral processing of his emotion-laden persuasive messages, the demonstration is useful because ________.
distractions can increase the persuasiveness of a speech
Students entering college who had social networks with more ________ attitudes toward affirmative action exhibited ________ change over the following 2 months.
diverse; more
Alisa wants to run for elected office in her state. Given stereotypes about the most appropriate jobs for females, her two best shots for winning would be ________ or ________.
education department head; human services director
Emma is trying to convince her professor that he gave her an unfair grade. She continues to pester him for several days, as her arguments become ever more extreme. Ultimately, the professor tells Emma, II will not change your grade; moreover, you should be thankful for the grade you received!" Emma's professor likely resisted changing her grade because he ________.
felt strongly that he was being pushed to do something he didn't want to do, rather than being asked
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from anger may result in behaviors that try to ________.
harm the outgroup directly
One result of tokenism is that it ________.
helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair
Wilma, who is white, will likely show greater care not to act in a prejudiced manner if ________.
her parents do not hold prejudicial attitudes
Patty is a politician running for public office. At a town hall meeting, she claims that she has always fought for and will continue to fight for the LGBT community. At this, a person who does not support Patty stands up and claims that Patty only began to support marriage equality after the majority of U.S. states had legalized same-sex marriage. This person is trying to generate feelings of ________.
hypocrisy
Ursula has decided that she will quit smoking by January 1 of next year. She creates a weekly calendar. On each week of the calendar, she notes down how many cigarettes she can smoke, gradually reducing the amount over the course of the year, so that by January 1 she will be able to give up the habit for good. Ursula has created a(n) ________.
implementation plan
Dan, an admissions officer at a private university, is informed by human resources that he is discriminating against black applicants. Dan cannot believe this, as he has no knowledge that he did such a thing and knows he wouldn't do something like this intentionally. Human resources informs him that he rejected outright the applications of nearly every applicant with a name that "sounded" black. It's likely that Dan holds ________ attitudes toward black people.
implicit
Mike harbors many prejudicial feelings toward homosexual people; in fact, whenever he encounters a gay man, he is likely to make more negative, cynical, and disgusted comments than he normally would (although none directly related to homosexuality or to the homosexual nature of the person he is talking to). This example illustrates that prejudice is often ________ in nature.
implicit
The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that ________.
increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups
Alice's friend, Zoë, is very concerned and troubled about many of Alice's prejudices. Although she has pointed this out to her many times, Alice's views have not been altered. Another possible effective strategy that Zoë might use to convince Alice (who has two children) to change her views would be to ________.
point out shared group memberships with disliked others (e.g., we are all human)
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from envy may result in behaviors that try to ________.
protect the in-group's status position
At Thanksgiving dinner, Rachel, a Ph.D. student in economics, gets into a conversation with her father about the current state of the economy and income inequality. He claims that the top-down policies under Reagan in the 1980s, known as "trickle down" economics, are what this country needs. Rachel stresses that current research shows that this type of economic distribution hurts those that are not in the top one percent of earners. Afterward, she sends her father links to academic studies, popular essays, and YouTube videos that explore this topic. The next week, her father is even more resolute in his conviction than ever. The father's behavior is a form of ________.
reactance
Bethany has been listening to a political speaker who is encouraging people to support a law that would require all people to recycle aluminum cans and severely penalize those who do not recycle. The speaker is giving strong arguments in favor of this proposed law and is couching his appeal in moral and ethical language. As a result, Bethany is becoming increasingly annoyed and resentful of the speaker and his arguments. She may be experiencing ________.
reactance
Tricia's friend informs her of a real estate opportunity. The market has been tumultuous lately, but if it performs well, Tricia could gain a significant amount of money from the real estate purchase. However, if the market performs badly, Tricia could lose a significant amount of money. Tricia decides not to pursue the opportunity because of ________.
risk aversion
Marlon is a liberal. When he wants to watch the news on television, he only watches MSNBC. On the Internet, he only views popular liberal sites such as The Nation, Salon, and Slate. When he's using Facebook, if any of his friends posts links with conservative viewpoints, he hides these from his feed. Marlon is resisting persuasion through the use of ________.
selective avoidance
Tony disagrees with a certain political commercial. When the commercial comes on, he immediately switches the television channel. This is an example of ________.
selective avoidance
Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them. Her brother says that dishes are women's work, which makes their father smile. Her brother sees the smile and walks away. This scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of ________.
social learning
Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as ________ training and has the effect of ________ stereotype activation.
stereotype negation; reducing
Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights. This is an issue that he cares deeply about and he is very knowledgeable about the topic. Jason is most likely to be persuaded by ________.
strong, convincing arguments
A film studio pairs with a brewery and exclusively includes scenes of people drinking this beer or the beer standing in the background of scenes throughout many of its summer blockbusters. Sales of the brewery's line of beers skyrocket. The increased sales were likely due to ________ conditioning.
subliminal
Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds (about whom one has a negative attitude) frequently causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with positive meanings. This technique or type of research is known as ________.
the bona fide pipeline
Fred, Ted, Barry, and Larry are research participants who were individually exposed to the bona fide pipeline procedure. After seeing a picture of a Hispanic face, each was shown the word "bad." The number of seconds it takes for Fred, Ted, Barry, and Larry to respond to the word "bad" is 5.2, 3.8, 2.1, and 4.4, respectively. On the basis of this information, which of these individuals MOST likely holds the greatest amount of negative attitudes toward Hispanics?
Barry
Steve, who is Jewish and has friends who are mostly Jewish, attends a high school where most of the students are Christian. Steve eventually becomes good friends with Jake, who is Christian and has friends who are mostly Christian. As a result of this new friendship, which of the following events is the MOST likely to occur?
Both Steve's friends and Jake's friends will be increasingly likely to feel that members of their respective outgroups do not necessarily dislike their respective ingroups.
When are women more likely to gain access to high-status positions?
When companies are in a time of crisis
In general, which gender do people tend to feel more positively about and why?
Women, because women are viewed as kind and nurturing
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from disgust may result in behaviors that try to ________.
avoid contact with the outgroup
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from guilt may result in behaviors that try to ________.
avoid contact with the outgroup
Tina, who favors the death penalty, hears two different, though persuasive, messages: one favoring the death penalty and one against it. Tina will likely report ________ oppositional (than supportive) thoughts about the counterattitudinal message (the message arguing against her attitude), and ________ supportive (than oppositional) thoughts about the proattitudinal message (the message in line with her attitude). Because of this experience, she will be ________ able to resist counterattitudinal persuasion in the future on this topic.
more; more; better
Erin works at a think tank in Washington, DC. She is a progressive liberal and, as most of her colleagues are around her age and come from similar backgrounds, she makes the assumption that her colleagues are too, even though a large percentage of them do not identify as such. Erin has fallen susceptible to ________.
pluralistic ignorance
Simone feels somewhat ambivalent about premarital sex. However, most of her friends seem to be unambiguously in favor of sexual activity before marriage. As a result, in a recent group discussion in her health class, Simone expressed fairly strong opinions in favor of premarital sex and avoided voicing her real concerns about the topic. Simone's actions are most likely due to ________.
pluralistic ignorance
Irene considers herself to be an environmentalist, and she wants to reduce her carbon footprint. One day, her husband comes home and says that he sold their electric lawn mower and used the money, plus some savings, to by a new, powerful gasoline-powered mower. Irene is shocked, but when she uses the mower, she decides that she really likes it. This makes her feel uneasy, so she reminds herself of all the good environmental work she has done in the past. Irene is engaging in ________.
self-affirmation
Which of the following is usually true of a persuasive communicator?
An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator.
Paul considers himself to be a liberal. At a recent party, he got into a discussion with two women he had never met before. The discussion turned to raising the minimum wage, a topic that Paul didn't know much about. One of the women, a progressive named Clara, claimed that an increased minimum wage would benefit individuals and the economy. The other woman, a conservative named Joan, claimed that an increased minimum wage was a free handout to people who could try to get better jobs. Paul will likely adopt the attitude position of ________ due to the process of ________.
Clara; social comparison
Which attitudinal factor describes the extent of how strongly an individual feels about an issue?
Extremity
Arnold is a politician who is campaigning to be the next president of the United States. He knows that most of the people listening to his speeches do not have much knowledge of the intricacies of defense budgets, economic surpluses and deficits, and tax allocation for nationalized health care spending. Therefore, to change the populace's attitudes on such topics, he attempts to get potential voters to use which type of processing?
Heuristic
Jason has just seen four faces from different individuals of varying races—Native American, white, black, and Hispanic—via the use of priming stimuli. After being presented with a certain target word, his response time after each of these four faces (in the order presented above) was 1.7, .98, 2.1, and .76 seconds, respectively. Which of the following faces is Jason MOST likely associating with the target word?
Hispanic
Next week, there will be a debate on campus. The topic of the debate will be, "Is Climate Change a Threat?" The debate will have three participants: Jim, a scientist from Harvard University; Caroline, a science writer from the Huffington Post; Ed, a conservative representative on the House Science Committee; and Janet, a science historian. Who will likely be more persuasive during the debate and why?
Jim, because his educational and professional background lend him credibility
Paul is a black college student who wants to join a fraternity. The fraternity is made up of all white men. When Paul's application is denied, he asks why, and the head of the fraternity implies, but doesn't say, that it is because Paul is black. Which of the following best describes what has happened to Paul?
Paul has been discriminated against.
Which of the following distinguishes prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice involves negative emotional responses based on group membership, whereas discrimination involves usually negative behaviors based on group membership
Rachel has been with XYZ Corp. for over 20 years. During her time there, she has been promoted many times. She began her career as an assistant and is now a middle manager. However, in the last 10 years, she has not moved above her current role into the upper echelons of management positions at the corporation. Which of the following explains this slowdown?
Rachel has hit a glass ceiling at the corporation
Which of the following examples BEST illustrates a situation where there is a gap between our attitudes and behavior?
Roz tells her new boyfriend that she is extremely excited to see the new James Bond movie, even though she truly dreads seeing that film
Sherif attends a conference focused on evolutionary psychology. At the conference, he listens to a lecture about how inherent impulses underlie many of our day-to-day behaviors. Which of the following is an example of heuristic processing that Sherif might experience during this lecture?
Sherif decides to trust the speaker because the speaker is an expert
Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the camp. What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context?
The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups.
How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?
They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up
With regards to racial progress and equality, how have white Americans' views changed throughout President Obama's tenure?
They now want less racial progress and less support for social policies that increase equality.
Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized male-dominated manufacturing company. She expects immediate compliance when she gives an order and rarely explains the reason for her commands to subordinates. She also tends to focus her attention and efforts on the task at hand, preferring to deal with task-based issues rather than more global concerns. Joyce holds a comparable position with another company. Unlike Trina, Joyce tends to focus her attention on more global concerns and tries to explain the reasoning behind any orders she gives to subordinates. Which of these two managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different leadership styles?
Trina is more likely to report gender discrimination.
In general, when do whites oppose affirmative action policies?
When they think these policies will negatively affect white Americans' chances to obtain jobs and promotions
Some people feel that certain groups of people have some underlying, biologically-based features that distinguish that group from other groups. These supposed distinguishing features are known as ________.
essences
Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his attitude about a new rule at his job. He may feel more correct in his attitude if ________.
he finds out that most of his coworkers share his attitude
A CEO of a Midwestern company gave a press briefing and espoused some fairly restrictive regulations aimed at reducing carbon emissions and water pollution. His excellent credibility was probably due to the fact that ________.
he is CEO of a chemical company
Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it. The change came about because ________.
he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy
Smaller rewards lead to greater attitudinal change due to the ________ effect.
less-leads-to-more
Arlene was always averse to physical contact with pigs because she thought pigs were essentially dirty animals. Despite her concerns, she was induced to kiss a clean-looking pig on the snout for $2.00 while appearing on a television game show. As a result, Arlene has become a staunch advocate of pigs, and she soon plans to have one as a pet. The most probable explanation for this change in attitude is the ________.
less-leads-to-more effect
In the march toward racial equality, whites may perceive black progress as a ________, while blacks perceive it as a ________. If people generally tend to evaluate ________ more heavily than ________, then whites should see ________ progress for blacks than (as) blacks see.
loss; gain; losses; gains; more
According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and ________.
our attitudes toward a particular behavior
When our membership in a group is salient, a stereotype (about an outgroup) that our ingroup endorses is more likely to ________ our ________ about that outgroup.
overcome; personal beliefs
Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up." Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent," and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the fraternity member/bad combination would likely be ________ than to independent/bad combinations
quicker
Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women. He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit "soft." Mike recently met Karen, an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer. In most other respects, Karen fits Mike's ideas about women. Rather than revise his stereotype of women, Mike probably assumed that Karen represents a(n) ________.
subtype
Women staff members at Techy Inc. have been protesting on and off for years that there are not any women in upper management positions. There are currently 20 upper management positions available. In an attempt to appease the protestors, the company appoints 2 women into these positions and fills the remaining 18 positions with men. The protests stop. The company has engaged in ________.
the act of tokenism
Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager. She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs. Recently, Jessica has been passed over for several promotions. The jobs went to male coworkers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica. This situation probably represents ________.
the glass ceiling effect
Having not met any members of a new social group, you hear a person expressing negative views of that group. Your attitude toward the new group would not be likely influenced by hearing this negative message if ________.
the person expressing the attitude is someone you dislike and see as dissimilar to yourself
Arnold is a white Christian. He raises his son, Charles, to think that Muslims are morally and socially inferior to Christians. As Charles grows, Arnold approves whenever the boy expresses such views. Charles has learned prejudice through ________.
the social learning view
Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2 percent of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents ________.
tokenism
The performance of relatively trivial positive actions for members of a minority group can be later used as an excuse for later discriminatory treatment. This is known as ________.
tokenism
Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________.
using self-affirmation, whereby we restore positive self-evaluations by focusing our attention on positive self-attributes
Theresa owns and operates a craft beer brewery in her hometown in upstate New York. Recently, there has been a legislative proposal to increase the drinking age in New York from 21 to 23. Theresa is fervently opposed to this proposal. The strength of Theresa's opposition likely stems from ________.
vested interest