sociology test# 4
Industrialized Structure of America
Promotes the Power of the Elite
Karl Marx and Max Weber
Both agreed that there is a link between religion and economy
Maximum centralization
Exists if all the power in an organization were exercised by a single individual.
time bind-Dr. Romeo on Chicana domestics
To justify their job (work), not only did they mention that their jobs are better than others, they also emphasized the benefits brought to their unpaid housework (family)
Common Americans
Trust Elite to run things smoothly, only when things don't go well is there upheviel
stereotype threat
a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group
stigma
a social identity that develops when a person is socially devalued by others because of some identifiable characteristic
physical appearance, how we act can tell people what class you are
admission to elite schoold is highly correclated with parents socioeconmic standing because they transfer their affluence to their children.
Affordable Care Act
aimed to address the problem of too many uninsured Americans
Social structures social institutions groups roles Statuses
diagram of social structures
Muslims in US- one question religion
do you read the bible everyday, every other day, once a month, only on holidays, never? attendance? times of prayer? is praying a necessity?
universal design
environments , buildings, products that are accessible to both people with disabilities & those without Significance: calling in-- creates more equal society Ex: mall that has only ramps
what is school in the garden about
looking at elite schools, and how they cause stratfication stratification
who was the first proponent of transformation thesis
max weber
beliefs and rules- school in garden
norms, folk-ways, cognative
NGE-how do people learn about politics
parents, families, tv-media, school, college, friends,
charismatic authority
power from exceptional personal characteristics. MLK, Hitler, Trump, influencers,
which authority has the most emphasis- because there is a system of transfer of power
rational legal
mass media
reaches many people, communication that takes place w/o face to face interaction
net worth
the result of adding all financial assets and subtracting their debts
pluralism
the separate maintenance and persistence of one's cultural, language, mannerisms, practices, art, and so on
mcdonalds-3 ways societies go from pre-industrial to industrial
1) growth of factory system- mass produced goods, making stuff for others. 2) increased specializations-narrow set of skills 3) wage labor-eventually get paid for the work you do ,
Concept of Calling
A product of the Reformation
protestant ethic-professor def or religion
a unified system of beliefs and practices, relative to sacred things which unite into a moral community all those who adhere to them- durkheim
how do magazines rank the best institutions
by how many applicants they turn away
media in iraq- 3 types of news stroies
imbeded- military reports- soldiers dying, **real stories cowboy- civilian issues, collateral damage-**real stories
NGE- theoretical perspective- functionalism- social contract theory
individuals give up some rights in order to maintain social order- traffic laws,
what situations in society where power exists
job- other candidates are the opposition and the person who gets the job is the one with the power. traffic- opposition is other cars- power has a bigger car.
time bind-secondary sector-blue collar
clothing, manufacturing, 1900 to 1960 stable then it has gone down-
NGE-plutocracy
government of the wealthy
how does author of school in garden use symbolic interactionism
symbolically important= pretty campus-seems peaceful,
discrimination
the overt negative and unequal treatment of members of some social group or stratum solely because of their membership in that group or stratum
racism
the perception and treatment of a racial or ethnic group, or member of that group, as intellectually, socially and culturally inferior to one's own group
segregation
the spatial and social separation of racial and ethnic groups
time bind-products
pre-prepared food, tv dinners, quick meals, quick appliances, day-care
dude time-capitalism
reinforce media- why is mass media important- advertising, selling stuff, newspapers, broadcast tv
residential segregation
segregation based on where one lives
solutions for basic needs
separating people into jobs- paid in some way, money is a belief, government- decides rules- people decide who is in government. communism/dictator-they decide for everyone.
Andrew Lindner in "Controlling the Media in Iraq tell us that civilian deaths in Iraq were more frequently reported by what reporters?
• Baghdad-stationed reporters
What isn't a form of diversity that was not discussed by Gamson and Latteier?
• Competitive
Doug Hartman argues that the reason men watch football is because _____________
• It maintains and creates their masculinity
What is magic?
Rituals/Confessions
legacy admissions
giving preference to the children and siblings of alumni
media in iraq
In 2002, as the specter of conflict with Iraq began to loom larger, Pentagon officials announced a week-long "Embed Boot Camp" for journalists hoping to participate in the program. Reporters were outfitted with Kevlar helmets and military garb, slept in barracks bunks, and ate military grub in the mess hall aboard the USS Iwo Jima. Marines trained them in military jargon, tactical marches, direct fire, nuclear-biological-chemical attacks, and combat first aid. Perhaps more significantly, embedded reporters were forced to sign a contract and agree to the "ground rules"— allow their reports to be reviewed by military officials prior to release, to be escorted at all times by military personnel, and to allow the government to dismiss them at any time for any reason. Before a single word was printed, many speculated that embedded reporters would fall victim to Stockholm Syndrome, the condition, named after a notorious 1973 incident in the Swedish city, in which hostages begin to identify with their captors. Media commentators like Andrew Jacobs at The New York Times, Richard Leiby at The Washington Post, and Carol Brightman at The Nation argued that as embedded journalists became socialized into military culture, they would develop relationships with the soldiers and start reporting from the military point of view. While labeling this condition Stockholm Syndrome is perhaps slightly inflammatory, much sociological research suggests socialization is one of the military's greatest strengths. In his classic collection of essays, Asylums, Erving Goffman noted the military is a total institution that not only controls all an individual's activities, but also informs the construction of identity and relationships. In total institutions, such as the military, prison, or mental institutions, Goffman argued, the individual must go through a process of mortification that undercuts the individual's civilian identity and constructs a new identity as a member of the institution. In such a communal culture, individuality is constantly repressed in the name of the institution's larger values and goals. In the case of embedded journalists, it's easy to imagine how they might have come to identify with the military mission or, at the very least, the other members of their units. In addition to wearing military-issue camouflage uniforms, embedded journalists had to share living and sleeping space as well as food and water with their units. If embedded reporters ended up telling the story of the war from the soldiers' point of view, as so many critics charged, it would simply be the natural and expected result of a process of re-socialization However, a different, and arguably more compelling, explanation exists for why embedded reporters might depict However, a different, and arguably more compelling, explanation exists for why embedded reporters might depict the war in a military-centric manner: they didn't have the freedom to roam. George C. Wilson, for example, embedded for National Journal, compared it to being the second dog on a dogsled team, writing, "You see and hear a lot of the dog directly in front of you, and you see what is passing by on the left and right, but you cannot get out of the traces to explore intriguing sights you pass, without losing your spot on the moving team." Many sociological studies have observed that journalists, whether reporting from a newsroom in New York or a bunker in Baghdad, encounter what Mark Fishman has called a "bureaucratically constructed universe." The constraints of journalists' "universes" lead them to make certain assumptions, engage in specific practices, and only pursue particular types of stories. For example, a typical beat reporter is constrained by technical requirements such as word counts, the publication's ideological commitments, and professional ideas about what is and isn't newsworthy. Several commentators, notably Michael Massing in the New York Review of Books, argued that in addition to these common limitations, the embedding program made covering soldiers' experiences easy, while covering the experiences of Iraqi civilians was difficult, if not impossible. From the Pentagon's perspective, the ease of access to soldiers was the essential strength of the embedding program. As Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Bryan Whitman told The Nation, "you get extremely deep, rich coverage of what's going on in a particular unit." alternatives to embedding Although the embedding program was the dominant form of reporting during the early days of Operation Iraqi Freedom, two alternatives did exist. Though slightly more expensive than embedding, some news organizations opted to station a reporter in Baghdad. These journalists bunkered down at the Sheraton Ishtar or the Palestine Hotel in central Baghdad and watched as the American "shock and awe" bombing raid wrought death and destruction on the city. During the first few weeks of the war, many Baghdadstationed journalists attended briefing sessions led by Iraqi government officials and were escorted on tours of the city by official Iraqi minders. As Saddam Hussein's government Baghdad-stationed reporters took to the streets to cover the conflict and its consequences, either alone or with hired bodyguards. The second alternative—funding an independent reporter with the freedom to roam—was far more costly and largely the province of elite news sources, particularly The New York Times and other national newspapers and wire services. In the weeks and months before the conflict began, many of these independent reporters traveled through Iran or Turkey into Iraqi Kurdistan and followed the slow advance of Kurdish forces and U.S. Special Forces toward Kirkuk and Mosul. Other independent reporters, after hiring a four-wheel-drive vehicle and private security team, fanned out across the country, often buckling down in potential battlegrounds like Fallujah and Basrah. While ground commanders interacted positively with independent reporters, on several occasions Pentagon officials criticized what they called "four-wheel-drive" and "cowboy" journalists for operating outside of the embedding program. Like the embedded reporters, the other two arrangements for reporting from Iraq—being stationed in Baghdad or independent—represent distinct journalistic social locations (often defined in sociology as sets of rules, expectations, and relations based on status) that channeled journalists toward producing certain types of content and limited access to other types. While embedded reporters had nearly unlimited access to coalition soldiers, Baghdad-stationed reporters would seem to have the most extensive access to Iraqi civilians. Although media accounts have suggested both embedded and Baghdad-stationed reporters presented a narrow view of the war, we would expect independent reporters, with the freedom and resources to roam at will were the least constrained of the three types of journalists, and, therefore, most likely to produce articles that balanced the Iraqi and the military experiences of the war. Nonetheless, given that embedded reporting was the dominant form of reporting from Iraq (both in sheer numbers and in prominence), if the claims regarding embedding are true, then the vast majority of the news coming out of Iraq may have emphasized military successes and the heroics of soldiers, rather than the consequences of the invasion for the Iraqi people. the embedding effect Much of the existing systematic research on the embedding program has focused on the issue of rhetorical tone. Adopting an approach similar to the Stockholm Syndrome explanation, these researchers have argued that embedded reporters tend to sympathize with the soldiers they cover and adopt a more supportive tone when describing the mission in Iraq. For example, a 2005 cross-cultural study of various network and cable television news programs found 9 percent of embedded reporters adopted a supportive tone as opposed to only 5.6 percent of "unilateral" reporters. Another 2006 study of 452 articles from American national daily newspapers found that compared to non-embedded reporters, embedded reporters produced coverage significantly more positive about the military and "implied a greater trust toward military personnel." Research by the same group of scholars found similar results in broadcast news. These studies clearly suggest the embedding program encourages journalists to adopt a positive outlook on both the soldiers with whom they live and the military mission as a whole. While these findings tell us much about the social psychological consequences of embedding, without considering the actual content of news reports it's difficult to answer the more sociological question of how the various journalistic social locations inhibited or enabled journalists' access to various types of stories. The only research to address the substantive content of embedded reporting is a 2004 Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ) study that examined 108 embedded reports from 10 different television programs Among the results, PEJ found 61 percent of reports were live and unedited, 21.3 percent showed weapons fired, and combat was the most commonly discussed topic, covered in 41 percent of stories. Unfortunately, the PEJ study didn't incorporate a comparison group of non-embedded journalists. Without such a group, we can't compare the effects of various journalistic contexts on cultural production. A study of the substantive content produced by embedded reporters and both types of non-embedded reporters would allow us to consider two questions of considerable sociological interest. First, we can better understand how institutional contexts in a war zone can shape the ability of journalists to report on various types of stories (or speak to varying types of people). By contrast, while a study of tone can tell us about how context shapes affective dispositions and/or ideological commitments, it does little to answer more concerning questions of limitations of access. Second, by focusing on content rather than tone, we learn more about what kind of information news consumers received. The capacity of governments to influence the types of information citizens have access to is an enduring theme of sociology, harking back to preeminent social thinkers from Karl Marx to C. Wright Mills. a soldier's eye view To consider how the context of the embedding program may have limited journalists' access and, thus, information about the war to the wider public, two research assistants and I studied five articles by each of the English-language print reporters in Iraq during the first six weeks of the war. We coded 742 articles by 156 journalists for five types of news coverage representing the soldier's experience of the war and five types representing the Iraqi civilians' experience. By comparing the differences in news coverage among embedded, independent, and Baghdad-stationed journalists, we are better able to understand how these different journalistic social locations may have limited reporters' ability to present a balanced portrayal of the war. To capture the extent to which journalists depicted the soldier's experience in Iraq, we recorded the frequency of news coverage of combat, military movement, soldier fatalities, the use of a soldier as a source, and the inclusion of a soldier human interest story (above, left). As the results dramatically demonstrate, embedded reporters provided the most extensive coverage in all five categories representing the soldier's experience of the war. Such thorough coverage of military happenings is perhaps unsurprising, considering embedded journalists used a soldier as a source in 93 percent of all articles, more than twice as frequently as independent journalists. More remarkable in light of much of the criticism of the embedding program is the fact that embedded reporters wrote about technical and often gritty subjects like combat and military movement in about half the articles. Clearly the common claim that embedded reporters wrote only "fluff pieces" about homesick soldiers is patently false (although soldier human interest stories were fairly common, appearing in 37 percent of all articles by embedded reporters). Nonetheless, it's worth noting that Baghdad-stationed reporters, and in particular independent reporters, were fairly effective at portraying the military perspective of the war. Though both types of non-embedded reporters rarely covered soldier human interest stories, they both used soldiers as sources and covered combat and military movement in a quarter or more of the articles. In fact, independent reporters covered the "hard facts" of the war (like combat and military movement) nearly as frequently as embedded reporters. To document the extent of news coverage of the Iraqi civilian experience of the war, we noted the frequency of coverage of bombings, property damage, civilian fatalities, the use of an Iraqi civilian as a source, and the inclusion of an Iraqi human interest story (above, right). The results show embedded reporters put forward a highly military-focused vision of the war, covering bombing and civilian fatalities and using Iraqis as a source far less frequently than either independents or reporters stationed in Baghdad. Baghdad-stationed reporters provided the most extensive coverage of the consequences of the invasion, reporting on bombing, property damage, and/or civilian fatalities in half the articles. While independent reporters didn't conduct all types of coverage as well as Baghdad-stationed reporters, they used an Iraqi source in nearly three quarters of the articles and covered Iraqi human interest stories in 43 percent of their articles. Most troubling of all the disparities among embedded, Baghdad-stationed, and independent journalists is in their respective coverage of civilian fatalities. While estimates of Iraqi civilian fatalities during this period of the war vary widely, at least 2,100 civilians died during the first six weeks of the invasion. Though civilian deaths were acknowledged in half the articles by Baghdad-stationed reporters and 30 percent of articles by independent reporters, only 12 percent of articles by embedded reporters noted the human toll of the war on the Iraqi people. These findings strongly suggest the Pentagon's embedding program—the dominant journalistic arrangement during the Iraq War—channeled reporters toward producing war coverage from the soldier's point of view. While Baghdad-stationed reporters were similarly narrow in covering the Iraqi civilian experience of the war, independent reporters, who had freedom to roam and chose their sources and topics, produced the greatest balance between depicting the military and the Iraqi experience of the war. Although the embedding program didn't print only good news, it did tend to emphasize military successes while downplaying the war's consequences. With upwards of 90 percent of articles by embeds using soldiers as a source, as long as the soldiers stayed positive, the story stayed positive. And thus, an administration that hoped to build support for the war by depicting it as a successful mission with limited costs was able to do so through the embed program and without some of the more heavy-handed propaganda efforts of Operation Desert Storm. It's important to remember the embedding program was the only officially sanctioned mode of reporting, so we can't say the three arrangements for journalists painted a complete portrait of the war. A full 64 percent of print journalists in Iraq were embedded (the figure is even higher among TV journalists). In terms of visibility, the imbalance toward embedded coverage is even more striking—of the 186 articles in the sample that ultimately appeared on the front page of a newspaper, 71 percent were written by embedded reporters. Based on the content of articles by embedded journalists and the overwhelming dominance of the embedding program, it seems clear that, in the aggregate, the majority of the news coverage of the war was skewed toward the soldier's experience and failed to fully recognize the extent of the human and material costs. embedding, then and now Shortly after President George W. Bush declared an end to "major combat" in Iraq in 2003, most embedding terms came to an end. For a time, Iraq was considered safe enough by most western media outlets that journalists rented houses in Baghdad or freely traveled throughout the country. By September 2006 only 11 journalists were embedded with units in Iraq. However, as insurgent resistance grew many were forced to retreat to the safety of hotels protected by blast walls, occasionally taking excursions in armored cars with Iraqi bodyguards. Today, a variation on the original embedding program exists, with journalists "embedding" with units on a particular mission or for shorter periods of time. Even journalists committed to depicting the Iraqi experience of the ongoing conflict, such as Jon Lee Anderson of The New Yorker, have traveled on brief stints with Army units because it's one of the least dangerous ways to cover the insurgency. At the same time, the rules of the embedding contract have become more restrictive. In June 2007, The New York Times reported that embedded reporters would now be required to obtain signatures of consent before mentioning the names of soldiers used in moving or still images as well as in audio recordings. Some journalists have contended the new rules further enhance the military's ability to limit the release of undesirable news. In the case of a future large-scale invasion (in Iran or Somalia, for example), both Pentagon officials and media industry leaders have indicated an interest in reviving the full embedding program. Should this happen, both sides must reconsider the nature of the embedding program, given its well documented pattern of leading journalists to produce reports that present the military in a more positive and less objective light.
Racial Formation
Omi and Winant coined the term racial formation to signify the process by which groups come to be defined as races. They emphasize that race is a socially constructed concept, even though it has significant and lasting effects.
Marx's Division of Labor
Owing to extensive use of machinery and to division of labor, the work of proletarians has lost all individual character and consequently all charm for the workman
what is the power elite about (theoretical article)
Mills says power elite groups are: military, corporations/CEO's, government/politicians
Income
The amount of money brought into a household from various sources during a given period
Homogenization
The process of making things uniform or similar.
traditional authority
giving power passed on through custom or tradition- monarchy, heredity,parent is CEO=you will become CEO ,
how does the author of school in garden use conflict theory
admission and getting into the school is a scarce resource, another scarce resource is how do we decide if a school is an elite school - the expensive ones, best teachers, best classes, curriculum, dinning hall, dorm rooms, how it is designated elite- society decides, more apply,
Doctrine of predestination
deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world
diversity
differences in culture, history, embodiment,experience (gender, sexuality, race, class, dis/ability...) significance: attends to differences institutions often ignore or Tokenize, & structural injustice and uneven distribution of power Ex: South Florida diverse-- many different cultures, experiences, races. U.S. = melting pot
propoganda
disseminated with the intention to justify the states power
time bind-primary sector- gathering from nature
farmer- more automated, hunter- raised on farms, natural resources, growing cotton, oil fracking---world trends-
mcdonalds-industrial economy
focus on secondary sector- processing raw materials into finished goods. wool to cloth, skins to clothes, plants to food, lotions soaps, desks from wood,
power elite model
linked to the framework of the conflict theory; the state in this framework is the instrument by which the ruling class exercises power
mcdonalds-about
looking at adult workers at mcD's
self-fulfilling prophecy
merely applying a label has the effect of justifying it thus affecting performance
time bind
modern families needs both to work, longer hours,
protestant ethic-religious objects
money-defacing money has value, constitution, hindu-cows they are revered. family heirlooms, flags
NGE-symbolic interactionism-
need to measure is political socialization-how you are influenced by the politics of the people around you -political attitude values and behaviors
dude time-3 dimensions of culture
normative dimension- action cognative dimention- beliefs material dimention- physical objects- american TV comsumption
caste system
one's place in the stratification system is an ascribed status, meaning it is a quality given to an individual by circumstances of birth
what type of research is school in the garden
observation over a year- author lived at the school, with councelors, walked around school
interlocking directorates
organizational linkages created when the same people sit on the board of directors for numerous corporations
power
the ability of one person or group to exercise influence and control over others
power
the ability of people to achieve goals despite opposition from others.
those who feel, even if vaguely, that a compact and powerful elite of great importance does now prevail in America often base that feeling upon the historical trend of our time. They have felt, for example, the domination of the military event, and from this they infer that generals and admirals, as well as other men of decision influenced by them, must be enormously powerful. They hear that the Congress has again abdicated to a handful of men decisions clearly related to the issue of war or peace.
those who listen carefully to the reports of men apparently involved in the great decisions often do not believe that there is an elite whose powers are of decisive consequence. Both views must be taken into account, but neither is adequate.
3 types of authority
traditional authority charismatic authority rational legal authority
big stick system
whoever has the biggest stick whoever is toughest is the leader
NGE-what are some political behaviors
voting, petitions, boycotts, protesting, watching debates,
muslims in US-about
study how muslim are the same or different
what did max weber say about transformation thesis
as a society modernized, inequalities of family caste, and tribe gradually give way to hierarchies predicated on individual achievement
progress narrative
as time progresses Racism, sexism, etc. decreases, we are always getting more diverse, inclusive, socially just, assumes linear progression Significance: The idea of progress narrative absolves us of responsibility of making things better as the idea is that things just automatically get better over time. Ex: sweatshops still prevalent -- H&M
muslims in US-research
statistics===quantitative, surveys-ton of info really quickly,
Andrew Lindner illustrates how the pentagon's embedded media program ____________
• Dramatically inhibited journalists' coverage of Iraqi civilians' war experiences
mcdonalds-economy
social institution that insure the maintenance of society through the introduction and distribution and consumption of goods and services.
dude time-about
sports media, understanding gender, race,
According to Gamson and Latteier, the challenge for those who want to reform the media is to _______________
• Figure out how some conglomerations make diverse media formats and content and encourage such activity while also opposing cooperate domination
According to Gamson and Latteire, what does the conglomeration of the media do to diversity in the media?
• Have no real negative impact on idea diversity
Doug Hartman in "Why men love sports" gathered data for this study by _______________
• Interviewing pro-athletes
democracies
a representative government with elections by the population and, typically a multiparty political system
social institutions
a set of beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will meet its basic needs.
Who rules America?
Corporate, political, and military leaders. Are all interconnected
NGE-the World is dividing into two blocs -- the Plutonomy and the rest":
In a plutonomy there is no such animal as "the U.S. consumer" or "the UK consumer", or indeed the "Russian consumer". There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the "non-rich", the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.
How did behavioral change after the Protestant Reformation link to the bourgeois rational economic life?
Individuals worked hard to prove that they are saved ones, invested what they earned, which led to capital accumulation leading to the bourgeois rational economic life
What is the significance of the elimination of "magic"?
Lost of trust in efficacy of magic, push for asceticism, disenchantment makes it possible for reorganizing work. In other words Disenchantment > Predestination > Anxiety > so vocational work is used to ease this anxiety (ascetic denial)
time bind-Assumption behind "The Time Bend"
Work and family are separate
McDonalds-preindustrial economies
focus on the primary sector- extraction of raw materials from environment. find stuff in nature and you use it--- animals for food, plants, orchards, water from stream, hunter gatherer society,
media in iraq- theoretical perspective
functionalism- war stories, leaders make decision, information is needed to make good decisions. symbolic interactionism- power is the resource, young children dying,
time bind-tertiary-white collar
has gone way up
what type of power do these people have- corporations
have more education, hire and fire, control money and resources that are released,
What did the worldly Protestant asceticism (ethic) do according to Weber?
- This fought against the enjoyment of possession, constricted consumption, especially of luxury goods. - If one wanted wealth it needed to be used for necessary "practical and useful endeavors"
time bind-what is the reason women have changed more than men (why they absorbed the views of male-oriented work world" than men taking up their share of the work at home)?
"male" work seems more honorable and valuable than the "female" world of home and children
Karl Marx on religion and economy
Claimed religion enabled rational thinking to develop capitalism through the Industrial Revolution
Mores
Formal norm, such as the expectation to protect human life. It is formal because it is written into law. If you purposely kill someone, you go to jail.
The Power Elite
Interlocked and have centralized control of America
Positive consequences of standardization, per Leidner
Represents efficiency, order, familiarity, and good value. It is efficient for service management.
Centralization
The degree to which power is differentially distributed within an organization.
What happens to the Spirit of Capitalism in a capitalist society?
The spirit of capitalism begins to fade away because capitalism take its place.
Adaptation
a society must be able to adapt to the natural environment-food, water, shelter, accomplished because of economy
According to Weber, Luther contributed to extending the idea of the calling to every day life a) true b) false
a) true
According to Weber, feudalism is characterized by a dispersal of the means of administration among outlying power holders a) true b) false
a) true
According to Weber, it is possible to have wage labor and entrepreneurs without the spirit of capitalism a) true b) false
a) true
stereotype
an oversimplified set of beliefs about members of a social group or social stratum
mcdonalds-goods
ant tangible objects - physical- food, water, clothing, appliances, furniture, buildings---separated into necessary (inelastic)- required for society to survive (food, water, clothes) or desired (elaistic)- goods that are wanted but not neccasry (entertainment, xbox, fasion)
interest group
any constituency in society organized to promote its own agenda, including large, nationally based groups such as the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) and the National Riffle Association (NRA)
minority group
any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination
Which of the following sorts of activities would Weber see as distinctive to modern capitalism? a) Speculation in real estate and stocks b) Large scale production c) Buying for low prices in one market to sell at higher prices in another market d) Continuous production of goods for sale at a profit.
d) Continuous production of goods for sale at a profit.
Mcdonalds-industrial society need to do or know
do one things well- people get paid for the one skill they have then use that money to buy the things they need.
what type of power do these people have- government
makes laws, how governmental money is allocated,
NGE- hedge fund manager
makes money by investing other people's money-2012- 500,000,000 per year- top 5 -1 million per year
how do bureaucracies tend to distribute rewards
on the demonstrated individual accomplishment, not inherited
what media is NOT mass
telegraph
McDonald's-post-industrial economy
tertiary sector- provision of services rather then providing goods--information displaces property, carpenter--to fix--assume they have the property for the job. doctor- needs degree, computer, dx things, has to do with ***information exchange, skill set***
what current reforms are guiding education?
the No Child Left Behind Act program emphasized accountability in the schools, largely through testing. Current educational reforms focus on achieving educational standards, assessing school progress, and developing strong measures of student and teacher success. Free community college is also an educational reform idea
credential inflation
the diminution of the value of college degrees in a labor market that was flooded with them. helped people articulate their sense that a mere college degree might not be sufficient to attainment of upper-middle-class comforts
Tracking
the separating of students within schools according to some measure of ability
social class
the social structural position that groups hold relative to the economic, social, political, and cultural resources of society
autonomous state model
the state as its own major constituent
nationalism
the strong identity associated with an extreme sense of allegiance to one's culture or nation
Laissez-faire racism
the subtle but persistent negative stereotyping of minorities, a tendency to blame Blacks themselves for the gap between occupational achievement and educational achievement, and clear resistance to meaningful policy efforts designed to ameliorate racially oppressive social conditions and practices in the US
The data presented by Doug Hartman confirms that boys' athletics ____________
• Are more physical and aggressive than girls
NGE-In contrast to yachting and attending debutante balls, what do today's global rich do in terms of social events? Why do they matter?
1. Meeting and conventions that they all come together for. 2. They make connections with other elites at the conventions. 3. They form a dominant
NGE-Google, Amazon, the iPhone -- broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy
And the less-wondrous inventions -- particularly the explosion of subprime credit -- helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.
time bind-how has the workplace changed?
Becoming to be at home, technological development and improvement of work conditions
Weber's idea of iron cage
Believed the bureaucracy can cause people to feel trapped in the dehumanized iron cage.
Color-Blind Privilege
Charles A. Gallagher discusses the problem of a color-blind approach to race and race relations in this country. By denying race as a structural basis for inequality, we fail to recognize the privilege of whiteness. With the blurring of racial lines, white college students lack a clear understanding of how the existing social, political and economic systems advantage or privilege whites.
body positivity
Empower & encourage larger bodied individuals & encourage them to accept themselves as they are regardless of size Significance: who has access? Education, airlines, etc. who has power? Ex: plus sized models -- however are they really plus sized? Has become more of a pop culture Term rather than increasing inclusivity on things that really matter
Brown v. Board of Education
Fearful of the quality of public education now that segregation of schools has ended, many families who could afford it enrolled their children in private schools
Malcolm X
Human rights activist, author Significance: believed in shifting the center, call & response, naming conflict Ex:
Folkway
Informal norm, such as the expectation to say "hello" when you meet someone for the first time. It is informal because if someone breaks this norm, there are minimal punishments (e.g., a rude look).
time bind-Life inside Google
It's great and fun. Provide housing
What is Weber's concerns in modern capitalism?
There is not religion imbedded in the Spirit of Capitalism, so we are stuck in an iron cage. Once you have capitalism established then we no longer need the Spirit of Capitalism because of the competitive pressures of capitalism force us to work as if we see our vocation as a calling.
NGE-How do global elite relate to theri home nation? What is the potential consequences for Americans?
They can relate to their own nation because they have more in common with other global elites than anyone from their own nation. They may not have their own nation in their best interest when making decisions.
Standardization of work
Stemming out of the scientific management idea, work that offers the most efficient method to produce a product (or perform a service) at a balanced flow to achieve a desired output rate. It breaks down the work into elements, which are sequenced, organized and repeatedly followed.
basic needs of a society
THESE ARE UNIVERSAL food, water, shelter, jobs, government/leader commerce/barter, security, rules,
media in iraq-embedded
The Pentagon's embedded journalists program allowed reporters for the first time to attach themselves to military units. While Bush Administration officials hailed it for its intimate access to soldiers' lives, media watchdogs criticized its often restrictive nature and publicly worried reporters would do little more than serve up rosy stories about soldiers' courage and homesickness. Critics also argued the embedding program was essential to the administration's attempt to build popular support for the war in Iraq. Several influential members of the Pentagon leadership and the administration believed the media contributed to defeat in the Vietnam War by demoralizing the American public with coverage of atrocities and seemingly futile guerilla warfare. They hoped to avoid a similar result in Iraq by limiting journalists' coverage of darker stories on combat, the deaths of Iraqi civilians, and property damage. As media commentator Marvin Kalb noted, the embedding program was "part of the massive, White House-run strategy to sell...the American mission in this war." While anecdotal examples of the worst excesses of embedded reporters abound, only a few studies have systematically considered news coverage by embedded reporters. Those studies show the program provided reporters with an insider's view of the military experience, but also essentially blocked them from providing much coverage of the Iraqi experience of the war. By examining the content of articles rather than the tone, and comparing embedded and non-embedded journalists' articles, it becomes clear that the physical, and perhaps psychological, constraints of the embedding program dramatically inhibited a journalist's ability to cover civilians' war experiences. While most embedded reporters didn't shy away from describing the horrors of war, the structural conditions of the embedded program kept them focused on the horrors facing the troops, rather than upon the thousands of Iraqis who died. By comparison, independent reporters who were free to roam successfully interviewed coalition soldiers and Iraqi civilians alike, covering both the major events of the war and the human-interest stories of civilians. But given the far greater frequency and prominence of published articles penned by embedded journalists, ultimately the embedding program proved a victory for the armed services in the historical tug-of-war between the press and military over journalistic freedom during war time. war reporting in perspective From the Pentagon's perspective, the embedding program represented a potential compromise in a long-standing conflict between the press and the military over journalistic freedoms in a war zone. In the past 150 years, with the growth of both contemporary warfare and the modern media apparatus, the armed forces and the press have often been at odds in a battle to control information dissemination. While accounts of warfare go back as far as cave paintings, most war historians mark William Howard Russell, an Irish special correspondent for the London Times, as the first modern war reporter. In 1853, Russell was dispatched to Malta to cover English support for Russian troops in the Crimean War. His first-hand reports from the front lines, often criticizing British military leadership, were unique at the time and stirred up much controversy back in England, both rallying support from some quarters and scandalizing military leaders and the royal family. Bending under political pressure, the Times agreed to a degree of self-censorship, but a precedent had been set and news consumers would continue to expect the same caliber of war coverage in the future. Since Russell's time, the relationship between the media and military has undergone many transformations. During World War II, American military and political leaders carefully noted the morally reprehensible yet highly effective propaganda of the Nazi party, most notably Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will. They responded with their own propaganda series, Why We Fight, created through the combined talents of director Frank Capra and Disney's animation staff. In terms of frontline coverage, the United States military exercised limited censorship with a largely cooperative and nationalistic press, yielding what military scholar Brendan McLane called, "from the military perspective...a golden age of war reporting." Even independently minded reporter Edward R. Murrow, later a hero to many journalists for his bold castigation of the McCarthy hearings, provided assurances of the moral righteousness of the American military campaign alongside vivid descriptions of Allied bombing raids. By contrast, the low levels of censorship, convenient transportation, and the significant technological advancement of television made coverage of the conflict in Vietnam the ideal of war coverage for much of the press. Lyndon B. Johnson's administration policy of "minimum candor" with the press as well as the military's efforts to push only those stories that emphasized progress led to the widespread belief in a "credibility gap" between what government officials claimed and the reality of the situation. However, even if military and political leaders were successful in obstructing journalists in the White House press room, the very nature of a guerilla conflict with an ever-shifting frontline gave journalists in Vietnam excellent access to soldiers and civilians alike. In addition, with the advent of television and advancements in the portability of TV cameras, reporters were able to transmit powerful images of the conflict into living rooms, censored only by editors' sense of propriety and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations. While collective memory of the journalism during the Vietnam War today tends to be of the courageous release of The Pentagon Papers by New York Times reporters or the image of the free-roaming photojournalist played by Dennis Hopper in Apocalypse Now, it's worth noting that, for more than 10 years until the late 1960s, the majority of the press corps complacently accepted the official story. Nonetheless, the important distinction between the modes of war reporting in World War II and Vietnam is that war correspondents in Vietnam—David Halberstam, Stanley Karnow, and Peter Arnett among them— always had the opportunity to roam and report on the story they chose. More than three decades later, it has become axiomatic that most military leaders and many among the political right believe a liberal-leaning press corps "lost" the Vietnam War by demoralizing the public with horrific images and accounts of atrocities. And, indeed, this simmering resentment has made military-media relations since Vietnam incredibly tense. During the first Gulf War, the media furiously complained about the infamous "press pools" that forced journalists into parroting official press releases from military headquarters in Kuwait. On occasion, selected journalists were allowed to ride with military minders on a tour of the battlefield after the struggle had ended and the bodies were removed. In the mid-1990s, the military was left similarly fuming as journalists arrived in Somalia before the troops. Pentagon leadership, well aware that an ongoing feud with the press was not in its best interests, formed two workgroups to study the issue of how better to manage the press in wartime. In 1984, under the leadership of Brigadier General Winant Sidle, a military panel was charged to examine how to conduct military operations while protecting military lives and the security of the operation but also keeping the American public informed through the media. In the wake of complaints about the Desert Storm press pools, military and media leaders met for the Pentagon-Media Conference in 1992 and agreed on several principles of news coverage in a combat zone. In the intervening years prior to the embedding program, technological changes once again altered the nature of war reporting. As satellite phones became more portable journalists became more self-sufficient, able to coordinate with newsrooms and feed reports, images, and video instantaneously. The newfound capacity of journalists to transmit information on the spot presented a new set of threats to operational security Without the traditional lag-time of war reporting, even wellintentioned journalists might accidentally reveal information of strategic significance, such as locations or troop levels. Based on the recommendations of the various workgroups and the practical consequences of technological innovation, Pentagon officials began to develop training programs and other provisions for embedding in the next major conflict. into the fray
What is "economic traditionalism"?
This expressed the traditional mindset of individuals when it comes to the purpose of their life activity. For example, if a woman only needs $2.50 they are satisfied with getting paid that much.
Subordinating Myth: Latino/a Immigration, Crime, and Exclusion
Unauthorized immigration has been a heated national discussion, one that indicates the need for reform in our national immigration policies. In this article, the author discusses how immigrants have been framed by perceptions of them as criminals, misrepresenting their actual experience.
Credentialism
a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications
Racialization
a process whereby some social category, such as a social class or nationality, takes on what society perceives to be racial characteristics
time bind-US is a mixed economy- combines elements of capitalism and socialism
ascribed and achieved status
According to Weber, the modern state can best be defined by the functions it fulfills in society: a) true b) false
b) False
According to Weber, Catholicism an ethical significance to work in a calling, that it lacked in Calvinism. a) true b) false
b) false
'Great changes'
beyond their control, but affect their conduct and outlook none the less
charismatic authority
derived from the personal appeal of a leader
protestant ethic-how did puritans spend their money
didn't spend on clothing, alcohol, sports, churches- not having luxuries, their money is spent on ways to make maoney- keeps going without the religious company,
magnolia myth
idea that slavery was a harmonious social structure Significance: downplays severity of slavery, often erases stories (whitewashing) Ex: textbook excerpt I read says slave families bonded in their free time (romanticized)
how did the author of school in the garden did author use functionalism
if not educated people would be dumb, impact on workforce and income do you need elite schools- yes because if there are smarter children who need that instruction may not need elite school just schools in general
what are the elaborate bureaucracies that characterize all industrial societies
large corporations, centralized governements, highly bureaucratized religious organizations, and schools
dude time-broad culture changes- why do people use so much mass media
media usage- 1440AD- from where started o% to now-11hours per day--- what explains this--communication avaliability and efficiency, technology, protestant reformation, democratiic governments, capitalism
dude time-features of mass media
one-sided, shared experiences, technological intermediary, hyperreality- in this reading- sumbolic interactionist- about aymboly- excitement- womens will only run through scores theoretical perspective- resource- airtime is scarce resource- conflict theory- changed over time? the are less equal between women and mens sports
McDonald's- in preindustrial society you are rewarded for work immediately, for industrial society - weekly or bi-weekly paycheck.
rewarded for effort--education- 2-4 yrs, exercising,
hyperreality- john bacolard-
simulation of something as real that never really existed. ex- romantic comedy- boy meets girl fall in love then they cant overcome, then overcome, then end up together. soap operas, WWE-pro wrestling- mostly not real, lawncare-perfectly green, soft, same height, no weeds, cross hatch-totally fictional- 14 billion on the perfect lawn
Politics
social institution for which power is attained and exercised.
traditional authority
stems from long-established patterns that give certain people or groups legitimate power in society
stereotype interchangeability
stereotypes, especially negative ones, are often interchangeable from one social class to another, from one racial or ethnic group to another, from a racial or ethnic group to a social class, or from a social class to a gender
sexual orientation
the attraction that people feel for people of the same or different sex
false consciousness
the class consciousness of subordinate classes who had internalized the view of the dominant class
occupational sex segregation
the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations
white privilege
the condition that allows whites to define themselves as politically and racially tolerant as they proclaim adherence to a belief system that does not see or judge individuals by "the color of their skin"
economic restructuring
the decline of manufacturing jobs in the US, the transformation of the economy by technological change, and the process of globalization
teacher expectancy effect
the effect of teacher expectations on a student's actual performance
wealth
the monetary value of everything one owns
The social basis of sexuality
1. Human sexual attitudes and behaviors vary in different cultural contexts. 2. sexual attitudes and behaviors change over time. 3. sexual identity is learned. 4. social institutions channel and direct human sexuality 5. sex is influenced by economic forces in society 6. public policies regulate sexual and reproductive behaviors
calling out/calling in
Calling out: publicly give feedback to someone about their potentially problematic or oppressive behavior Calling in: talk with someone privately about their behavior (considered a less reactionary route to work through conflict) Significance: important across diversity issues & social injustice-- found calling out to be Counteractive EX: if a friend shows up to a halloween party dressed as "sexy native american" pull her aside, etc.
time bind-How has family changed?
Divorce rates increase
Norm
Expectation for behavior, it is a form of social control. Norms may be formal or informal.
Gov structure that reflects the Elite
National security council
What is the "spirit of capitalism"? and what is its relation to work?
Pursuit of riches, goals, and journey, and it's relation to work is that work is the method.
'The power elite is composed of men whose positions enable them to transcend the ordinary environments of ordinary men.
The power elite are not solitary rulers. Advisers and consultants, spokesmen and opinion-makers are often the captains of their higher thought and decision. Immediately below the elite are the professional politicians of the middle levels of power, in the Congress and in the pressure groups, as well as among the new and old upper classes of town and city and region
how do you move authority from one person to another
traditional- easy to maintain power. charismatic-difficult/impossible to transfer power rational legal- easy to pass on by teaching, or hiring
power elite- the reading was done 70 yrs ago, does this still work?
yes, they are interconnected, influence politics, move company to other countries, all are powerful, in 2020 does this work--famous influence, give money to campaign, influence on social media,
The benefits of doing embedded reporting is, according to Andrew Lindner in "Controlling the media in Iraq" is ___________
• It is one of the least dangerous strategies
No centralization
Exists if all members of the organization shared equally in the exercise of power, essentially no centralization.
The Rise of Food Democracy
Food has become a target for those who are critical of the domination of multinational corporations in the production and distribution of food. Brian Halweil discusses the new food movements that are developing to make food more "local."
"Dude, You're A Fag": Adolescent Masculinity and the Fag Discourse
In this piece, Pascoe summarizes the results from her field research in a working-class, suburban high school in California. She examines the use of the word fag as an insult among and between adolescent males. Using gender and queer theory, the author presents evidence that there is a discourse that uses the word far and negative homosexual stereotypes in interactions among high school boys. Instead, heterosexual high school boys use the term to mock or tease other heterosexual boys. The "fag discourse," then, is a tool for establishing and highlighting the masculinity of the person using the language
Power elite operations
Secret and can mask their intention, any secret is in their favor
How is sexuality related to contemporary social issues
Sexuality is related to some of the most difficult social problems-including birth control, abortion, reproductive technologies, teen pregnancy, pornography, and sexual violence. Such social problems can be understood by analyzing the sexual, gender, class and racial politics of society.
Personal service work
Those jobs in which face-to-face or voice-to-voice interaction with a client is a fundamental element of the work. It often entails emotional labor, has low autonomy, customer has some power over worker, and it is the fastest growing type of work in the US still today (in 2018).
Toward a Framework for Understanding Forces That Contribute to or Reinforce Racial Inequality
William Julius Wilson the social structural processes that shape racial inequality. His analysis shows how outcomes, such as poverty and unemployment, are shaped by forces that go beyond individual attitudes and behaviors
governments and armies and corporations shape it; and, as they do so, they turn these lesser institutions into means for their ends. Religious institutions provide chaplains to the armed forces where they are used as a means of increasing the effectiveness of its morale to kill. Schools select and train men for their jobs in corporations and their specialized tasks in the armed forces. The extended family has, of course, long been broken up by the industrial revolution, and now the son and the father are removed from the family, by compulsion if need be, whenever the army of the state sends out the call. And the symbols of all these lesser institutions are used to legitimate the power and the decisions of the big three.
Within each of the big three, the typical institutional unit has become enlarged, has become administrative, and, in the power of its decisions, has become centralized
educational attainment
the total years of formal education and the third indicator of SES
dude time-time use studies
people literally record over a week or a month- record every single minute (11 hours per day)
time bind-is money the only reason why family friendly policies are not used by many families?
No
Rise of the Power Elite
Not caused by a plot but rather homogeneous
dude time-protestant reformation-
500 yer ago decision to seperate from catholic church- every individual should be able to read bible for themselves- increase literacy and access to bibles- side-effects- they want to read more
A School in a Garden
Mitchell Stevens was the concept of social reproduction theory to explain how admissions in elite colleges contribute to social inequality in the US
meritocracy
a system in which one's status is based on merit or accomplishments, not other social characteristics
dude time-internet usage
access issues, religious reasons, censorship, legal rules (can or cant do), material dimension-facebook- US 50%, europe-16%, its an american website caters to USA.
sexual revolution
the widespread changes in men's and women's roles and the greater public appearance of sexuality as a normal part of social development
NGE-. A multibillion-dollar bailout and Wall Street's swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit
this, in turn, has led to wider -- and not unreasonable -- fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self-interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.
protestant ethic-religious location
treated different, talk subdued, no swearing, specific clothing, act proper,
implicit bias
a largely nonconscious form of racism, where individuals make unconscious associations ie. race and crime
time bind-gender
certain things are expected- dishes, parenting, etc men just shut off
Did the Protestant Reformation consciously or unconsciously contribute to the development of capitalism in the west?
Unconsciously
People who observe the Power Elite
Will maintain secret
sexual identity
the definition of oneself that is formed around one's sexual relationship
Intersectionality
-intertwined or overlapping forms of oppression (ex: sexism, racism, homophobia, etc.) -intertwined categories of belonging -intertwined knowledge -Significance: important in truly understanding meaningful diversity -Ex: A black women who also belongs to the LBGTQ community
What are two factors necessary to develop the spirit of modern capitalism?
1) Rational conduct of life founded on the idea of calling 2) Individualism were necessary to develop the spirit of modern capitalism
media in iraq-media technologies
1) printing press 2) daily newspaper 3)mass paper seling-literacy 4)photography 5) telegraph 6)telephone 7) movies-silent 8)radio 9) record 10) broadcast TV 11) VHS 12)cable tv 13) micro computers 14) cell phones 15) internet
time bind-socialism
1) public ownership of means of production- community access-public schools, taxpayers pay, police dept., fire dept, roads-turnpike 2) pursuit of collective goals/goods-everyone-no individualism--homeowners association, charity, volunteer, 3) production and prices are set by the government--farmers, snake oil sales
4 features of mass media
1) technology intermediary-separates communicators (telephone, texting, emojis help) 2)shared experience (functionalism) many ppl recvd same information- new paper, music, sports, -effect on society-connections, efficiency 3)one-sided-info goes in one direction-TV, conflict theory-watch sport event and shout at TV because they are used to 2 sided media -less true now-a-days (twitter, facebook, )
muslims in US- individual religion
1)beliefs- extent to which people accept the truth of religious doctrine god is higher power, heaven and hell, jesus, trinity, 2) behaviors- actions that individuals perform that directly concern religion --attendance-church services (25%-never, weekly- 25%, other- 50%) a lot of variation- not uniform --prayer (14%-never, several times daily-28%, 58 % -other) --sacred book- bible, tora, koran (27%-never, weekly or more- 23%, other-50%) summary- key thing is so variation, don't like to read, 3) knowledge understanding and awareness of one's own religion-do you know founder, why?, site psalms, scripture, rituals, catechism, amish-living daily lives religious. 4) experiences-intensity and kind of contact with the supernatural - out of body, heaven/hell visitation, life passes before eyes, stigmata, speaking in tongues, apparitions, bigfoot, 5) consequences-way a religion unites and divides with other in the community-cult, going door to door, natural disasters, wearing burkas, foods,
class: structure, formation, consciousness
Analytical tool used to categorize & analyze differences in people's economic position Collective position, NOT personal or self determined identity like sexuality Class structure: social relations into which individuals enter & which shape their class consciousnes Class formation: collectivities that come as a result of the interests shaped by class structure Class consciousness: ideologies held by individuals & organizations Significance: class denotes economic position, social position, value, respectability-- WHO HAS POWER Ex: single mother Cathy made many choices not very different from other Americans, Makes argument that poverty can be fault of social structures
call & response
Back & forth interactions between speaker & audience Traditional form of participation in African American tradition Often affirmative but can be combative Significance: can allow ppl to call in-- productive form of working to solve social injustice, possibly shift center? Invite diverse groups in Ex: Malcom X & interviewer -- interviewer had preconceived idea
The Rise of the New Global Elite
Chrystia Freeland sees the new global economy as creating a plutocracy, wherein a small number of extremely wealthy individuals hold increasing world power. This represents a shift, she thinks, in traditional models of political power and authority
The higher circles in and around these command posts are often thought of in terms of what their members possess: they have a greater share than other people of the things and experiences that are most highly valued. From this point of view, the elite are simply those who have the most of what there is to have, which is generally held to include money, power, and prestige
But the elite are not simply those who have the most, for they could not 'have the most' were it not for their positions in the great institutions. For such institutions are the necessary bases of power, of wealth, and of prestige, and at the same time, the chief means of exercising power, of acquiring and retaining wealth, and of cashing in the higher claims for prestige. By the powerful we mean, of course, those who are able to realize their will, even if others resist it.
The Power Elite
C. Wright Mills's classic book, The Power Elite, first published in 1956, remains an important analysis of the system of power in the US. He argues that national power is located in three particular institutions: the economy, politics and the military. An important point in his article is that the power of elites is derived from their institutional location, and not their individual attributes
colonialism/settler colonialism
Colonialism - European powers established colonies from which to extract resources (...) The ruling country dominated indigenous populations → BUT indigenous population remained in the majority Settler Colonialism: colonial invasion decimated indigenous populations through foreign disease and military domination→ indigenous population became the minority → settler population became the majority Significance: Colonialism, slavery etc. therefore not just historical but reinforced in many people's lives today ex: sweatshops, H&M
What evidence is there of contemporary sexual attitudes and behavior?
Contemporary sexual attitudes vary considerably by social factors such as age, gender, race, and religion. Sexual behavior has also changed in recent years, with mixed trends in both liberal and conservative sexual values. In general, attitudes on issues of premarital sex and gay and lesbian rights have become more liberal, though this depends on social characteristics such as age, gender, and degree of religiosity, among others.
What is the importance of the education institution?
Education is the social institution that is concerned with the formal transmission of society's knowledge. It is therefore part of the socialization process. Although the US education system has long produced students at the top of the world's educational achievements, the US is falling behind other nations on standardized test scores
America Without a Middle Class
Elizabeth Warren argues that the American tradition of having a strong middle class is now at risk because of the economic crisis that has beset America. She shows the increasingly fragile status of many middle-class families, who are now working harder than ever just to keep up with basic expenses.
How does sociological theory inform our understanding of education?
Functionalism interprets education as having various purposes for society, such as socialization, occupational training, and social control. Conflict theory emphasizes the power relationships within educational institutions, as well as how education serves the powerful interests in society. Symbolic interaction theory focuses on the subjective meanings that people hold. These meanings influence educational outcomes
What does sociological theory have to say about sexual behavior?
Functionalist theory depicts sexuality in terms of its contribution to the stability of social institutions. Conflict theorists see sexuality as part of the power relations and economic inequality in society. Symbolic interaction focuses on the social construction of sexual identity. Feminist theory uncovers the power relationships that frame different sexual identities and behaviors, as well as linking sexuality to other forms of inequality
How do homophobia and heterosexism influence lesbian and gay experience?
Homophobia is the fear and hatred of gays and lesbians. Heterosexism refers to the institutional structures that define heterosexuality as the only socially legitimate sexual orientation. Both produce relationships of power that define gays and lesbians as a social minority group
interest in the very rich goes beyond their lavish or their miserly consumption, we must examine their relations to modern forms of corporate property as well as to the state; for such relations now determine the chances of men to secure big property and to receive high income. Great prestige increasingly follows the major institutional units of the social structure. It is obvious that prestige depends, often quite decisively, upon access to the publicity machines that are now a central and normal feature of all the big institutions of modern America. Moreover, one feature of these hierarchies of corporation, state, and military establishment is that their top positions are increasingly interchangeable. One result of this is the accumulative nature of prestige. Claims for prestige, for example, may be initially based on military roles, then expressed in and augmented by an educational institution run by corporate executives, and cashed in, finally, in the political order, where, for General Eisenhower and those he represents, power and prestige finally meet at the very peak. Like wealth and power, prestige tends to be cumulative: the more of it you have, the more you can get. These values also tend to be translatable into one another: the wealthy find it easier than the poor to gain power; those with status find it easier than those without it to control opportunities for wealth.
If we took the one hundred most powerful men in America, the one hundred wealthiest, and the one hundred most celebrated away from the institutional positions they now occupy, away from their resources of men and women and money, away from the media of mass communication that are now focused upon them— then they would be powerless and poor and uncelebrated. For power is not of a man. Wealth does not center in the person of the wealthy. Celebrity is not inherent in any personality. To be celebrated, to be wealthy, to have power requires access to major institutions, for the institutional positions men occupy determine in large part their chances to have and to hold these valued experiences. 3 The people of the higher circles may also be conceived as members of a top social stratum, as a set of groups whose members know one another, see one another socially and at business, and so, in making decisions, take one another into account. The elite, according to this conception, feel themselves to be, and are felt by others to be, the inner circle of 'the upper social classes.'4 They form a more or less compact social and psychological entity; they have become self-conscious members of a social class. People are either accepted into this class or they are not, and there is a qualitative split, rather than merely a numerical scale, separating them from those who are not elite. They are more or less aware of themselves as a social class and they behave toward one another differently from the way they do toward members of other classes. They accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work and to think if not together at least alike.
Strategic Ambiguity: Protecting Emphasized Femininity and Hegemonic Masculinity in the Hookup Culture
In this reading, Currier summarizes her findings from interviews with college students about the experiences of HU. She specifically looks at how HU has no clear definition and can involve various different sexual activities. The term "strategic ambiguity" is used to explain that by not having a consistent and clear definition of HU behavior, men and women are able to be vague about their sexual behaviors. Additionally, the author uncovers clear gender distinctions in what are accepted sexual behaviors for men and women.
Contact Theory
Interaction and contact between two groups will reduce prejudice within both groups - but only if three conditions are met: 1) the contact must be between individuals of equal status 2) the contact between equals must be sustained 3) social norms favoring equality must be agreed upon by the participants
integration
LEGAL SYSTEMS must regulate the relationships of adaptation, goal attainment, and latency- police, lawyers, judiciary
queer theory
has evolved from recognizing the socially constructed nature of sexual identity and the role of power in defining only some forms of sexuality as "normal" - that is, socially legitimate
Social control
May be formal or informal. Aspects of social life that influence your behavior, often times without you realizing it. Norms are an example of social control. We internalize norms and act on them, often times unconsciously. Rules in an organization is another example. If a rule says you are expected at work by 3:00pm, you arrive at that time. The rule influences you.
history & myth
Myths are stories a community tells itself about itself, can support or contradict existing social Structures-- NOT the opposite of history (history isn't the cure for myths) Significance: these myth narratives can erase history Ex: heroes and villains narrative-- involves belief that historical actors are either Completely good or completely evil, leaders are more than human & one group's virtue rides on another group's villainy WHAT DOES THIS ERASE?
goal attainment
POLITICS OR GOVERNMENT---define and achieve primary goals of the societies- everyone should have access to food, water, shelter, expansion of empire, religious expansion
dude time-democratic governments
have more media usage- free people, freedoms, not controlled, more technology, tv station all political ads, show just filibusters,
American Dream
People earn their socio-economic status position based solely on their merit, or remain poor bc Of their lack of merit. U.S. is a land of unlimited economic & geographical mobility Endless opportunity for those who work hard for it Significance: many people are stuck in cycle of poverty-- for those who have no power- this mobility May not be possible? Ex: cartoon of american dream-- displays people cannot escape late fees, taxes, interest
shifting the center
Practice of centering thinking around traditionally excluded groups, hearing & understanding Marginalized people's stories on their own terms. It challenges exclusionary, unjust thinking. Significance: uncovers gender, race, & class as part of the experience of ALL people Ex: educational access is less available to women & people of subordinated groups Ex: redskins commercial: names native americans call themselves: brave, strong, etc. name mascot calls them-- redskins
What best defines the spirit of capitalism for Weber? a) hedonistic orientation to economic life b) A withdrawal from everyday life c) An orientation to acquisition as an end in itself d) An orientation to glory as an end in itself
c) An orientation to acquisition as an end in itself
How did the Protestant Reformation (teaching of Calvinists and other Puritans) change people's behavior
Reduced the power of the catholic church,
The way to understand the power of the American elite lies neither solely in recognizing the historic scale of events nor in accepting the personal awareness reported by men of apparent decision., linking the two, are the major institutions of modern society. These hierarchies of state and corporation and army constitute the means of power; as such they are now of a consequence not before equaled in human history—and at their summits, there are now those command posts of modern society which offer us the sociological key to an understanding of the role of the higher circles in America. Within American society, major national power now resides inthe economic, the political, and the military domains. Other institutions seem off to the side of modern history, and, on occasion, duly subordinated to these. No family is as directly powerful in national affairs as any major corporation; no church is as directly powerful in the external biographies of young men in America today as the military establishment; no college is as powerful in the shaping of momentous events as the National Security Council.
Religious, educational, and family institutions are not autonomous centers of national power; on the contrary, these decentralized areas are increasingly shaped by the big three, in which developments of decisive and immediate consequence now occur. Families and churches and schools adapt to modern life;
sex & gender
Sex: assignment of physical/anatomical classification, usually made at birth Gender: social categorization usually based on 'sex' classification + personal psychological identity which may or may not agree with this social classification (society created norms) Significance: who has power/access -- many aspects of diversity overlook sex & gender Ex: a man who is born with penis may not abide by gender norms based on his sex
In what sense is sexuality, seemingly so personal an experience, a part of social structure?
Sexual relationships develop within a social and cultural context. Sexuality is learned through socialization, is channeled and directed by social institutions, and reflects the race, class, and gender relations in society
meritocracy
the poor suffer due to bad choices or lack of merit; poverty = fault of individual, not social structures Significance: lack of power & control-- single mothers vulnerable group to poverty Ex: Cathy -- made poor choices which landed her homeless
How is sexuality related to other social inequalities?
Sexuality intertwines with gender, race and class inequality. This is especially revealed in the sexual stereotypes of different groups, as well as in the double standard applied to men's and women's sexual behaviors, such as in the hooking up culture.
Negative consequences of standardization, per Leidner
Such systematized work removes all opportunity for creativity, initiative, human thought and self-development for employees.
According to Max Weber, what was necessary to develop modern rational capitalism? And where did this law (legal system) come from?
Technological development and a calculable legal system and administration of formal rules. They came erin the rationalism of Western culture
sex tourism
the practice whereby people travel to particular parts of the world specifically to engage in commercial sexual activity
how does the US compare to other nations in the area of health care?
The US is only recently providing universal health care for its citizens, through the Affordable Care Act. Despite disagreement with the program, more Americans now have health care insurance. The health care system is organized according to social patterns, including that disease itself is influenced by social factors such as race, gender, and social class
From the Achievement Gap to the Education Debt: Understanding Achievement in the US Schools
The article is a speech given in 2006 by the then president of the American Education Research Association, Gloria Ladson-Billings. In her presidential address, she uses the analogy of the national debt and the national deficit to explain what has happened in American education. She argues that instead of focusing so much attention on the achievement gap between minority disadvantaged students and white privileged students, educational research and policy should focus on the education debt. The problem with the American system is that all students are suffering from a poor system. The article calls for action, policy, and research that will help reverse this trend
The political order, once a decentralized set of several dozen states with a weak spinal cord, has become a centralized, executive establishment which has taken up into itself many powers previously scattered, and now enters into each and every crany of the social structure.
The military order, once a slim establishment in a context of distrust fed by state militia, has become the largest and most expensive feature of government, and, although well versed in smiling public relations, now has all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain.
Racial formation
the process by which a group comes to be defined as a race
Now, we do not want by our definition to prejudge whether the elite of the command posts are conscious members of such a socially recognized class, or whether considerable proportions of the elite derive from such a clear and distinct class. These are matters to be investigated. Yet in order to be able to recognize what we intend to investigate, we must note something that all biographies and memoirs of the wealthy and the powerful and the eminent make clear: no matter what else they may be, the people of these higher circles are involved in a set of overlapping 'crowds' and intricately connected 'cliques.' There is a kind of mutual attraction among those who 'sit on the same terrace'—although this often becomes clear to them, as well as to others, only at the point at which they feel the need to draw the line; only when, in their common defense, they come to understand what they have in common, and so close their ranks against outsiders.
The idea of such ruling stratum implies that most of its members have similar social origins, that throughout their lives they maintain a network of informal connections, and that to some degree there is an interchangeability of position between the various hierarchies of money and power and celebrity. We must, of course, note at once that if such an elite stratum does exist, its social visibility and its form, for very solid historical reasons, are quite different from those of the noble cousinhoods that once ruled various European nations. That American society has never passed through a feudal epoch is of decisive importance to the nature of the American elite, as well as to American society as a historic whole. For it means that no nobility or aristocracy, established before the capitalist era, has stood in tense opposition to the higher bourgeoisie. It means that this bourgeoisie has monopolized not only wealth but prestige and power as well. It means that no set of noble families has commanded the top positions and monopolized the values that are generally held in high esteem; and certainly that no set has done so explicitiy by inherited right. It means that no high church dignitaries or court nobilities, no entrenched landlords with honorific accouterments, no monopolists of high army posts have opposed the enriched bourgeoisie and in the name of birth and prerogative successfully resisted its self-making.-
How does education link to social mobility?
The number of years of formal education for individuals has important effects on their ultimate occupation and income. Social class origin affects the extent of educational attainment, as well as occupation and income
the power elite ; they are in positions to make decisions having major consequences. Whether they do or do not make such decisions is less important than the fact that they do occupy such pivotal positions: their failure to act, their failure to make decisions, is itself an act that is often of greater consequence than the decisions they do make. For they are in command of the major hierarchies and organizations of modern society. They rule the big corporations. They run the machinery of the state and claim its prerogatives. They direct the military establishment. They occupy the strategic command posts of the social structure,
The personal awareness of the actors is only one of the several sources one must examine in order to understand the higher circles.
assimilation theory
the process by which a minority becomes socially, economically and culturally absorbed within the dominant society
status attainment
the process by which people end up in a given position in the stratification system
coming out
the process of defining oneself as gay or lesbian
economic changes we are witnessing today are unprecedented
To grasp the difference between today's plutocrats and the hereditary elite, who (to use John Stuart Mill's memorable phrase) "grow rich in their sleep," one need merely glance at the events that now fill high-end social calendars. The debutante balls and hunts and regattas of yesteryear may not be quite obsolete, but they are headed in that direction. The real community life of the 21st-century plutocracy occurs on the international conference circuit.
Global Strategies for Workers
Utilizing what she calls a class analysis, Katie Quan analyzes how a "we/they" mode of thinking has characterized the connection of American workers to other workers throughout the world. She argues that workers in the global assembly line are not the cause of workers' struggles within the United States.
Max Weber
Viewed religion as "opium of the people" which can be used as a tool for the wealthy, privileged, and powerful to control people.
The Souls of Black Folk
W.E.B. DuBois, the first African American Ph.D. from Harvard University, is a classic sociological analyst. In this well-known essay, he develops the idea that African Americans have a "double consciousness" - one that they must develop as a protective strategy to understand how Whites see them. Originally writing this essay in 1903, DuBois also reflects on the long struggle for African American freedom.
privilege/oppression binary
We all experience different privileges and oppressions in different forms and to different degrees, diff. environments // nobody is identified as the victim or even the bad guy Significance: we each experience some oppression and some privilege, few people have no privileges at all - at least if they are in a space like this class Ex: a low income white women may be oppressed because of her financial situation, but may still be privileged in the sense that she is white, & a black women with this same situation statistically has less opportunities
NGE-drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of "two Americas" was a central theme of John Edwards's 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.)
What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation's foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.
time bind-Are women who have jobs less likely to be depressed than stay home moms?
Yes
sweatshops
a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions. Significance: Demonstrates the continuation and reconfiguration of the pattern of low-paid,casual, 'low-skilled' jobs available to women that, as per Lerner, emerged in 19th century. Ex: there are sweatshops in U.S. today-- $50 dress, $6 goes to worker, Samsung made in sweatshops Either cheap labor in 'developing' countries; Or cheap immigrant workforce in 'developed' nations - in both cases, often women of color.
Institutional racism
a form of racism is the negative treatment and oppression of one racial or ethnic group by society's existing institutions based on the presumed inferiority of the oppressed group
Race
a group treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics, some of may be biological, that have been assigned or attributed social importance
urban underclass
a new lower class; includes those who are likely to be permanently unemployed and without much means of economic support
hypersegregation
a pattern of extreme segregation
social mobility
a person's movement overtime from one class to another
Ethnic group
a social category of people who share a common culture
Does the educational system perpetuate or reduce inequality
although the education system in the US has traditionally been a major means for reducing racial, gender, and class inequalities among people, the education institution has perpetuated these inequalities. Segregation of schools and communities keep minority and poor children in schools that lack resources for success
racial profiling
an example of institutional racism in the criminal justice system
totalitarian
an extreme form of authoritarianism where the state has total control over all aspects of public and, to the extent possible, private life
intersection perspective
argues that class, race and gender combine to create a matrix of domination
transformation thesis
argues that the replacement of traditional societal hierarchies with educational ones is a definitive chapter in every societies progress toward modernity
race & masculinity
asian men-- feminized black men-- hyper masculine/ aggressive white men-- preserved as the norm significance: Racialized constructions of masculinity (or the lack thereof) often serve to justify patterns of exploitation ex: asian men working in laundry industry, target for TV shows, black men today incarcerated at higher rates
what was the single most reason student gace for coming to a collge
attracttion of the campus. -beauty of the campus
How does Calvinism lead to the disenchantment of the world? a) Calvin was a "secular humanist" and he instilled this idea in his followers. b) Calvin elevated god to such an extent that he eliminated magical means of salvation c) Calvin discouraged people from going to church d) Calvin demanded that men and women rationalize their behavior so they could be good capitalists
b) Calvin elevated god to such an extent that he eliminated magical means of salvation
key element of social institutions
basic needs- every society needs to exist, or last over time
latency
be able to motivate and renew motivations of individuals-mass media, schooling, education, family,religion
protestant ethic-things got started by religion--- easter, Xmas- birth and death of christ---now dominated by bunny and eggs and santa
blue laws- alcohol on sunday,
theft of souls
brutal institution that worked to turn people into objects, commodities and capital significance: objectifying these individuals gave them less power, letting white people have hierarchy. ex: enslaved people picking pocket earned a profit for their owners
reproduction thesesis
built from karl marx insights about how powerful proups inevitably careate social and cultural systems that legitimate their own class advantage
McDonald's-removal of boundary between work and home in post- industrial society
cant make cars, can take certain work home-lawyers, billing. home office-
time bind-types of economies
capitalism- 1) private ownership of the means of production- own factory, production buildings 2) pursuit of personal profit 3) competition not monopoly or oligopoly-literally 2 or 3 companies own product line (amazon, verizon, t-mobile) 4) lack of government intervention-separated
cultural capital
certain types of parents will have access to knowledge and information about preparing their student for college entrance exams
sex trafficking
the use of women and girls worldwide as sex workers in an institutional context in which sex itself is a commodity
What best defines the modern state for Weber? a) The modern state is monopolistic organization with a relatively territorial, but also legitimate, character. b) the modern state is a democratic organization that has many monopolies c) The modern state is characterized by the fact that everyone is able to participate in the administration if they want to. d) The modern state is a territorial organization with a relative monopoly over the legitimate use of violence.
d) The modern state is a territorial organization with a relative monopoly over the legitimate use of violence.
NGE-The best-known of these events is the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, invitation to which marks an aspiring plutocrat's arrival on the international scene. The Bilderberg Group, which meets annually at locations in Europe and North America, is more exclusive still -- and more secretive -- though it is more focused on geopolitics and less on global business and philanthropy
defining characteristic of today's plutocrats: they are forming a global community, and their ties to one another are increasingly closer than their ties to hoi polloi back home
how do fmilies know just which colleges are pretigious.
demans- the more peopl are denied the more popular the school,
protestant ethic-sacred
entities that are set apart and given special meaning that transcends immediate human experiences, baptism without the religious connotation would be just a shower- but it holy water, very important...bible- sacred item threw on floor- blasphemy
higher claims for prestige. By the powerful we mean, of course, those who are able to realize their will, even if others resist it. No one, accordingly, can be truly powerful unless he has access to the command of major institutions, for it is over these institutional means of power that the truly powerful are, in the first instance, powerful. Higher politicians and key officials of government command such institutional power; so do admirals and generals, and so do the major owners and executives of the larger corporations. Not all power, it is true, is anchored in and exercised by means of such institutions, but only within and through them can power be more or less continuous and important. Wealth also is acquired and held in and through institutions. The pyramid of wealth cannot be understood merely in terms of the very rich; for the great inheriting families,
every one of the very rich families has been and is closely connected—always legally and frequently managerially as well— with one of the multi-million dollar corporations. The modern corporation is the prime source of wealth, but, in latter-day capitalism, the political apparatus also opens and closes many avenues to wealth. The amount as well as the source of income, the power over consumer's goods as well as over productive capital, are determined by position within the political economy
what type of power do these people have-military
give orders, can tell soldiers to kill people
time bind-why are people working more
goods are more expensive now--jobs are also changing, need more money. author says--homelife is more like work- rather be at work then home. live to work- then work to live
NGE-reading new global elite how relates to power elite
government, military, corporations- all these revolve around the rich
Political Action Committees
groups of people who organize to support candidates they feel will represent their views
time bind-private ownership
handmade socks, make masks, mcdonald- franchise, buy stocks in company legal systems.
time bind-types of job increased
healthcare or IT--tertiary sector--education 2yrs to 4 yrs
NGE-case that the U.S. economy had become "very distorted
high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a "significant recovery"; the rest of the economy, by contrast -- including small businesses and "a very significant amount of the labor force" -- was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather "fundamentally two separate types of economy," increasingly distinct and divergent.
muslims in US-measuring religiosity
high-religion is very important and may rule everyday life low-dont practice or dont beleive
protestant ethic-research
historical research-250 yrs-1600's -puritanical-predestination-everyone god has already decided if they go to heaven or hell. effect people- whatever dont do anything--signs bad or good- cheat the system- work really hard, advanced class, money,
protestant ethic-about
how protestantism effect development of capitalism
muslims in US-religiosity
how religious is someone- very or not---
McDonalds-things need to do or know in pre-industrial society
hunting, get water, build shelter, clothings, every can do all these
disability (identity-based, legal-medical, cultural)
identity based: physical or mental conditions experienced as limiting to oneself (movements, senses, development) Legal-medical: physical or mental conditions recognized as limiting by medicine or by law Cultural: representations of bodily experiences that highlight unjusr distribution of acess & ease, fit/misfit Social systems & built environments that regulate access & ease fit/misfit Significance: norms construct difference-- sustains hierarchy// shift center-- redesign environments Ex: no railways etc.
NGE reading-in what way do rich have power
if you don't like laws or regulations- avoid by living in another country- good or bad- advantages-philanthropy-charities foundations, or disadvantages-small amount of people are rich, form their own nation (rich)
Prestige
the value others assign to people and groups
government
includes those institutions that represent the population, making rules that govern the society
Color-blind racism
individuals affected by this type of racism prefer to ignore legitimate racial-ethnic, cultural, and other differences and insist that the race problems in the US will go away if only race is ignored altogether
mcdonalds-services
intangible goods-skill knowlegde skill- car mechanic, musician, concerts, theater, electricity, teaching, dr office, ---what is McD's providing--applies to every society
pluralist model
interprets power in society as derived from the representation of diverse interests of different groups in society
time bind-research
interviews
bureaucracy
is a formal organization characterized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality
historiography
is the study of how, why and how we tell history Significance: often erase multiple stories, especially counter histories Ex: slavery very downplayed in textbooks, leaves out brutal beatings, etc.
NGE- what would u buy with 100 billion
jet, house, boat, cars, diamonds, yacht,
media in iraq- about
journalism and military has issues with each other- military, government, corporations- adds news media to this group as well.
state
the organized system of power and authority in society
The fact of the interlocking is clearly revealed at each of the points of crisis of modern capitalist society—slump, war, and boom. In each, men of decision are led to an awareness of the interdependence of the major institutional orders.
liberal integration was achieved in the automatic economy, by an autonomous play of market forces, and in the automatic political domain, by the bargain and the vote. It was then assumed that out of the imbalance and friction that followed the limited decisions then possible a new equilibrium would in due course
what did steven study in school in a garden
lived on campus studied college admissions and financial aid process. what factors influence student college choice
time bind-about
looking at work vs family life-
muslims in US-diversity within muslims
lot of variations- some are very devote, some don't practice praying, mosque. communities, treated as one group
dude time-functionalism
media around sports- women in sports also mention they are mothers, wives, don't do that for men. women are role models, men are entertainment. the function of media sport is for entertainment .
dude time-research
observation, content analysis-use existing stats, chart, time, get them from existing media- watch TV
mcdonalds-research
observation, mcdonalds university, historical,
NGE-rise of the new global elite-research
observation- journalists- spent time around rich people- observation plus interview
McDonald's-workplace culture in post-industrial society
offices,
protestant ethic-definition of religion- belief in a higher being and serving that higher being- faith and worship,
other definitions of religion from class- church-like pews, people standing and singing, everyone has yarmulka-same clothing- menora in the back. showing Muslim prayer rug, buddist, retreats, Scientology, ufology,
individualized education programs (IEP)
outline specific types of learning that target specific needs
estate system
ownership of property and the exercise of power are monopolized by an elite class who have total control over societal resources
NGE-the rich of today are also different from the rich of yesterday
phenomena: the revolution in information technology and the liberalization of global trade. Individual nations have offered their own contributions to income inequality -- financial deregulation and upper-bracket tax cuts in the United States; insider privatization in Russia; rent-seeking in regulated industries in India and Mexico. But the shared narrative is that, thanks to globalization and technological innovation, people, money, and ideas travel more freely today than ever before.
sources of power
physical force- literally forcing someone to do something they don't want to do- arresting someone-police officers, sports, military, Influence- ability to convince someone to do something- salespeople, marketing, parents authoity- certain people we give power to.
rational legal power
power that is made legitimate by laws- judges-bail, search warrants, sentences. police-arrest, shoot someone, teachers- respect, want good grades. homework, tests, laws-written down and someone to enforce them ****this type of power top when fired or retired
Medicare
provides health insurance to older Americans
Medicaid
provides health insurance to poor Americans
muslims in US- rituals
public-baptism, wedding, funerals, devotions (private)- prayer, bible readings, confessions
what media can be considered mass
radio telephone broadcast tv internet
dude time-latent or dysfunctions of sport media
reinforces prejudices, sexism, racism- 3-6% to womens sports, other 90% are to mens sports
social stratification
relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth
mcdonalds-rootinization
routines, normal behaviors- food prep, measuring, greetings, -other places---how do customers get rootinized--routine about order- go to counter then order- menu has numbers--get own drinks, throw away own trash. useful--fast service, need fewer employees because customers do most of it--- you learn by observation, self check out
Conspicuous consumption
the ostentatious display of goods to define one's social status
class consciousness
the perception that a class structure exists along with a feeling of shared identification with others in one's class
NGE-elite model
social contract itself benefits those who are already powerful- private propety- cannot take other peoples stuff- private property laws- wealthy benefit from property laws
media in iraq- type of research
specific news stories, tv- content analysis- using pre-existing media
muslims in US-how are muslims and americans are similar
specific political, religious behaviors,
rational-legal authority
stems from rules and regulations, typically written down as laws, procedures, or codes of conduct
class system
stratification exists, but a person's placement in the class system can change according to personal achievements
what is the most prominent explanation for the recent growth of demand for seats at colleges with nationally recognize names
students seeking graduate schools, seek prestigious, and valuable undergraduate degrees
Aversive racism
subtle, covert and non-obvious racism
protestant ethic-days of the week
sundays
mcdonalds-who they employ
teens, senior citizens- why--part-time workers, flexible hours for school and older ppl cant work so long, first job are easy to train,
power
the ability to act or to exert influence over others Significance: distributed unequally, who has access to power? Ex: someone who has more money may have more power because they are able to afford schooling, become bosses CEO's etc.
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's group is superior to all other groups
hence top decisions tend either to become co-ordinated or to lead to a commanding indecision.
the controlling decisions in each order are inspected by agents of the other two, and economic, military, and political structures are interlocked. At the pinnacle of each of the three enlarged and centralized domains, there have arisen those higher circles which make up the economic, the political, and the military elites. At the top of theeconomy, among the corporate rich, there are the chief executives; at the top of the political order, the members of the political directorate; at the top of the military establishment, the elite of soldier-statesmen clustered in and around the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the upper echelon. As each of these domains has coincided with the others, as decisions tend to become total in their consequence, the leading men in each of the three domains of power—the warlords, the corporation chieftains, the political directorate—tend to come together, to form the power elite of America.
prejudice
the evaluation of a social group and the individuals within it, based on conceptions about the social group that are held despite facts that disprove them; the beliefs involve both prejudgment and misjudgment
homophobia
the fear and hatred of lesbians and gays
dominant group
the group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society
heterosexism
the institutionalization of heterosexuality
sexual politics
the link between sexuality and power, not just within relationships
schooling
the more formal, institutionalized aspects of education
life chances
the opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class
dude time-average tv consumption
trend consumption- US watch a lot of tv- 8hrs- all other countries- 3-4 hrs-- how to explain difference--functions and purposes are different, cultural norm difference, and material different- access to TV- updated results- US went down and japan and italy went up. change over time- usage changes- smart phone, and internet are reasons
T or F does the overall distribution of educational attainment remains stubbornly correlated with socioeconomic background
true
T or F higher education has not been the great equalizer between the distribution of priviledge in this country
true
muslims in US-definition of religion applies to muslims
unified, beliefs, practices- daily prayer, sacred- praying 5 times a day
NGE-why dont people vote
uninformed about process, satisfaction with status quo, dissatisfied with system-
social construction perspective
used by symbolic interaction theory to interpret sexual identity as learned not inborn
time bind-monopoly or oligopoly
utilities-1- duke energy, water- i choice, natural gas- 1 choice. technology- iphone, sports-NCAA, NFL, oligopoly- smart phone carriers, breakfast cereal- 3 companies,
reproduction thesis
variation in educational attainment essentially is a coating for pre-existing class inequalities.
dude time-focus group opinions
video games, keep them happy, keep them home, guilt money because cant spend time with them, marketing world- exposed to marketing message- 300 advertisements a day- entertainment, teens are studied -to see how to reach them- they are stubborn- respond to cool- cool hunting- search for certain kind of person- look for trend setters- culture spies, find a certain kind of kid- a leader, ---cool features-- tatoos, piercings, clothes, outside norms, specific trends---record players, jeans, the woman with cat meme
NGE-rise of the new global elite-about
what is like to be wealthy in society
authoritarian
where power is concentrated in the hands of a very few individuals who rule through centralized power and control
media in iraq- 3 types of reporting
with a group of military- combat mission, eat sleep with them- military protects them, military imbedded reporters; cowboy journalist- rent truck driver and body guard; journalist just stayed in safe areas and reported
The author of the contexts reader is _________
• Doug Hartman
