socy 101 final review questions
Determine what label best fits the following statements: 1) I know that vaccines are more dangerous than the illnesses they prevent, 2) I'm aware that vaccines do not cause autism, 3) I dislike getting a vaccine
1) Misconception, 2) fact, 3) opinion
Following Putnam's logic in the Freakonomics episode "Trust me" , which of the following behaviors would NOT increase societal trust?
Adding homophilous ties to your network
Which of the following answering options is an obstacle to the VALIDITY of a study?
Anchoring
The way a minority (person or group) adopts characteristics of the dominant culture
Assimilation
Following Putnam's logic in the Freakonomics episode "Trust me" , which of the following behaviors would increase societal trust?
Being more engaged in our community
In Freakonomics podcast "What gender barriers are made of", features an experiment by Dr. Bohnet examining perceptions of succesfull men and women. Two fictional characters were featured: Heidi, a woman, and Howard, a man. The outcome of the experiment was that participants liked Heidi less than Howard. Why was this?
Both did the same job, but Heidi was a woman and Howard was a man
According to lecture, what human tendency has facilitated polarization in the internet age?
Confirmation bias (believe info that confirms our pre-existing belief)
connection moves in one direction
Directed tie
our friends have more friends than we do
Friendship Paradox
According to lecture, which statement regarding biological sex is true?
Hormones affect primary and secondary sex characteristics
According to Mike Wiking in the Freakonomics podcast "How to be happy?", what might be responsible for the happiness-suicide paradox?
It might be more difficult to be unhappy in an otherwise happy society
According to lecture, there were several problems with the Stanford Prison Experiment. Which is one of them?
It wasn't replicable
The Freakonomics podcast "Does doing good give you the license to be bad?" discussed corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies. According to the episode, is a CSR policy always good for a company?
No, CSR can lead to moral licensing among employees
What is the best desciption of the bystander effect?
People are less likely to act in an emergency when others, in theory, are able to act as well
running the same procedure without the active intervention
Procedural Control
In lecture, we discussed the LaPierre study (1930). What was the Dependent Variable (DV) in this study?
Rate at which participants refused / claimed to refuse service to Chinese Americans
In lecture we discussed social shaming. Which statement about social shaming is TRUE?
Social shaming is a type of informal sanction
Which of the following statements regarding gender and biological sex is TRUE?
Some people are born in bodies that appear female at birth, but masculinize (change to male bodies) during adolescence
According to lecture, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The Equal Rights Amendment was ratified over half a century ago
In the Freakonomics episode "Does early education come way too late?" various research programs on childhood education are featured. Which of the following is CORRECT?
The Thirty Million Words program was initiated after two researchers found that children born into poverty experience, on average, 30 million fewer words by the age of three than their affluent peers.
Which of the following is NOT a tennet of evolution by natural selection?
The most dominant individuals within a species survive disproportionately
According to lecture, which of the following statements is TRUE?
The upper middle class is primarily shaped by education
According to lecture, which statement about race is correct?
There's more genetic variation within racial groups than between them
connection moves in both directions
Undirected Tie
According to lecture, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Various states in Africa and Asia have laws that actively oppose LGBTQ+ rights
In the Freakonomics episode "Preventing crime for pennies on the dollar", what was the intervention that was argued to prevent crime for pennies on the dollar?
Young men were taught how to change some of their automatic behaviors
Learning by doing, for example writing, speaking, creating, participating in class
active learning
section of network
components
a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group
informal sanctions
What was seen in the Illinois Workplace Wellness Study?
selection bias
situation in which the behavior of organisms yield two outcomes: 1. small positive outcome that is immediate 2. large negative outcome that is delayed
social trap
Which of the following best describes the core enterprise of Sociology?
to investigate contemporary societies and social interactions
a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results
value neutrality
either both win or both lose
zero-difference
During lecture we discussed prof. Lareau's research which defined two general parenting styles. Which parenting style, outlined by prof. Lareau, is more likely to prevent boredom and instill creativity in children?
"Natural Growth" parenting style
We want to study the relationship between dippin' dots ice-cream consumption and aggression. We suspect artificial additives in the dippin' dots are causing hyperactivity in the brain, which might lead to increased irritability and aggression. We collect data on dippin' dots consumption and aggression through surveys, and FIND our hypothesized correlation between dippin' dots consumption and aggression. However, once we take the outdoor temperature into account in our analyses, the correlation disappears. In this study, what is the appropriate term for the following variables? 1) temperature, 2) aggression, 3) dippin' dots consumption
1) Confounding variable, 2) Dependent variable, 3) Independent variable
desegregation of schools
1954 Brown vs. Board of Education
According to the Freakonomics podcast "The Fracking Boom, a Baby Boom, and the Retreat From Marriage", what percentage of children is born to unmarried mothers in the US nowadays?
40%
During World War II, German Nazi SS officers would routinely round up Jewish people found in hiding and shoot them. In the context of that place and time (Nazi Germany), what is this atrocious action an example of?
A sanction
The Freakonomics episode "Riding the Herd Mentality", describes a water shortage in Midlands, Texas. To avoid dealing with the worst repercussions of the draught, inhabitants were told to hold off on non-essential water use such as watering their lawns. Assume that the prevailing preference at that time was to have a beautiful lush green lawn. People prefer their own lawn green rather than dry and brown and would water secretly if they could get away with it. What term from your Komorita & Park reading best describes this situation?
A social trap
Racial Segregation in schools
According to your textbook, the Plessy v. Ferguson case set a precedent for which of the following?
A set of academic standards that outline what a student should know and be able to do at the end of each grade
According to your textbook, which of the following is the best definition of the "Common Core"?
An act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding
According to your textbook, which of the following is the best definition of the "No child left behind" program?
According to lecture, who of the following scholars emphasized that individual interests often align with collective interest?
Adam Smith in "The Wealth of Nations" (1776)
the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved.
Alienation
According to Heller, in the Freakonomics episode "Preventing crime for pennies on the dollar", how does "automaticity" work for kids from middle-class ordered environments, vs. kids from working-class chaotic environments?
All people display automaticity, but the way it manifests differs between these groups
Why is such a random sample an effective way to select participants?
All population members are equally likely to be selected for the study
The way a minority and majority group combine to form a new group
Amalgamation
According to lecture, the following statement about mortality patterns and inequality is TRUE:
At 40 years old, the difference in life expectancy between the top and bottom 1% earners in the US is about 10 years for women and about 15 years for men
In the Freakonomics podcast "Preventing crime for pennies on the dollar" researcher Sara Heller describes the concept "automaticity". Which of the following statements about automaticity is TRUE?
Automaticity develops in response to the environment in which we grow up
In lecture we discussed cultural capital, sorting, and tracking. Which of the following statements on these topics is FALSE?
Because tracking children into different levels of education tends to worsen existing inequalities, tracking is always a bad idea
Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. Which statement about black boys and social mobility is CORRECT?
Black boys raised in the top 1% are more likely to become poor than to stay wealthy
Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Black children have higher social mobility than Hispanic children
According to your textbook, which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group?
Blacks under apartheid in South Africa
Bridging capital may be ideal for accessing new ideas innovations, and additional resources outside an individual's immediate circle Bonding capital may provide more trust
Bonding Capital vs. Bridging Capital
In the Freakonomics episode "Trust me", Harvard sociologist Bob (Robert) Putnam describes decades long trends of social capital in the US. Which statement most accurately describes these trends?
Bonding capital has remained stable, bridging capital decreased
In lecture we discussed a study of Penner and Saperstein (2008) about racial classification. The study investigated the role of three factors: employment, incarceration, and poverty status, in people's racial (self-)classifications. Interviewers had to assess participants' race at various points in time, and participants had do assess their own race at various points in time. How were interviewers' classifications of participants' race AND participants' self-classification of their own race affected by participants' employment, incarceration, and poverty status?
Both interviewer classification of participants and participants' self-classification were affected
According to lecture, what is a defining characteristic of countries in which people report the highest levels of happiness?
Capitalism
Carpooling is one way to reduce car use and limit CO2 emissions. We want to study which cues are most likely to change people's carpooling behavior. We came up with four different cues (see the answering options below) which we will display on posters in 20 office buildings, each cue in 5 different buildings. We will measure the rate of carpooling in each office building before and after posters are hung. According to Robert Cialdini's argument in the Freakonomics episode "Riding the Herd Mentality", which of the following cues should result in the largest improvement in the office carpooling rate?
Carpool: most of your colleagues do it too!
In lecture, in the "Last Week Tonight" video, and in our textbook we learned about charter schools. Which of the following statements about charter schools is CORRECT?
Charter schools receive public money, but don't have to follow the same rules as public schools
The anxiety that influences members of a group concerned that their performance on the test will confirm a negative stereotype
Claude Steele - stereotype threat
In the picture below (from the Marketville highschool study) you see a red CIRCLE around a section of the Marketville highschool network. What network concept are the nodes and ties in this circle an example of?
Community
The Freakonomics podcast "Does doing good give you the license to be bad?" discussed corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies. Which of the following claims about CSR policies is FALSE?
Companies with CSR policies have more and more dedicated customers than companies without CSR policies
In lecture we discussed the PISA and PIAAC reports, which cover how Americans' educational skills compare to citizens of other OECD countries. Which of the following statements statement about comparactive educational attainment is CORRECT?
Compared to college graduates in OECD countries, American college graduates score below average in math
a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources
Conflict Theory
A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.
Counter Culture
Which statement best explains the occurence of transgenderism?
Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism
What is one likely CAUSE of the bystander effect?
Diffusion of responsibility when others are present
Biased actions against an individual or group
Discrimination
In lecture we discussed the American public school funding system. Which of the following statements about this system is TRUE?
Districts that mainly serve poor Black children have less funding per student than those which mainly serve poor white children
According to lecture, there were several issues with the Stanford Prison Experiment. Which one is NOT one of them?
Due to its flaws, no conclusions could be drawn from the study
In lecture we discussed the Pager (2003) study. This study found that prospective employers called Black applicants back less frequently than white applicants. Which of the following accounted for this finding?
Employers (un)consciously favored white applicants over Black applicants
In lecture we discussed several problems with purchasing material goods in order to signal one's status (conspicuous consumption). Which of the following is NOT one of these problems?
Even most upper-middle class jobs don't pay enough to purchase status goods, thus leading to a sense of relative deprivation
Which of the following societies is defined by a system of power based around land ownership and protection?
Feudal
a system of power based around land ownership and protection
Feudal Society
The Public Goods Paradigm represents a type of social dilemma that is:
Fully correspondent
The Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?" describes the mid-1990s experimental program "Moving to Opportunity" (MtO). In one MtO treatment condition, people from high-poverty neighborhoods were given housing vouchers that subsidized a move to a low-poverty neighborhood. Following the logic of researcher Raj Chetty, which of the following four interventions would have the largest positive effect on social mobility?
Give housing voucher to pregnant women
According to lecture, which statement about money and happiness is TRUE?
Happiness is more likely to result from spending money on experiences rather than status related material purchases
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
Hawthorne effect
How did Milgram figure out that people are, on average, connected to any random person on earth through a chain of six different individuals?
He had people get a letter to an unknown individual through a mail chain
According to lecture, what is a defining characteristic of countries in which people report the highest levels of happiness?
High levels of generalized trust
According to your textbook, children from which type of households benefit, on average, from divorce?
High-conflict households
According to the reading by Brody ("Social interaction is critical for mental and physical health"), people who lack close social ties experience a range of consequences. Which one is NOT mentioned in the article?
Higher accident proneness
tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar
Homophily
According to lecture, which statement regarding biological sex is true?
Hormones can affect whether an XX or XY individual looks and identifies as male or female
Which claim about uniqueness is correct?
Humans are unique among animals in certain ways, but not special from a biological standpoint
According to lecture, which statement is TRUE?
In 2016, Blacks were overrepresented in the prison and jail population
Which statement about economics and happiness is best supported by the Freakonomics episode "How to be happy?"
In the US, average happiness has stagnated, while income is still increasing
In the Freakonomics episode "How to be happy?", what statement does economist Jeff Sachs make?
In the US, income per person rises, but happiness does not
According to lecture, the following statement about mortality patterns and inequality is TRUE:
In the US, social class correlates with life expectancy: as one's social class goes up, life expectancy goes up as well
According to lecture, which of the following statements about incarceration and inequality is true?
Incarceration increases inequality because it reduces job prospects more for Black men with a criminal record than white men with a criminal record
According to Peter Calthorpe's talk "7 principles for building better cities", which of the following constitutes city design that is GOOD for peoples' well-being?
Include trees and public transport in urban design to minimize smog
As per class lecture, what is a downside of living together in groups?
Individuals are more likely to transmit diseases
The Freakonomics podcast featured the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study. How did the treatment condition in this study affect its participants?
It negatively affected life outcomes
What is the best depiction of the main point Sherman makes in her 2017 article "What the rich won't tell you"?
It's better to morally judge current high levels of inequality than to judge individuals for their wealth
The roots of the human capacity for cumulative culture are shared with other animals. But which of the following traits do animals, other than humans, NOT exhibit?
Language
According to Suskind in the Freakonomics episode "Does early education come way too late?", why is early intervention in the first three years of life so important for learning abilities?
Less exposure to language before age three results in a brain with a lower processing speed; this diminishes the chance of a child being able to "catch up" when older
During lecture we discussed prof. Lareau's research which defined two general parenting styles: the "Natural Growth" and the "Concered Cultivation" styles. What is a trait of the "Concerted Cultivation" parenting style?
Lower levels of authoritarian parenting
Which statement about the Milgram obedience study is TRUE?
Many participants were uncomfortable doing so, but all administered shocks to "learners"
A researcher hypothesizes that people will be more likely to obey orders from a person wearing blue pants than from a person wearing red pants. Using a coin toss, the researcher randomly assigns each participant to one of two conditions: 1) "Blue Pants" or 2) "Red Pants." Participants in both conditions are escorted to a room and then asked by an experimenter to administer shocks to a "learner" in an adjacent room when the learner responds incorrectly to a set of questions. In the "Blue Pants" condition, the experimenter wears BLUE pants. In the "Red Pants" condition, the same experimenter wears RED pants. The experimenter follows a predetermined script. Those in the BLUE pants condition were more likely to obey orders. Based on the information given, does this study meet the requirements of random assignment and procedural control?
Meets both the requirements of Random Assignment and Procedural Control
Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility?
Meritocracy
When legitimate reason for employment decision exists but decision was motivated by illegitimate reason
Mixed-motive situation
According to the Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?", what impact does residential segregation have on social mobility in neighborhoods?
More residential segregation decreases social mobility
symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
Mutualism
According to lecture, who receives the benefits of mutualism and when are these benefits received?
Mutualism benefits the helper and the receiver of help immediately
According to your textbook, which type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States?
Neglect
In Freakonomics podcast "The fracking boom, the baby boom, and the retreat from marriage", Dr. Kearneys research on the effects of the fracking boom on marriage and childbearing rates was featured. The fracking boom increased economic opportunity all around, especially for low-educated men. Did Dr. Kearney's research support the "marriageable men theory"?
No: marriage rates were unaffected
In the picture below (from the Marketville highschool study) there are four nodes marked with a letter (and color): A (orange), B (green), C (red), and D (blue). Which of these nodes is PART OF THE LARGEST NETWORK COMPONENT?
Node B (green)
In the picture below (from the Marketville highschool study) there are four nodes marked with a letter (and color): A (orange), B (green), C (red), and D (blue). Which of these nodes has relationships with the HIGHEST TRANSITIVITY?
Node D (blue)
According to Jennifer Senior's TED Talk "For parents, happiness is a very high bar", what statement about contemporary middle-class parenting is TRUE?
Parents in the US mostly consider their children "economically worthless, but emotionally priceless"
According to Jennifer Senior's TED Talk "For parents, happiness is a very high bar", what is the major historical change in terms of how people view their children?
Parents in the US used to consider their children as economic assets, whereas they now consider them to be of emotional value
What is the best description of the study procedure in Milgram's obedience study?
Participants were assigned to the role of "teacher". As teachers, they had to administer increasingly powerful electrical shocks to a "learner" when the learner made mistakes. Shocks were not actually administered, though participants were under the impression that they were. When participants voiced discomfort, the experimenter (dressed as an authority figure in a white lab coat), would urge them to continue with the experiment.
What is a finding of the Penner and Saperstein (2008) study about racial classification discussed in lecture?
Participants were more likely to re-classify themselves as white if they had not been previously incarcerated
You've watched the video "What is racial passing?", which of the following statements regarding the content of that video is FALSE?
Passing happens only when members of a minority (or subordinate) group aim to pass for a member of a majority (or dominant) group
What did the "sidewalk experiment" of Milgram from the "Connected" reading demonstrate?
People are more prone to engage in a behavior if they observe others engaging in it
According to your textbook, what makes a caste system a closed stratification system?
People cannot change their social standings.
In the Freakonomics episode "How to be happy?", writer Helen Russell describes her experience moving from London to a country with very high levels of self-reported happiness. Which statement does she NOT make?
People here generally have fewer children
People from different cultures inhabiting the same space: each culture keeps its own identity, but adds to the whole
Pluralism
Dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; and producing and consuming machine-made goods.
Pop Culture ( Popular Culture)
A few occurrences account for a significantly outsized proportion of the total.
Power Law Distribution
In the Freakonomics episode "Does early education come way too late?" the Sesame Street study was featured. Which statement about the Sesame Street study is TRUE?
Preschool age kids who could watch Sesame Street were less likely to fall behind at school than their peers
Wikipedia is an information resource that is freely accessible throughout the United States, among other countries. Wikipedia's founder decided against commercializing the platform and also decided against requesting a membership fee. Therefore, the company exists by the grace of user donations. Even for those who do not donate, this website is accessible. But if nobody donated, Wikipedia would cease to exist in its current form. What type of social dilemma best characterizes Wikipedia?
Public Good
What was an independent variable in the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study, featured in Freakonomics episode "When helping hurts"?
Receiving mentoring
something that forces obedience with a law or rule
Sanctions
According to lecture, which of the following actions is LEAST likely to result in long-term happiness and life satisfaction?
Scoring a good deal on a Rolex watch
The separation of two groups, particularly in where they live, but also at work and during socializing
Segregation
Imagine that we are interested in illegal drug use among college students. To measure illegal drug use, we hang flyers across campus asking students to volunteer for a study about illegal drug use. On the flyer we state that part of the study includes a drug test and that the researchers will need to report illicit drug use among students to the authorities. After completing 100 drug tests among student-volunteers, we find no active illegal drug use among students. The results of this study are likely affected by:
Selection Bias
Which of the following statements is supported by the result of the Cambridge Summerville Youth Study, featured in the "Why Helping Hurts" Freakonomics podcast?
Social interventions can result in negative consequences for participants
The following is a quote from the Sherman (2017) news article "What the rich won't tell you": "Some [affluent interviewees] even identified as "middle class" or "in the middle," typically comparing themselves with the super-wealthy, who are especially prominent in New York City, rather than to those with less." In other words, even if you are rich, you may perceive yourself as middle class if you compare yourself with very high-net worth individuals. What concept does this quote illustrate?
Social rank hypothesis
What is the best definition of Conflict Theory?
Society is inherently inequal: individuals compete for resources and some are able to obtain more resources than others
During lecture we discussed the Terman Life Cycle Study and its subsequent re-analyses; e.g. those featured in the Psychology Today article also addressed in lecture. Which of the following conclusions can we draw from this body of evidence?
Socio-economic status may be a better predictor of life success than IQ
Ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives Ex. American Dream>>>> social forces play large role in opportunity/success or failure
Sociological Imagination
Someone who makes the Fundamental Attribution Error in that moment lacks
Sociological Imagination
Which of the following is "A proposed explanation about social interactions or society"?
Sociological Theory
Which of the following is "A testable proposition about social interactions or society"?
Sociological hypothesis
Which statement does Andrew Solomon make about the treatment of gay people globally in his TED Talk "How the worst moments in our lives make us who we are" ?
Some countries legally use torture against gay individuals
In the Freakonomics episode: "5 Psychology terms you're probably misusing", the story of Kitty Genovese was recounted. What is one of the lessons that we can draw from her story?
Sometimes, the true story doesn't map on to the effect that it has been argued to portray
Which concept is defined as follows: "The inequal distribution of rewards among members of society"?
Stratification
a conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium
Structural Functionalism
a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.
Sub-culture
According to your textbook, what Western country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex?
Sweden
Society is subjectively represented in the mind; individuals come to understand their social worlds through exchanging language and symbols with others.
Symbolic Interactionism
Which study that we discussed in class is most notorious for violating ethics requirements for social science research?
Tearoom Trade study (Humphreys 1970)
n lecture we discussed the American public school funding system. Which of the following statements about this system is FALSE?
The American public school funding system promotes social mobility among children
tendency to attribute others' behavior to their dispositions and our own behaviors to our situations
The Fundamental Attribution Error
According to the Freakonomics podcast "The Fracking Boom, a Baby Boom, and the Retreat From Marriage", which of the following lowered the rate of teen pregnancy in the US?
The MTV show "16 and pregnant"
Alejandra states: "Success in life can snowball: good opportunities may bring even better opportunities." What concept does Alejandra's statement illustrate?
The Matthew Effect
the rich get richer and the poor get poorer
The Matthew Effect
In lecture we discussed international comparisons in happiness. (E.g. the 2018 World Happiness Report.) Which of the following statements regarding happiness in the United States is TRUE?
The United States scores lower than Canada on self-reported happiness
According to lecture, which statement concerning the age that women have babies is TRUE?
The age distribution of first-time mothers had one peak in 1980 and two peaks in 2016
The tendency to blame individuals for being obese, while not taking into account the effects of their culture, geographic location, availability of affordable health foods, time constraints, and medical conditions is an example of what?
The fundamental attribution error
According to Prof. Goldin, featured in lecture, which statement about the gender pay gap is correct?
The gender pay gap is mostly due to women selecting into more flexible jobs with fewer promotions
The motherhood penalty is best described as
The pay gap between men and women that is due to the need for caretakers (predominantly mothers) to take flexible jobs that have fewer opportunities for promotion
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
The phenomenon of "mother's intuition" is primarily explained by socialization, not biology
According to the Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?", what impact does family composition have on social mobility in neighborhoods?
The proportion of single-parent families in a neighborhood correlates with lower social mobility for all children, regardless of their own family composition
The Illinois Workplace Wellness Study investigated whether workplace wellness programs (WWPs) are effective at promoting (among other things) health and job satisfaction in employees. The study had two different outcomes. The first outcome was that WWPs were effective. The second outcome was that WWPs were not effective. The latter outcome (WWPs are NOT effective) was the REAL result. What explained the difference in these two outcomes?
The study compared results from an observational design with an experimental design
The Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. Which statement about African American and white children who grow up in poor families is correct?
The worst places for poor white children to grow up are almost all better than the best places for poor African American children to grow up
In the Freakonomics podcast "The Fracking Boom, a Baby Boom, and the Retreat from Marriage", a certain demographic of children experiences (on average!) the following beneficial outcomes: they have lower rates of poverty, higher cognitive test scores in childhood, fewer behavioral problems, are less likely to be poor when they're 25, more likely to complete college, and less likely to become young, unmarried parents. What condition is responsible for these beneficial outcomes for children?
These are children who live with two married parents
In the Sherman (2017) "What the rich won't tell you" reading, what was the main sentiment that the affluent individuals interviewed by Sherman voiced?
They felt the need to avoid the moral stigma of privilege by downplaying or hiding their wealth
At the outset of the Stanford Capital Punishment study, 50% of the participants believed that capital punishment prevented crime. How were their beliefs and the strength of ther beliefs affected by the study?
They still thought that capital punishment prevented crime. The strength of their beliefs increased
During lecture we discussed the Terman Lifecycle Study and its subsequent re-analyses; e.g. those featured in the Psychology Today article also addressed in lecture. Which of the following statements about the participants in this study is FALSE?
They were among the most productive intellectual elite of that time
According to lecture, who of the following scholars stated that a strong leader is needed to maintain social order because people's natural state is to be at war with each other?
Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" (1651)
connections between people
Transivity
You have two friends: your roommate Bastian and your friend from SOCY 101 Alexia. Over time Bastian and Alexia become friends too. What has changed in your friendship network?
Transivity increased
In the Freakonomics podcast, the researchers of the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study speculated on the cause of the treatment's effects. According to these researchers, what might have explained the result of their study?
Treatment group participants might have experienced negative effects from being around other high-risk participants.
Which of the following is the best description of the main message of Freakonomics podcast "What gender barriers are made of"?
We can make improvements in gender equality in the workplace by some relatively small changes in hiring and recruitment practices
Which statement best summarizes the article "Telling the Truth about Damned Lies and Statistics" (Best)?
We must improve our ability to judge the quality of statistics to overcome the issue of bad statistics
According to Freakonomics podcast "What gender barriers are made of", what is an example of how we can level the playing field (i.e. create equal opportunities) for women?
We need to veer away from unstructured face-to-face job interviews and conduct more standardized application procedures
Whales vocalize different kinds of whale songs depending on their location and on the current song "trend". What does this tell us about whales?
Whales have culture
Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
When Black and white children start with the same advantages, they fare equally well
According to your textbook, when does structural mobility occur?
When a group of people changes position on the class ladder due to changes in society
The Freakonomics podcast "The Fracking Boom, a Baby Boom, and the Retreat From Marriage", discusses the "Marriageable Men Theory". What is the most accurate description of the Marriageable Men Theory?
Women are more likely to want to marry men who have a decent, steady income: a decline in economic security of less-educated men causes the rise in nonmarital childbearing and retreat from marriage.
Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype?
Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded
According to Dr. Strober in Freakonomics podcast "What gender barriers are made of", what intervention led more women to apply to business schools in the 1970s?
Women were actively recruited by business schools
According to lecture, which statement about money and happiness is TRUE?
Working longer hours to earn more money can detract from time that could be spent cultivating social relations
Brent thinks that Vietnamese culture is a more wholesome culture than his own (American). What trait does Brent display?
Xenocentrism
According to Freakonomics podcast "Preventing crime for pennies on the dollar", how might growing up in a chaotic environment with low rule enforcement affect your automatic behaviors at school?
You are more likely to stand up for yourself in response to perceived challenges
When people decide to change their background and social identifiers in order to obtain certain benefits
You've watched the video "What is racial passing?" Which of the following statements best describes what passing is?
a society that uses plows and draft animals in growing food
agricultural society
a tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information
anchoring bias
According to your textbook, which of the following concepts best describes the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology?
biological determinism
Two friends, Tonya and Monica, are the same age, go to school together, and both like basketball and horse back riding. Their relationship is an example of:
bonding capital
According to your textbook, Shaw and McKay explained crime with which theory?
cultural deviance theory
a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime
cultural deviance theory
According to your textbook, which of the following concepts best describes the tendency to prohibit premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men?
double standard
social norms enforced through the laws of the criminal justice system
formal sanctions
the difficulties that people face in life tend to be more cognitively available than the advantages that they enjoy
headwinds/tailwinds asymmetry
classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences
high culture
a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools
horicultural society
peer-to-peer
horizontal cultural transmission
Which of the following societies does not have permanent residents?
hunter-gatherers
Your friend is always there for you when you need her. Unfortunately, she got sick last night. So today you are cooking her a pan of soup, because that's what friends do. This is an example of:
inclusive fitness
refers to the idea that an organism improves their own genetic success through altruistic social behavior
inclusive fitness theory
a society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels
industrial society
In the Publix on Rosewood Drive (here in Columbia) you are required to wear a mask, though the police are not closely monitoring the situation. Nobody is guarding the entrance and you decide to walk in without a mask because you don't feel like it today. While getting your groceries, fellow shoppers are giving you angry looks. What are the people in the store engaging in?
informal sanctions
societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services
information societies
the principle that natural selection favors those who risk their own lives or welfare to improve the survival and reproductive prospects of their genetic relatives (no benefit to helper)
kin altruism
the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
labeling theory
he Prisoner's Dilemma represents a type of social dilemma that is
mixed motive
After doing something ethical, many people then have a tendency to act unethically
moral licensing
a group of people who are much more connected to one another than they are to other groups of connected people found in other parts of the network
network community
the separation of men and women into different kinds of jobs
occupational segregation
Students are taught in a non stimulating and inactive atmosphere.
passive learning
societies based around the domestication of animals as resource for survival
pastoral societies
research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data
qualitative research
research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
quantitative research
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
random assignment
behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future (helper receives benefit)
reciprocal altruism
the tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable
social desirability bias
The Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?", mentions five main factors that affect social mobility in neighborhoods. Which one of the four options below is one of those factors?
social quality
In the Freakonomics episode "Riding the Herd Mentality", Robert Cialdini referenced an experiment that examined four interventions aimed at reducing people's energy consumption. Through which mechanism did the most effective intervention work?
social validation
Oversimplified thoughts about groups of people
stereotyping
parent to offspring
vertical cultural transmission
political outcome in which one side wins and the other loses
zero-sum
