Test 3
Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms
Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?
Propositional
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories
In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n)
artifact
Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing
at the far side of the front yard, away from the house
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
cognitive hypothesis
"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT
imagery requires a special mechanism
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
prototype
_____ is a :typical" member of a category
prototype
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
transition points
Imagery neurons respond to
an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image
According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?
anterior temporal lobe
Jacoby's experiment in which participants made judgements about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattribution occurred after a delay of
24 hours
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as Res for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird Trial 2: A penguin is a bird Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird
583: 653: 518 ms
According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in visual cortex?
A pink beachball on your towel
Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?
Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.
The conceptual peg would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?
Cake mug
Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?
Cortisol
Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?
Family resemblance
Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?
Freedom
Which of the following represents a basic level item?
Guitar
What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe to the brain?
Image processing will be reduced by half
Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?
Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."
A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following?
Layout
Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?
Thought is always accompanied my imagery
Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?
Winning the first grade spelling bee
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
after the event
Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then we ask them the basic question about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would except the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside
a bumblebee
Mental scanning experiments found
a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?
a field sparrow is an animal
The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as
a method of loci
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether
a presented stimulus is a word
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of
a sequence of actions
The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT
a spatial layout
A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be
a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title
According to Collins and Quillians semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
a turtle is an animal
One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize
abstractions
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?
accurate
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
adolescence and young adulthood
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?
after 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of "every day" events
In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of sides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was
auditory from a female speaker
Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?
cognitive economy
Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units
back propagation
According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories reflects people's every day experience
basic
Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?
before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero
Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with
boat ____ - car_____
Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ____.
chronometry
which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the follow sentence? the property _____is stored at the ____node.
can fly; bird
The conclusion to be drawn from the man names Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on
category members that have been encountered in the past
Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."
concepts
Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network
connection weights
One of the key properties of the ____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network
connectionist
The process of back propagation is most closely associated with
connectionist networks
According to the ___ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
constructive
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter that the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This games shows how memory is a ____ process.
constructive
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the
constructive nature of memory
The key difference between dedicative representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?
content
Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved
creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge
In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as
crowding
It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.
crowding
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
cryptoamnesia
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on
cultural expectations
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation
Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___ approach of categorization.
definitional
Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
depictive representation
the four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is
distributed
Which of the following is the most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)?
emotion
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?
even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ____ approach to categorization
exemplar
Research suggests that the ___ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).
exemplar
Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?
exemplar
___ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
exemplars
Mental imagery involves
experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus
facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time
Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
failing to elaborately rehearse these kinds of events due to fear
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is
family resemblance
Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project"visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that
imagery and perception can interact with one another
Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,
increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.
Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title od the song id often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ____ in playing the game.
inner audition
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory
involves making inference
Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will we LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal
is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized
The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery
is based on spatial or language mechanisms
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
it is a memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time
In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that
it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images
According to the typicality effect
items that are high in prototypically are judged more rapidly as being in a group
Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?
learning
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated
less efficiently than normal
Experiments that argue a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increase since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
make more errors in their recollection
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities
Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using
mental chronometry
Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.
mental scanning
Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___ experiment.
mental walk
Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bon doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves
more exemplars than Bob's
After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?
multidimensional
Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. Hs behavior shows
neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned
In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a
node
The pegboard technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their
order
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
parallel distributed processing theory
Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perk's results was that
people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present
Ganis and coworkers (2004) used to fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that
perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does
Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex
plays a casual role in both perception and imagery
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer
______ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence
pragmatic inference
Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?
prefrontal cortex
spreading activation
primes associated concepts
3x + 9 = 16 is a ____ representation
propositional
As described in your text, the pegboard technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT
propositions
Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?
repetition
Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.
repressed
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
schema
In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of ____ on memory.
schemas
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.
script
A person who has been diagnosed with ____ dementia has difficultly recognizing both living things and artifacts
semantic
According to the ___ approach, there are certain types that have specific neural circuits in the brain
semantic category
The ____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation
semantic network
According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ____ and one that distinguishes _____.
sensory attributes; function
Your text describes the case of MGS who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of MGS pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex in involved in the
size of the field of view
The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?
smell perfume
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and
source misattribution
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgements for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of ____ on memory
source misattributions
Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors
source monitoring
A mental rotation task is focused on the ____ aspect of imagery
spatial
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.
spatial
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model
spreading activation
Complete the following analogy; perception is to __ as imagery is to ____
stone; smoke
Items high on prototypically have ___ family resemblance
strong
According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?
strong encoding
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___ categories results in the largest gain in information
superordinate level to basic level
According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?
synapse activity
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
the distance that must be traveled through the network
which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences
the embodied approach
The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when
the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned
Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.
the method of loci
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
the person took himself or herself
Stanny and Johnson's "weapon focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that
the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event
Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay , say a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed
the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."
the same as
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves
the same participants remembering some information at longer intervals after learning the information
For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi" knowing that, we can also reason that
the word "fruit" will lead to larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi
The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g., the pegboard technique) is that these techniques work because
they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance
Leaving a footprint in the wet sand-with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified--is similar to what concept?
tomographic map
Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap?
transcranial magnetic stimulation
Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____
tree; oak
Which of the following would be in a basic level category?
truck
Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds
two
an advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___ effect
typicality
Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the difference between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ______.
using visual images; deactivated
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them
Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that
when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?
working units
