Thinking and Intelligence
What are the three criteria that are used to determine whether an idea is creative?
**original, useful, surprising
Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around
12 months
Intrapersonal intelligence
Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals Key component of personal success over time
Spatial intelligence
Ability to perceive the relationship between objects and how they move in space Choreographer, sculptor, architect, aviator, sailor
Interpersonal intelligence
Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others Counselor, social worker, salesperson
The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by
Alfred Binet
How does an algorithm save you time and energy when solving a problem?
An algorithm is a proven formula for achieving a desired outcome. It saves time because if you follow it exactly, you will solve the problem without having to figure out how to solve the problem. It is a bit like not reinventing the wheel.
Name and describe biases (ARCHA)
Anchoring: Tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving Representative: Unintentional stereotyping of someone or something Confirmation: Focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs Hindsight: Belief that the event just experienced was predictable Availability: Decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty
artificial concepts
Concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and mathematical formulas.
Trial and error
Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved. This is a slow process. Ex. Restarting phone, turning off WiFi, turning off bluetooth in order to determine why your phone is malfunctioning
Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based off of work done by
David Wechsler
the ________ shows that each generation tends to have a higher IQ than the last generation.
Flynn Effect
multiple intelligences theory
Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
Heuristic
General problem-solving framework Saves time, but is not always the best method Ex. Working backwards; breaking a task into steps "rule of thumb" Another useful heuristic is the practice of accomplishing a large goal or task by breaking it into a series of smaller steps (-students writing an essay)
Many people believe their dreams to be a forecast of their future. How might confirmation bias explain this?
Here are two sources of confirmation bias that explain why some people believe their dreams predict the future: - People who believe their dreams to be a forecast of the future are likely to only remember the very few times when they dreamt about something and it actually happened a short while later. They ignore evidence from the much larger number of their dreams that don't predict the future. - When talking with others, they are likely to do the same. They remember stories from others who told them about dreams predicting future events and conveniently "forget" the ones that don't.
Bodily kinesthetic intelligence
High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks Dancer, athlete, athletic coach, yoga instructor
Naturalist intelligence
High capacity to appreciate the natural world and interact with the species within it Biologist, ecologist, environmentalist
About 2% of the population have
IQs above 130.
heuristics
Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that often lead to a solution (but not always).
_______ concepts are the ones we know through experience.
Natural
oncepts are the ones we know through experience.
Natural
Logical-mathematical intelligence
Numerical patterns, strong ability to use reason and logic Scientist, mathematician
How could grammatical errors actually be indicative of language acquisition in children?
People tend to talk about the things that are important to them or the things they think about the most. What we talk about, therefore, is a reflection of our values.
How do words not only represent our thoughts but also represent our values?
People tend to talk about the things that are important to them or the things they think about the most. What we talk about, therefore, is a reflection of our values.
linguistic intelligence
Perceives different functions of language, different sounds and meanings of words, may easily learn multiple languages Journalist, novelist, poet, teacher
triarchic theory of intelligence
Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions
Explain why event schemata have so much power over human behavior.
Rooted in the social fabric of our communities. We expect people to behave in certain ways in certain types of situations, and we hold ourselves to the same social standards. It is uncomfortable to go against an event schema—it feels almost like we are breaking the rules.
Syntax
Sentence structure
Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because
She already has a concept for doctor's offices and applies this to the new office.
Algorithm
Step-by-step problem-solving formula Ex. Instruction manual for installing new software on your computer
the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met
Too much information Time to make a decision is limited Decision to be made is unimportant Access to very little information to use in making the decision Heuristic happens to come to mind in the same moment
Musical intelligence
Understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch, and tone; may play multiple instruments or perform as a vocalist Composer, performer
Describe a situation in which you would need to use practical intelligence.
You are out with friends and it is getting late. You need to make it home before your curfew, but you don't have a ride home. You need to get in touch with your parents, but your cell phone is dead. So, you enter a nearby convenience store and explain your situation to the clerk. He allows you to use the store's phone to call your parents, and they come and pick you and your friends up, and take all of you home.
What is a learning disability?
a neurological disorder
anchoring bias
a tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Functional fixedness
a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for. ex. 25 paperclip uses
Which is the faster technique for solving a problem? a. heuristics b. algorithms c. trial and error
a. heuristics
Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a a. natural concept b. category c. artificial concept
a. natural concept
Crystallized intelligence
acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. When you learn, remember, and recall information, you are using crystallized intelligence.
A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________
algorithm
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
anchoring
Margot doesn't feel like explaining all of the events from her day to her mom because she would need to explain too many of the details in order to set the stage for her stories. In this instance, Margot
and her mother do not share common ground
Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a
artificial concept.
Range of Reaction
asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall
When talking to a stranger about your sister, Ramona, you probably don't mention her by name and instead say, "my younger sister." This is because of
audience design
Because Jackie has seen so many documentaries about shark attacks, she is afraid to swim in the ocean. Chris tries to convince her that she's overreacting because more people actually die from bee stings than shark bites. Jackie's belief is an example of the:
availability heuristic
phoneme
basic sound unit of a given language
About 2% of the population have IQs in the range of:
below 70
Creative intelligence
can include finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art or a well-developed short story Ex. The person in your group who figures out a way to successfully brew coffee for everyone would be credited as having higher creative intelligence.
Pronoun drop is more likely to occur in ________ cultures
collectivist
Jaxon sat down next to Harvey on the bus and immediately asked, "did you see Harper's stats last night?" Because they share ________, Jaxon didn't need to explain that he was talking about the baseball game.
common ground
Natural concepts
concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world Ex. Snow
Kate cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kate's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
creative
Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?
dyslexia
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.
experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores.
Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require ________ intelligence
fluid
earning how to operate new program on your computer would require ________ intelligence.
fluid
Two-thirds of typical conversations are about ________.
gossip
Define originality.
having a low probability, unique
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called _______
heuristic
Lewis Termin did research on those with ________ IQs and found them to be well-adjusted adults.
high
Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.
higher correlation
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain:
how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem solving, in addition to other cognitive processes
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of _______
human thinking
heritability of intelligence
identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit a higher correlation between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together. The findings from this study reveal a genetic component to intelligence
onouns like "I", "me", and "my" are used more often in ________ cultures.
individualistic
Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world.
ingroups and outgroups
prototype
is the best example or representation of a concept. Example, for the category of civil disobedience: Rosa Parks.
A bell curve relies on a ________ sample.
large
Hindsight bias
leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't "I knew it all along"
Words and expressions are known as ________, but the rules that explain how they go together are called ________.
lexicon, syntax
Chinese speakers
may be more prone to think of time on a vertical or horizontal plane.
______ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning
morphemes
Esther has an ear for music and can play songs on the piano she has only heard once before. She has high ________ intelligence.
musical
Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a
natural concept
Priming
occurs when your thinking about one concept (e.g., "ring") reminds you about other related concepts (e.g., "marriage", "wedding ceremony"
What are the three criteria that are used to determine whether an idea is creative?
originality, flexibility, elaboration
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. Ex. Navigating your way home after being detoured onto an unfamiliar route because of road construction would draw upon your fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence helps you tackle complex, abstract challenges in your daily life, whereas crystallized intelligence helps you overcome concrete, straightforward problems
The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are
phoneme, morpheme, syntax.
_______ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
phonemes
Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"
practical
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
representative
Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?
sample size
An event schema is also known as a cognitive _______
script
The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ______
semantics
event schema (cognitive script)
set of behaviors that can feel like a routine. Automatic, difficult to change. ex. picking up the phone. Even when driving, and endangering lives, we still are programmed to pick up the phone.
role schema
set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role ex. women being doctors
Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.
syntax
________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences
syntax
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?
team captain
social brain hypothesis (Dunbar)
the hypothesis that the human brain has evolved, so that humans can maintain larger ingroups
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts; linguistic determinism
Representative bias
the tendency to generalize from a small sample or a single event ex. professors going to amusement parks instead of reading
in order for something to be classified as creative, it should be original
useful, and surprising.
Mental Sets (Obstacles to Problem Solving)
when you approach the problem the same way, even if it's ineffective
availability heuristic
you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision. ex. Murders vs suicide rates in America. Most people would guess there are more murders because of how its covered in the media, even though there are far more suicides. erroneous assumption that the easier it is to think of instances of something, the more often that thing occurs.
