Tissue (Ch. 4)
The Haversian system (osteon) consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings called
lamellae
Adipose tissue
Contains cells that store large amounts of fat.
Primary blast cell for connective tissue proper?
Fibroblast
Which cutaneous receptor is specialized for touch or light pressure?
Meissners corpuscles
My/o
Muscle
Arteries, veins and lymphatic keep clots from sticking as long as their _____ is intact and healthy
endothelium
4 types of tissue
epithelial connective muscle nervous
Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired? nervous tissue; ectodermconnective tissue; mesodermepithelium; endoderm and ectodermmuscle; endoderm
ervous tissue; ectoderm ?
A smooth muscle cell has a central nucleus but lacks striations.
true
Inflammation
A consequence of the release of histamine and of complement activation
Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of
Bone formation
What is within the cartilage and divides to secrete new matrix
Condroblasts
The first step in tissue repair involves ________.
inflammation
Trabeculae
irregular bony plates that are found in spongy bone.
An Acid with a PH of 6 has a
10 fold more hydrogen ions than pure water
When dose Mesenchyme begin to differentiate into mature connective tissues?
3 weeks after embryonic development
B cell
B cell or T cell: Progeny are plasma cells
2 types of liquid connective tissues
BLOOD & LYMPH
What tissue is composed of cells in a fluid matrix?
Blood
ABCD rule B
Border Irregularity
Scar tissue is a variety of
Connective tissue
Scar tissue is a variety of (a) epithelium, (b) connective tissue, (c) muscle tissue, (d) nervous tissue, (e), all of these
Connective tissue
___ and ___ are parts of a nerve cell.
Dendrites and axons
Cardi/o
Heart
Parietal layers
Lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity
The tissue immediately responsible for body movement
Muscle
Sweat gland, errcrine
Sudoriferous gland
What is the function of macrophages?
The macrophage system is involved in overall body defenses. Its cells are phagocytic and act in the immune response.
B Cells and T Cells
The major actors in the immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the __ _____ and the ___ _____.
Stratum granulosum
The third deepest layer of the epidermis.
Muscle
The tissue immediately responsible for body movement
Nervous Tissue
The tissue that enables us to be aware of the external environment and to react to it
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that assists with the
adaptive immune response.
What causes a hair to stand up straight?
arrector pili muscle
An arrector pili muscle (a) in associated with each sweat gland (b) can cause a hair to stand up straight (c) enables each hair to be stretched when wet (d) provides new cells for continued growth of its associated hair.
b
After open heart surgery, the heart's pumping efficiency may be reduced because__________. the undamaged cardiac muscle cells become fatigued from the energy expended during the healing process. growth of adhesions can interfere with normal heart pumping activity. fibrosis will reduce the heart's effectiveness. both adhesions and fibrosis will interfere with the heart's normal pumping activity and reduce its effectiveness.
both adhesions and fibrosis will interfere with the heart's normal pumping activity and reduce its effectiveness Adhesions are fibrous scars that form between internal organs, which joins them together abnormally. When tissue is injured, fibrous connective tissue reproduces rapidly and forms a scar. This tissue type lacks the normal function of cardiac tissue.
Cubiodal
box-like, cube
What are two types of adaptive immunitys?
cellular antibody-mediated
modified apocrine sweat glands in external ear canal. secretion mixes with sebum to form cerum
ceruminous glands
separations or less dense regions of the collagen fiber bundles in the reticular layer. incisions made parallel to these lines heal more readily and gape less
cleavage lines
Hematomas
clotted blood masses
The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is
collagen
dense irregular
composed mostly of collagen fibers, with some fibroblasts and elastic fibers found where great tension is exerted in many directions - heart valves, skin, periosteum of bone, membrane around cartilage, membrane capsules around some organs Function: - provides strength
middle layer of hair shaft. many layers of flattened cells. surrounds medulla in thicker hair
cortex
Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
covers the surfaces of your body, inside and out
Matrix is a characteristic of which type of tissue? a. epithelial b. neural c. muscle d. connective
d. connective
A type of junction common in cardiac and smooth muscle tissues is the a. hemidesmosome b. basal lamina c. tight junction d. gap junction
d. gap junction
Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy.
endothelium
The rule of nines is helpful clinically in estimating what?
extent of burn
Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of
fibers and ground substance
Connective tissue matrix is composed of ________. -ground substance and cells -all organic compounds -cells and fibers -fibers and ground substance
fibers and ground substance
Squamous
flattened and scale-like
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells? -goblet cells -mast cells -cilia -macrophages
goblet cells
The blast cell for blood production is the ________. -fibroblast -hemocytoblast -osteoblast -chondroblast
hemocytoblast
The first step in tissue repair involves ________. -formation of scar tissue -replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells -proliferation of fibrous connective tissue -inflammation
inflammation
The first step in tissue repair involves_________
inflammation
nucleus
is a large organelle tht houses most of the cells DNA
cell biology
is the scientfic study of cellular structure & function
Smooth muscle __________. A) has striations B) is under involuntary control C) contains intercalated discs D) has long, cylindrical cells
is under involuntary control
Glandular Epithellium
made up of one cell or specialized epithelial cells secretes substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood Two types: - endocrine - exocrine Function: - secretion
Which tissue type is responsible for regulating and controlling body functions? connective tissue blood muscle tissue nervous tissue
nervous tissue Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system, which regulates and controls body functions. Note: the other control system of the body is the endocrine system, which is primarily composed of glandular epithelial tissue.
Which of the following glands might utilize the secretory mechanism and duct structure shown in A
pancreas
Which of the following glands might utilize the secretory mechanism and duct structure shown in A?
pancreas
Lines much of the respiratory tract
pseudostratified columnar
extracellular matrix
surrounds mature connective tissue cells
plasma membrane which surronds & contains
the cytoplasm of a cell ; composed of proteins nd lipids .
Cutaneous sensory receptors include
touch/pressure, temperature and pain
Cells 3 and 6 are both classified as ______. blast cells red blood cells epithelial cells white blood cells
white blood cells Cell 3 (a lymphocyte) and cell 6 (a neutrophil) are two types of white blood cell.
Cranial Nerve VII. (name and major function)
Facial- sense of taste, moves expressive facial muscles.
True or False? Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures.
False
The dermis of the skin is a strong flexible connective tissue layer and is composed of what cells types?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
Patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. likley treatment for person?
Giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask
F
T/F A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity
F
T/F Aging trends to increase bony spread within the body as chonrocytes die
F they are ductless glands
T/F Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands
T
T/F The role of brown fat is to warm the body; whereas the role of white fat is to site nutrients
T
T/F simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in area where secretion and absorption occur
T
T/F Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface
F Holocrine
T/F Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures
ENDOCYTOSIS
TINY VESICLES DETACH THEMSELVES FROM THE PLASMA MEMBRANE TO MOVE MATERIALS ACROSS THE MEMBRAN
RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation
TRNA
LIPID BILAYER
TWO BACK TO BACK LAYERS MADE UP OF 3 TYPES OF LIPIDS MOLECULES - PHSOPHOLIPIDS, CHOLESTROL AND GLYCOLOIPIDS
(4.5) EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES -
TYPES INCLUDE MUCOUS, SEROUS AND CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES
Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a relatively limited number of functions are called a. cellular aggregates b. tissues c. organs d. organ systems e. organisms
b. tissues
Sebum (a) lubricates the surface of the skin and hair (b) consists of cell fragments and fatty substances (c) in excess may cause seborrhea (d) all of these
d
A light skin person may appear pink when they become overheated. Explanation for this:
the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to teh skin.
The sensations of touch and pressure are picked up by receptors located in
the dermis
hard, dead keratinocytes make up
hair and nails
folds epidermis into dermis (in scalp, even into hypodermis). expands to form hair bulb
hair follicle
Plasmin
important enzyme present in blood that degrades many blood plasma proteins, most notably, fibrin clots.
endoderm
innermost of the three primary germ layers of the embryo tissues derived- digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, urethra
pericardium
membrane that surrounds the heart
__________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells.
mucins
What type of connective tissue is found only in the umbilical cord?
mucous connective tissue
The membrane which line body cavities that open to the exterior is a(n)
mucous membrane
An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a __________.
multicellular simple gland
Compact bone is composed of long cylindrical columns called
osteons
covering and lining epithelium
outer layer of skin, outer surface of some internal organs, inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
Contrast the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the lungs
parasym. constricts bronchioles while sym. dilates bronchioles
layered keratinized skin cells
physical barrier
epithelial tissue *function*
protection absorption filtration excretion secretion sensory reception
makes up 80% of thickness of the dermis. irregular, dense fibrous connective tissue cutaneous plexus lies between this and the hypodermis. matrix is adipose cells and collagen fibers
reticular layer
The framework of organs such as the spleen and liver is made up of _________ tissue
reticular tissue
What lubricates the surface of the skin and hair, consists of cell fragments and fatty substances, and in excess may cause seborrhea?
sebum
epidermis and upper dermis burnt. redness, swelling, pain, blisters
second degree burn
Which of the following is not an epidermal derivative?: a) hair; b) sweat gland; c) sensory receptor; d) sebaceous gland.
sensory receptor
peripheral proteins
serve as enzymes and linkers; support the plasma membrane; anchor intergral proteins; and participate in mechanical activities.
Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
simple squamous
Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes? -simple columnar -simple squamous -simple cuboidal -pseudostratified columnar
simple squamous
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium? A) simple columnar epithelium B) simple squamous epithelium C) transitional epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei? A) smooth B) skeletal C) cardiac
skeletal
Under a microscope you observe a tissue that appears to have long fibers that appear striated. The nuclei are pushed off to the side of the fibers. The tissue looks very vascular. What type of tissue are you observing? A) dense regular connective tissue B) osseous tissue C) dense irregular connective tissue D) skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal muscle tissue
Which of the following epithelial tissue locations is NOT correctly matched to its function? kidney: filtration skin: absorption digestive tract: absorption skin: protection kidney: secretion
skin: absorption The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of skin is designed for protection, not absorption from the external environment.
Which of the following epithelial tissue locations is NOT correctly matched to its function? -kidney: filtration -kidney: secretion -digestive tract: absorption -skin: absorption -skin: protection
skin: absorption The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of skin is designed for protection, not absorption from the external environment.
Which tissue type is formed by many cells joining together, each contributing a nucleus?
smooth muscle
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron? A) axon B) soma C) dendrites
soma
muscle tissue
specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement Three types: - skeletal - cardiac - smooth
The outer epidermis is made up of _______?
stratified squamous epithelium
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue? keratinized stratified squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium Yes, this epithelium protects underlying tissues from the wear and tear of constant swallowing in the esophagus.
Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? A) simple squamous epithelium; filtration B) simple columnar epithelium with microvilli; absorption C) stratified squamous epithelium; absorption D) simple cuboidal epithelium; secretion
stratified squamous epithelium; absorption
layer of 4-6 cell layers. keratinization begins. accumulate keratohyaline granules (producing keratin) and lamellar granules (contain glycolipid, aiding in water resistence). produce epidermal water barrier.
stratum granulosum
clear layer in epidermis (only in thick skin). flat dead (too far from dermal capillaries to receive nutrients) keratinocytes. keratinocytes in tonofilaments made by keratohyaline granules cling to keratin filaments
stratum lucidum
What function do transitional epithelia have?
stretching
What is the most obvious structural feature of areolar connective tissue? the loose arrangement of its fibers the presence of blood cells mixed with the areolar cells the presence of fat cells the numerous types of cells that are present
the loose arrangement of its fibers The most obvious structural feature of this tissue is the loose arrangement of its fibers. The rest of the matrix, occupied by ground substance, appears to be empty space when viewed through the microscope. Note: the Latin term areola means "a small open space."
What distinguishes the gland in A from the gland in B? A) the use of epithelial cells to produce products B) the use of a duct C) the direct secretion of products into the blood D) the method of secretion
the method of secretion
Hyaline cartilage
the most common type. contains only very fine collagen fibers. the matrix has a glassy trranslucent appearance. found in the nose and at the end of long bones and the ribs, froms rings in the walls of respiratory passages. the fetal skeleton is made up of this type of cartilage, later it is replaced by bone.
What is the function of ciliated epithelium? A) to absorb materials from the extracellular environment B) to protect the underlying tissues C) to move the epithelial cells from one area of the body to another D) to move fluids across the tissue surface
to move fluids across the tissue surface
Which type of epithelium lines the interior of the urinary bladder? -transitional epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium -simple squamous epithelium -simple columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine. The ability of transitional cells to change their shape (undergo "transitions") allows a greater volume of urine to flow through the tube-like ureters and allows more urine to be stored in the urinary bladder.
What is the function of the nervous system?
transmits messages to and from the brain to regulate all of the body and its systems.
Mucous cells are ________. hormone-producing glands unicellular exocrine glands endocrine glands multicellular exocrine glands
unicellular exocrine glands Mucous cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus.
Mucous cells are ________. -hormone-producing glands -unicellular exocrine glands -endocrine glands -multicellular exocrine glands
unicellular exocrine glands Mucous cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus.
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
usually contains a large amount of matrix
An epithelium that has several layers, with an apical layer of flattened cells, is called (choose all that apply) : (a) ciliated , (b) columnar, (c) stratefied, (d) simple, (e) squamous
(c) stratefied & (e) squamous
Compare and contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue relative to structure, body location, and specific function
**
Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue? >insulation >absorption >transport >support
>Absorption. Absorption, the movement of substances into the body, is a role of epithelial tissue. Roles of connective tissue include binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances, via blood, within the body.
What do the glands shown in A and B both have in common? >Both are unicellular. >Both are exocrine glands. >Both are endocrine glands. >Both are sebaceous glands.
>Both are exocrine glands.Both glands secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities.
Which property is most consistent in the majority of connective tissues? > large amounts of ground substance > large number of connective fibers > greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content > avasculartiy
>Greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content
Why are adipose tissue, blood, and bone all considered to be connective tissues? >They have the same types of cells. >They all have collagen and elastic fibers in their extracellular matrix. >They have a common origin: mesenchyme. >They connect to each other.
>They have a common origin: mesenchyme. All are part of the mesoderm.Adipose tissue, bone, and blood (like all connective tissues) are derived from mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue. Also common to all connective tissues is the presence of cells and an extracellular matrix that consists of fibers bathed in ground substance.
The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the
ABSOLUTE REFACTORY PERIOD
Peri-
Around
Which muscles attach to hair follicles and cause good bumps?
Arrector pili
Pulls hair follicle into an upright position, goosebumps
Arrector pili muscle
C02
Because it is a waste product of the respiratory system. We inhale air. Our longs filter out the needed oxygen which is sent to the tissues of our body. In the process, the lungs get rid of waste by exhaling carbon dioxide.
Why is blood classified as a connective tissue? A) Blood helps to connect body parts together. B) Since all connective tissues are highly vascularized, blood is included as a connective tissue. C) Blood cells, and the cells of all other connective tissues, come from the same kind of embryonic stem cell. D) Blood tissue contains a matrix that is very similar to that of other types of connective tissues.
Blood cells, and the cells of all other connective tissues, come from the same kind of embryonic stem cell.
What do the glands shown in A and B have in common? A) Both are exocrine glands. B) Both are sebaceous glands. C) Both are unicellular. D) Both are endocrine glands.
Both are exocrine glands.
Examples of connective tissue
Cartilage Adipose Bone Blood areolar, and reticular tissue tendons
What are the functions of the major regions of the brain stem?
Cerebral peduncles convey impulses. Corpora Quadrigemina are reflex centers involved in vision and hearing. Pons control breathing. Medulla Oblongata controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting. Reticular Formation has motor control of visceral organs, RAS controls awake sleep cycles.
Musous membrane cells
Collumnar or stratified squamous
Columnar
Columns, rectangular cell
Tissue type composed largely of nonliving extracellular matrix; important in protection and support
Connective tissue
The skins other functions are
Converting cholesterol to a Vit D precursor important to calcium metabolism
Which cell functions as part of the immune system?
Dendritic cell
Select the TRUE statement. Dense connective tissue includes adipose tissue. Bundles of collagen are often found in loose connective tissue. Dense connective tissue is often called fibrous connective tissue Loose connective tissue includes cartilage.
Dense connective tissue is often called fibrous connective tissue Correct, dense connective tissue is often called fibrous connective tissue.
What tissue forms tendons and ligaments ?
Dense regular
Tendon
Derived from mesenchyme Cardiac muscle, Tendon, Smooth muscle, Skin epidermis
The papillary layer of the dermis is heavily vested with capillaries the superficial surface has what structures?
Dermal papillae
DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the process of passively(without loss of energy) movement of any substance from higher concentration to the lower concentration of that substance. diffusion is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Match the primary tissue classes with the embryonic germ layer from which they are derived.
Ectoderm -> epithelium and nervous Mesoderm -> connective, muscle, and epithelium Endoderm -> epithelium
Indicate which primary tissue classes derive from each embryonic germ layer.
Ectoderm—epithelium and nervous; mesoderm—connective, muscle, and epithelium; endoderm—epithelium.
Fibers you would expect to see in areas that undergo a lot of stretch and recoil
Elastic
The epiglottis and external ear are made of what cartilage?
Elastic
Shape of external ear is maintained by
Elastic Cartilage
The shape of the external ear is maintained by
Elastic cartilage
Which of the following is true about epithelia? *Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. *Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. *Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized. *Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
The tissue that lines body cavities and covers surfaces
Epithelium
Body membranes are usually made of which two tissue types?
Epithelium and connective
True or false? Aging tends to increase bony spread within the body as chondrocytes die.
False
True or false? Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.
False
True or false? The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.
False
Pubic Symphysis connects 2 hips bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during birth. Which appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch
Fibrocartilage
What type of cartilage is very strong rigid kind of tissue, is located where bone movement is limited and is used to provide support to joints that have great compressive forces working on it.
Fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage forms intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and the meniscus in the knee?
Fibrocartilage
Explain the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Fight or flight system. Responds to unusual stimulus (exercise, excitement, energy)
Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called?
Flexure lines
Capillary loops
Furnish nutrients to the epidermis
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?
Golgi bodies
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium? - Golgi bodies -lysosomes -microvilli -multiple nuclei
Golgi bodies
Name the two major components of matrix and, if applicable, subclasses of each component.
Ground substance—interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans; fibers—collagen, elastic, reticular.
Skin epidermis
Has a surface to which nothing is attached Cardiac muscle, Tendon, Smooth muscle, Skin epidermis
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. -It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. -Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. -Its primary function is nutrient storage. -Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.
Its primary function is nutrient storage.
What is the embryonic connective tissue that differentiates into all types of connective tissue?
Mesenchyme
What is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?
Metro cringe glands are not affected by the excretory process
Smooth muscle
Moves food through the GI tract Cardiac muscle, Tendon, Smooth muscle, Skin epidermis
The secretory cells of Holocrine glands release their product by rupturing
Multicellular exocrine glands
The tissue that enables us to be aware of the external environment and to react to it
Nervous
Fetal stage
Period in which immunocompetence (growth and maturity) occurs
Simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of flat, scale-like cells Nuclei are oval or spherical Forms membranes where exchanges occur Lines walls of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and forms walls of capillaries
Freckles or moles
Spots where melanin is concentrated in one spot
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
THEY UNDERGO CRENATION
Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen.
(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining
use the key to classify each of the following described tissue types into one of the four major tissue categories. key: a. connective tissue c. muscle b. epithelium d. nervous tissue _1. Tissue type composed largely of nonliving extracellular matrix; important in protection and support _2. The tissue immediately responsible for body movement _3. The tissue that enables us to be aware of the external environment and to react to it _4. The tissue that lines body cavities and covers surface
1. a 2. c 3. d 4. b
The epidermis is composed of _______?
5 layers of strata
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? >Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion. >Stratified squamous epithelia are found in areas subjected to wear and tear. >Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. >Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange.
>Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. Stratified squamous epithelium (like you would find in the skin) is adapted for protection, not absorption from the external environment.
The product of this type of sweat gland includes protein and lipid substances that become odiferous as a result of bacterial action:
apocrine gland
axillary and anogenital areas. (merocrine sweat gland). function sexual scent glands?
apocrine sweat glands
PLASMA MEMBRANE
A FLEXIBLE YET STURDY BARRIER THAT SURROUNDS AND CONTAINS THE CYTOPLASM OF A CELL
What are fingernails?
A Modification of the epidermis
PASSIVE PROCESS
A SUBSTANCE MOVES DOWN IN CONCENTRATION GRADIENT ACROSS THE MEMBRANE USINGS ITS OWN KINETIC ENERGY
dendritic cells, macrophages, DNA
biological barriers
Which is true of 3rd degree burns?
AKA FULL THICKNESS BURNS
Cranial Nerve VI. (name and major function)
Abducens- rolls eye laterally.
Define absolute and relative refractory periods.
Absolute Refractory Period - Incapable of generating another action potential Relative Refractory Period - Requires greater than normal amount of stimulation to generate another action potential
Cranial Nerve XI. (name and major function)
Accessory- motor for sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Apperance of permanent tan, broze
Addisons disease
Which of the following is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone?
blood vessels
ABCD rule A
Asymmetry
The epidermis is ______?
Avascular
The solid matrix found in bone consists of
calcium salts crystallized on collagen fibers.
What process is depicted in the basal layer of the glandular epithelium shown in B?
cell division
Bruises
Blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. An unusual tendency to bruise may signify a deficiency of vitamin C
A modified suderiferous glad that secretes wax and is found in the autditory canal
Ceruminous
Visceral layer
Covers the outside of the organs in the ventral body cavity
Which type of connective tissue stabilizes the positions of the vertebrae, cushions shocks, and permits expansion and contraction of organs?
elastic tissue
Mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue that contains an abundance of star-shaped stem cells separated by a matrix with very fine protein filaments. Gives rise to all other connective tissue. Important: cells can divide giving rise to cells that turn into fat cells.
A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type?
epithelial tissue
Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers? -epithelial tissue -connective tissue -nervous tissue -muscle tissue
epithelial tissue
Which of the following cellular processes is portrayed in A? phagocytosis mitosis cell fragmentation exocytosis
exocytosis Merocrine secretion involves the release of materials from intracellular secretory vesicles into the duct by exocytosis.
Third-degree burns
Destroys the entire thickness of the skin. Regeneration is not possible, a skin graft is neccessary.
Nutrients reach the surface of the ski through the process of
Diffusing through thentissu fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
Cytotoxic T cell
Directly attacks and lyses cellular pathogens
Name three meningeal layers and state the functions of each.
Dura mater, Pia mater, Arachnoid mater. All cover and protect CNS structures.
Skin macrophages that activate the immune system
Epidermal dendritic cells
The cells in this type of tissue produce mucus, sweat, & digestive juices
Epithelial
Substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type?
Epithelial Tissue
dense connective tissue
fibers are thicker than loose CT fewer cells than loose CT Types include: - dense regular - dense irregular - elastic regular
Intercalated discs and striations are both characteristic of skeletal muscle.
False
Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle.
False
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers
False
True or False? Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.
False
Matrix is composed of
Fibers and ground substance
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage?
Fibers are not normally visible
B cell and T cell
Forms clones upon stimulation
Hyaline cartilage is also known as
Gristle.
The matrix of a connective tissue consists of _____.
Ground substance and fibers
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
Ground substance, fibers and cells And it's collagen provides great tensil strength
What types of stains are used to stain tissues to be viewed with a transmission electron microscope?
Heavy metal salts are used to stain tissues viewed by electron microscopes
Activated by recognizing both its antigen and a self-protein presented on the surface of a macrophage
Helper T cell
middle layer from thickened basal lamina regarding hair follicle
glassy membrane
Endothelium
Lines blood vessels and the heart Endothelium Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous
Simple Columnar
Lines most of the digestive tract
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Lines much of the respiratory tract
A thin sheet of tissue that covers or supports an organ is a(n)...
Membrane
What are the most important factors in influencing hair growth?
Nutrition and hormones
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune response are the _______.
B cell
Produces antibodies that are released to body fluids
which of the following is not an epidermal derivative?
Sensory receptor
Mesothelium is a type of
Serous membrane
Serous membrane cells
Simple squamous
Epithelial type in endothelium & mesothelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Epithelial type that forms the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
Simple squamous epithelium
F neurons and supporting cells
T/F Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers
F compound, not simple
T/F Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar arrangement
T
T/F Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations
Apocrine gland, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where are these glands located?
The axiallry and anogential areas
What is the main function of a neuron?
highly specialized to transmit messages from one part of the body to another
Mucous membrane
The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior membrane Endothelium Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous
Serous membrane
The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body Endothelium Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous
Stratum corneum
The fifth layer of the epidermis, most superficial. It is 20 to 30 layers thick. The cells are full of keratin and are refered to as cornified or horny cells
Which of the following does NOT describe a multicellular exocrine gland? A) alveolar glands B) simple glands C) hormone glands D) tubular glands
hormone glands
Reticular layer
The lower dermal region. It contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors, and many phagocytes
Matrix is extracellular. How does the matrix get to its characteristic position.
The matrix gets to its position due to secretion of its components by the undifferentiated (blast) cells located throughout the matrix.
Mucous membrane
The membrane which lines body cavities that open to the exterior
List the basic functions of the nervous system.
The nervous system maintains body homeostasis with electrical signals; provides for sensation, higher mental functioning, and emotional response; and activates muscles and glands 1. Monitor changes 2. Processes and interprets 3. Effects, or causes, a response
sebum
The product of the sebaceous glands, a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells. lubricant that keeps skin soft and hair from being brittle. Contains chemicals that kill bacteria
Stratum spinosum
The second deepest layer of the epidermis.
Epithelium
The tissue that lines body cavities and covers surfaces
Explain the functional classification of the nervous system
There are sensory neurons which carry information to the CNS and motor neurons which carry information from the CNS
Mr. bean claims to working out pushing against a wall with all his strength, of course the wall doesn't move. True of Mr. Beans muscles?
They are contracting They are increasing tension
Connective tissue
Tissue type composed largely of nonliving extracellular matrix; important in protection and support
Which epidermal cell type is most numerous? (a) keratinocyte (b) melanocyte (c) dendritic cell (d) tactile cell
a
adipose tissues consist of
adipocytes, it is found around blood vessels, nerves & body organs!
cell junctions
are points of contact btwn adjacent plasma membranes
yellow to orange pigment. accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis
carotene
True of smooth muscle
contain calmodulin as the site of calcium regulation and Lack striations
Pacinian & corpuscles
deep pressure receptors
skeletal muscle (striated)
flesh attaches to skeleton is controlled or voluntary fibers contain alternating light and dark bands (striation) that are perpendicular to the long axis of the fibers multinucleated fibers are cylindrical in shape
Skin surfaces that reflect tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called
flexure lines
expansion of hair follicle
hair bulb
Connective tissue
the most extensively distributed body tissue consists of cells and the extracellular matrix those cells secrete
The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is ________. regeneration, organization, and inflammation inflammation, regeneration, and organization inflammation, organization, and regeneration organization, inflammation, and regeneration
inflammation, organization, and regeneration In order, the basic steps of tissue repair are: inflammation, organization, and regeneration.
Correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue
"Blast" cells are undefferentiated, actively diving cells
A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called
interneron
connective tissues
1 of the most abundant body tissues,consist of relatively few cells and an abundant extracellular matrix of ground substances and protein fibers.
Categories: Epithelial membranes
1) Cutaneous membranes 2) Mucous membranes 3) Serous membranes
Categories: Connective tissue membranes
1) periosteum 2) fascia 3) meninges 4) perichondrium 5) fibrous pericardium
mast cells
release heparin, an anticoagulant release histamine which dilates small blood cells during inflammation and allergy
glandular epithelium
secreting portions of glands - sweat - salivary glands - endocrine glands thyroid pituitary adrenal
Simple columnar epithelium (non-ciliated)
single layer of rectangular-shaped cells oval nuclei contains microvilli and goblet cells lines entire length of GI tract, ducts of many glands, and gallbladder Functions: - secretion and absorption
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine sweat glands is
99% H2O, water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes and Vit C
Visceral pleura (serosa)
Adheres to the surface of the lung
What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement
An Agonist (Prime mover)
Bone marrow
Area where immature lymphocytes arise
Lymph node
Area where the antigen challenge and clonal selection is likely to occur
Produces part of the basement membrane, includes a gel-like matrix with all categories of fibers and many cell types
Areolar
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?
Blood vessels
Osse/o
Bone
>Cutaneous membrane >Mucous membranes >Serous membranes
Cutaneous membrane refers to that of the skin. Mucous membranes are specifically involved in the respiratory cavity. Serous membranes include the respiratory/abdominal cavities.
which of the following will not speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell?
Decreasing the # of phospholipids in the plasma membrane
Melanin
Found chiefly in the stratum basale. Protects from UV rays it is a pigment.
Transitional
Found in urinary tract organs
Non-Keratinized Epithelium
Found in: - lips - oral mucosa, soft palate - upper third of esophagus - vagina
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells!
Goblet
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following would be of most important to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia?
Golgi apparatus
Cranial Nerve XII. (name and major function)
Hypoglossal- sense and motor for tongue
What are the functions of the major regions of the cerebellum?
Involved in fine motor control.
Second-degree burns
Involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. The skin is red and painful and blisters appear
T cell
Is responsible for directly attacking foreign cells or virus-infected cells
Cutaneous Membrane
Is the skin. Composed of keratinizing stratified epidermis. A dry membrane
The epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presence of:
Keratin
Why does hair color appear the way it does?
Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts
Stratified squamous
Lines the esophagus
Parietal pleura (serosa)
Lines the thorasic cavity
Best reason why the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber?
Major part of it is made up of adipose tissue= which serves as shock absorber
Serous membrane
Makes up the pleura and pericardium Endothelium Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous
Transitional epithelium
variable in appearance depending upon the degree of stretching (when not stretched cells appear randomly piled up, when stretched cells appear elongated and appear one-layered) lines urinary bladder, portions of uterus, and urethra Function: - permits distention
Cells plus a disc like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch
Merkel discs
Explain the functional classification of each multicellular exocrine glands and supply an example for each class.
Merocrine glands (sweat glands) secrete their products by exocytosis; holocrine glands (oil glands) release their products by lysis of the entire cell; apocrine (not believed to be present in humans) release their products by pinching off parts of the cell contents.
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?
Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?
Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.
Cardiac muscle
Moves blood through the body Cardiac muscle, Tendon, Smooth muscle, Skin epidermis
Explain the importance of the myelin sheath and describe how it is formed in the central and peripheral nervous systems
Myelin Sheath -whitish fatty segmented covering that protecs insulates and increases velocity of axons. Made of oliogodendric cells in the CNS and schwann cells in the PNS (How is it formed?)
NERVOUS SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF
NERVE CELLS & PROTECTIVE SUPPORTING CELLS./
Supporting and protective cells of the nervous system that protects the brain
Neuroglia
Where is the parietal pericardium?
On the sac that encloses the heart.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
One layer of cube-shaped cells Nuclei usually round Found in glands and ducts
First-degree burns
Only the epidermis is damaged. Skin turns red and swollen. Heals after two to three days
Cranial Nerve II. (name and major function)
Optic- sense of vision.
Which of the following would not be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?
Osmosis
Calcium salts are found in the matrix of this tissue
Osseous
What tissue supports, protects and stores calcium?
Osseous
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
Osseous tissue
Bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposits, leaving the person w/thin and often very fragile bone .
Osteoporpsis
Lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is circulated to most of the body. At the same time, oxygen is consumed during aerobic cell respiration w/in these cells. Which is true?
Oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
PLASMA MEMBRANES PERMIT SOME SUBSTANCES TO PASS MORE READILY THAN OTHERS
Pallor
Paleness of the skin (blood vessels constrict)
May indicate fear, anxiety, anger, anemia, or low blood pressure, pale
Pallor
Pain receptors are found here
Papillary dermis
The site of dermal ridges that produce epidermal ridges on the epidermal surfaces of the fingers?
Papillary layer
Contrast the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the heart
Parasym. decreases heart rate while sym. increases heart rate and force of heart beat
Contrast the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the blood vessles
Parasym. has no effect on most blood vessels while sym. constricts blood vessels in viscera and skin and dilates those in skeletal muscle and heart
The largest serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
Antigen-specific receptors on the membrane of the lymphocyte
Signal that lymphocyte has become immunocompetent
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A) Stratified squamous epithelial are found in areas subjected to wear and tear. B) Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. C) Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange. D) Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion.
Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch.
Why does skin wrinkle and what factors accelerate the wrinkling process?
Sub wrinkling begins w/approach meant of old age. Starts because 1. Rate of epidermal cell replacement declines leading to thinning of the skin, in turns leads to wrinkling of skin 2. Lubricants of skin produced by various planes becomes meager making the skin dry, leading to wrinkling 3. Clumping of elastic fibers takes place and the collagen fibers become lesser. Makes the skin to lose its elastic nature & becomes less stiffer, leading to wrinkling 4. Deterioration of subcutaneous layer takes place within results in wrinkling Factors excess exposure to sunlight leads to our skin to Ultraviolet radiation (UV)rays activate enzymes called matrix metallorprotease, which degenerate the collagen and other dermal components, thereby accelerating wrinkling and lacking of good nutrition plenty of fluids and cleanliness Amy accelerate wrinkling process
The _____ lines the bursae.
Synovial membrane
Stratum basale
The deepest layer of the epidermis. Contains the only epidermal cells that receive adequate nourishment, these cells are produced daily and are pushed upward.
The sensations of touch & pressure are picked up by receptors located in:
The dermis
An infection may occur in a tissue injury. Why?
The increased availability of nutrients allows microorganisms to replicate. The skin and mucous membranes are body's first line of defense and are mostly impenetrable to microorganisms, unless broken or damaged by tissue injury.
Matrix is extracellular. How does the matrix get to its characteristic position?
The matrix gets to its position due to secretion of its components by the undifferentiated (blast) cells located throughout the matrix.
Papillary layer
The upper dermal region. It is uneven and has fingerlike projections from its superior surface.
During a relative R. Period of an action potential , a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another A.P. This is due to the fact that
The voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity. A) True B) False
True
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. True False
True All epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical surface and a basal surface that differ in both structure and function.
The part of a serous membrane that attaches directly to an organ
Visceral layer.
network of blood vessels that nourish the the layers of the dermis
cutaneous plexus
Fibrin
fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood.
elastic fibers
found in skin blood vessles , walls, lungs
smooth muscle
found in walls of hollow organs - stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels when it contracts, organs become smaller when it relaxes, organs become larger fibers are tapered, one nucleus has ability to propel objects through the organ - peristalsis - wave-like motion
cardiac muscle
found only in the heart striated like skeletal muscle involuntary fibers are branched cylinders with usually only one nucleus attached to each other by transverse thickenings in the sarcolemma called: - intercalated discs
Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers? >connective tissues high in collagen fibers >connective tissue high in elastic fibers >connective tissue high in reticular fibers >connective tissue high in ground substance
>Connective tissues high in collagen fibers. Collagen is the toughest of the fibers. If you saw collagen in high amounts, that would indicate strength in the connective tissue.
Jaundice
A yellow cast, usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments ae absorbed into the blood
Needle would pierce the epidermal layers of forearm in which order?
Cornieum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in what connective tissue?
Embryonic tissue
Of the four major tissue types, which type is entirely avascular?
Epithelium
May indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation or allergy, red
Erythema
EXCITABLE CELLS
IS THE ABLILTY TO RESPOND TO CERTAIN STIMULI BY PRODUCING ELECTRICAL SIGNALS SUCH AS ACTION POTENTIALS.
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair -The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers. -Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. -Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. -Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot.
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified as
Merocrine, Holocrine, and apocrine divisions
Wharton's jelly is a type of connective tissue that can differentiate into any type of connective tissue. This kind of embryonic tissue is
Mesenchymal
What are glycosaminoglycans?
Negatively charged polysaccharides
Connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage
Perichondrium
Name 4 important functions of epithelial tissue and provide at least 1 example of a tissue that exemplifies each function.
Protection—stratified squamous; absorption—simple columnar; filtration—simple squamous; secretion—simple cuboidal.
Integumentary system (skin)
Protects deeper tissues from mechanical damage, chemical damage, bacterial damage, ultraviolet radiation, thermal damage, desiccation (drying out). Helps regulate temp., aids in excretion of urea and uric acid, synthesizes vitamin D
Regeneration is highly unlikely in which tissue?
Skeletal muscle
Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions?
Smooth muscle
F scar tissue, not areolar
T/F Healing of a surgical incision through the body will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue
F found in cardiac muscle
T/F Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle
Hair that lacks pigment and is often called immature hair
Vellus
Lymphocytes are found in the
blood and lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes)
catilage
capable of resisting extreme stress dense network of collagen and elastic fibers chrondrocytes - cells of mature cartilage Types include: - fibrocartilage - hyaline - elastic
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control? A) smooth B) skeletal C) cardiac
cardiac
Which tissues have no functional regenerative capacity?
cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord
The salivary glands are a good example of a(n) ________ exocrine gland.
compound tubuloalveolar
proximal nail fold is the (eponychium)
cuticle
Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?
epithelial tissue
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?
goblet cells
3 main components of connective tissue
ground substance, fibers and cells
Which of the following characteristics is lacking in the typical areolar connective tissue pictured in the figure? 1) ability to support other tissues 2) elastic properties 3) ground substance 4) vascularity 5) none of these characteristics is lacking
none of these characteristics is lacking
Pseudostratified Columnar
nuclei of cells are at varying depths all cells attached to basement membrane some cells do not reach free surface false impression of multi-layering upper respiratory tract, male urethra, auditory tubes, epididymis, lines large glandular ducts Function: - secrete mucus, contain cilia that move mucus or foreign material along surface
Lines the esophagus
stratified squamous
Eccrine glands
A type of sudoriferous gland, found all over the body. They produce sweat, a clear secretion of water, salts, vitamin c and metabolic wastes. It is important to regulate the body temperature
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers in what order?
Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
What tissue provides great tensil strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock?
Dense irregular
What kind of connective tissue consists of many thick (dense) collagen fibers arranged in primarily parallel bundles, forms tendons and ligaments, surrounds skeletal muscles, and forms the fasciae
Dense regular connective tissue
Name the two major components of matrix and if applicable subclasses of each component.
Ground substance—interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans Fibers—collagen, elastic, reticular
Structurally amorphous matrix, lots of protein fibers, appears glassy, smooth
Hyaline cartilage
The membrane which lines body cavities that open to the exterior is a(n) (a) endothelium, (b) cutaneous membrane , (c) mucous membrane, (d) serous membrane
Mucous membrane
Tissue in wall of the uterus that is required for labor contractions
Smooth Muscle
Major positive ion outside cells?
Sodium
Epithelial type that lines the esophagus
Stratefied squamous epithelium
Dermis
Strong, stretchy envelope that helps to hold the body together. There are two major regions of the epidermis
Factors that affect tissue repair
The age of a person
The function of the hair root plexus is
To allow the hair to assist in touch sensation.
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
Usually contains a large amount of matrix
EXOCYTOSIS
VESICLES MERGE W THE PLASMA MEMBRANE TO MOVE MATERIALS OUT OF A CELL .
The umbilical cord of a fetus contains a mucous connective tissue called
Wharton's jelly.
Which is an anchor?
Z-disc and Mline
Which cell functions as part of the immune system? (a) Keratinocyte (b) melanocyte (c) dendritic cell (d) tactile cell
c
Gland, like thyroid, secret products directly into blood rather than through ducts, are classified as
endocrine
Superficial fascia
A continuous sheet of tissue underlying the skin and containing fat tissue
There are two distinct suderiferousngland glands, which one is a sweat gland?
Eccrine and apocrine
Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine glands
Helper T cell
Initiates secondary response to a recognized pathogen
________ is a water-soluble, complex glycoprotein that is secreted by goblet cells. An amino acid A hormone An enzyme Mucin Salt
Mucin Like mucous cells, goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus. In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making these cells look like a glass with a stem, thus "goblet" cell. This distortion does not occur in mucous cells.
________ is a water-soluble, complex glycoprotein that is secreted by goblet cells. -An amino acid -An enzyme -Mucin -A hormone -Salt
Mucin Like mucous cells, goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus. In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making these cells look like a glass with a stem, thus "goblet" cell. This distortion does not occur in mucous cells.
Classify neurons structurally and functionally
Multipolar - 3 or more processes, brain & spinal cord Bipolar - signal axon and single dendrite, retina, inner ear and olfactory Unipolar - Pseudounipolar, extends from cell body associated with receptors at the distal end of PNS
What is not a connective tissue?
Muscles
Muscle of the heart
Myocardium
Neur/o
Nerve
________ is the tissue that regulates and controls body functions. Blood Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Bone
Nervous tissue Nervous tissue regulates and controls body functions.
Weak
Skeletal muscle regen?
An epithelium that has several layers with an apical layer of flattened cells is called
Stratified Squamous
Cutaneous membrane cells
Stratified squamous
True or false? Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations.
True
Blood vessels
Which of the flollowing is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone? Living cells, Lacunae, Blood vessels, Organic fibers
What color does carotene impart to the skin?
Yellow to orange pigment that tends to accumulate in the stratum Cornelius and in fatty tissue of the hypodermics its color is most obvious in palms, and soles of feet, where stratum cornermen is the thickest
The three basic types of fibers that found in connective are
collagen, reticular, and elastic
Dense irregular connective tissue forms a
fibrous capsule found around organs and in the joints
Which of the following is NOT a step in tissue repair?
formation of new stem cells
Columnar
tall, column-like
GOOD NUTRITION AND BLOOD CIRCULATION IS VITAL FOR TISSUE REPAIR.
!
two types of nervous tissue
- neurons - neuroglia
provides tensile strength with the ability to absorb comprehensive shock
...
On an outline diagram of the human body mark off various regions according to the rule of nines. What percentage of the total body surface is affected if the skin over the following odd parts is burned? 1. Entire posterior trunk & buttocks 2. An entire lower limb 3. Entire front of the left upper limb
1. Entire posterior trunk & buttocks 18% 2. An entire lower limb 36% , an entire lower limb accounts for 18% 3. Entire front of the left upper limb 4 1/2 %
Distinguish clearly between clearly between first- second and third degree burns?
1st only the epidermal layer 2nd epidermal & part of dermal layer 3ed epidermal, dermal & subcutaneous layers
Marfan's syndrome is a disease associated with faulty manufacture of the extracellular protein fibrillin. Since this is a component of elastin, in which of the numbered cells would the damaged gene be expressed? 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
2
Which numbered cell type initiates inflammatory responses to infection or tissue damage? 3 4 5 6
5 Cell 5 is a mast cell, which produces and secretes inflammation-triggering chemicals such as histamine. Note the secretory granules within the pictured cell.
You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at? >epithelial tissue >nervous tissue >muscle tissue >connective tissue
>Connective tissue. You are probably looking at dense regular connective tissue. Connective tissue has a low cell count compared to the extracellular matrix.
You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen, the cells seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at? >stratified squamous epithelia >simple columnar epithelia >simple cuboidal epithelia >transitional epithelia
>Simple columnar epithelia. The shoebox represents the columnar shape. Additionally, the fingerlike projections are likely to be microvilli.
Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________. >prevent chondrocytes from dividing and thereby reducing the relative amount of matrix that is present in the cartilage >stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage >stimulate calcification of cartilage >All of the listed responses are correct.
>Stimulate blood vessels to develop within the cartilage. Cartilage is normally avascular, so nutrients required for healing must diffuse from distant blood vessels, which delays the healing process.
What distinguishes the gland in A from the gland in B? >the use of a duct >the use of epithelial cells to produce products >the method of secretion >the direct secretion of products into the blood
>The method of secretion. The gland in A is secreting in a merocrine manner, while B is secreting in a holocrine manner.
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity. >True >False
>True. All epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical, or free, surface and a basal, or attached, surface that differ in both structure and function.
What tissue supports and protects and insulates against heat loss and is a reserve source of fuel?
Adipose
What tissues main function is nutrient storage?
Adipose
In what ways are adipose tissue and bone similar?
Adipose and bone tissue are similar in that both tissues are connective tissues with a rich blood supply and are used for nutrient storage.
T cell
B cell or T cell: Progeny include regulatory, helper, and cytotoxic cells
Lymphocytes include __cells and __ Cells which are integral to cellular and antibody-mediated immunity.
B cells ; T cells
B cell and T cell
B or T cell: Originates in bone marrow from stem cells called hemocytoblasts
What do the glands shown in A and B both have in common
Both are exocrine glands
What do the glands shown in A and B both have in common?
Both are exocrine glands.
glands that produce ear wax?
Ceruminous glands
Name the first major nerve plexuses and list a major nerve.
Cervical- phrenic
Define neurotransmitter and name several classes of neurotransmitters.
Chemical structure - ACh, Biogenic amines(dopamine, NE, E, serotonin, histamine), AA (GABA, glutamate, aspartate), Peptides (endorphins, substance P), Purines (ATP, adenosine), Gases and lipids (NO, CO) Function - Effects (excitatory or inhibitory), Actions (direct: open channels, indirect: alter metabolism)
ABCD rule C
Color
structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissue is adapted to support weight withstand tension stress?
Compact bone
Mucous membranes
Composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane called a lamina propria. It lines all body cavities that open to the exterior. Its function is for absorption or secretion
The type of tissue that consists of living cells embedded in a non-living extracellular matrix is
Connective
Which description best identifies the unique attributes of connective tissue? A) Connective tissues transmit signals from one part of the body to another. B) Connective tissues, unlike other tissues, lack blood vessels and blood. C) Connective tissue is characterized by an extracellular matrix. D) Connective tissues are hard and inflexible, whereas soft, flexible structures of the body are made up of other tissue types.
Connective tissue is characterized by an extracellular matrix.
Body membranes
Cover surfaces, line body cavities, and from protective (and often lubricating) sheets around organs, fall into two major groups.
Skin appendages
Cutaneous glands, hairs, hair follicles, and nails
A bluish color in light skinned people, blue, lack of oxygen
Cyanosis
Functions of simple squamous epithelium
Diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and secretion
Indicate which primary tissue classes derive from each embryonic germ layer
Ectoderm—epithelium and nervous Mesoderm—connective, muscle, and epithelium Endoderm—epithelium
Glands such as the thyroid that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream rather than through ducts are classified as
Endocrine
How are endocrine and exocrine glands different from each other?
Endocrine glands have no ducts.
Adrenal glands near the kidney are what type of glands?
Endocrine glands.
A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type?
Epithelial tissue
Tissue that covers surfaces is classified as
Epithelial tissue
What tissue always has a basement membrane?
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue? A) Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate. B) Epithelial tissue is innervated C) Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity. D) Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels.
Epithelial tissue is innervated
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is innervated.
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue? Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate. Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels. Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity.
Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative.
In adult humans, most cancers are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. These include cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate. Which of the four basic tissue types is involved, and why?
Epithelial tissue: it is exposed to the environment and is constantly dividing, both factors allowing more opportunity for damage and overcoming growth control mechanisms
Glands in the stomach wall are considered?
Exocrine glands.
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.
F
Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures.
F
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.
F
Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption.
F
True or false? Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle.
False
True or false? Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement.
False
True or false? Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
False
True or false? A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity
False
True or false? Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not.
False
True or false? Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
False
Which of the following describes a holocrine gland?
Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing.
What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
True of Mitosis?
It is division of genetic material with in the nucleus
Name the third major nerve plexuses and list a major nerve.
Lumbar- femoral and obturator
Cranial Nerve III. (name and major function)
Ocularmotor- moderates lens shape and pupil size.
F the opposite is true
T/F Cartilage has good regen capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not
T
T/F Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue
Describe the criteria used to classify covering and lining epithelia. Explain the functional classification of multicellular exocrine glands and supply an example for each class.
The covering and lining epithelia are classified on the basis of the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers present. The three common shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. The classes in terms of cell number are: simple (single layer) or stratified (multiple layers). In some cases, such as with endothelium, it is important to indicate their special location in the body. Merocrine glands (sweat glands) secrete their products by exocytosis; holocrine glands (oil glands) release their products by lysis of the entire cell; apocrine (not believed to be present in humans) release their products by pinching off parts of the cell contents.
What is a matrix?
The intercellular background of non living material between cells.
chromosome
a single molecule oF DNA ASSOCIATED W SEVERAL PROTEINS CONTAINS THOUSANDS OF GENES THT CONTROL MOST ASPECTS OF CELLULAR STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Edema (swelling) occurs when______________
areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
Which of the following is not an epidermal derivative? (a) hair (b) sweat gland (c) sensory receptor (d) sebaceous gland
c
skin secretions (acid mantle) and melanin
chemical barriers
Skin color is determined by (a) the amount of blood (b) pigments (c) oxygenation level of the blood (d) all of these
d
The shape of the external ear is maintained by_______
elastic cartilage
Which tissue repair process results in the formation of scar tissue? inflammation fibrosis regeneration granulation
fibrosis Fibrosis involves proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, called scar tissue.
membrane glyco proteins -
function as cell indentity markers
body temp regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions,blood reservoir, excretion
functions of the Integumentary system
collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS are called
ganglia
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
ground substance, fibers, and cells
An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a ________. unicellular simple gland multicellular compound gland unicellular compound gland multicellular simple gland
multicellular simple gland Multicellular exocrine glands with unbranched ducts are "simple"; those with branched ducts are "compound". Unicellular exocrine glands do not have ducts.
Chondroblasts
secrete matrix and are located within the cells of the perichondrium membrane
Exocrine glands ________. -secrete hormones -secrete substances into blood -are only unicellular in structure -secrete substances onto body surfaces
secrete substances onto body surfaces Exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment (onto the surfaces of the cutaneous and mucous membranes). Note: "exo" means outside. Endocrine glands are ductless; they secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid of our internal environment. Note: "endo" means inside.
Lines most of the digestive tract
simple columnar
Amount of blood, pigments and oxygenation of blood determine
skin colour
blood functions to
transport gases, wastes, and nutrients as well as to provide immunity
fine, pale body hair
vellus hair
Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen. A) (1) sectioning, (2) fixation, (3) staining B) (1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining C) (1) fixation, (2) staining, (3) sectioning D) (1) staining, (2) fixation, (3) sectioning E) (1) sectioning, (2) staining, (3) fixation
(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining
Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen. -(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining -(1) fixation, (2) staining, (3) sectioning -(1) sectioning, (2) staining, (3) fixation -(1) staining, (2) fixation, (3) sectioning (1) sectioning, (2) fixation, (3) staining specimen.
(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining
Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen. (1) fixation, (2) staining, (3) sectioning (1) fixation, (2) staining, (3) sectioning (1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining (1) sectioning, (2) fixation, (3) staining (1) staining, (2) fixation, (3) sectioning
(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining The correct order for specimen preparation is fixation, then sectioning, followed by staining.
epithelium
-cells are arranged in continuous sheets -exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ, or to free surface -attached to basement membrane - attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue -basement membrane provides support, cell attachment, filtration, and guides cell migration -nerves are present but no blood vessels (avascular) -vascular exchange is located in underlying connective tissue (occurs by diffusion) -high regeneration rate -surface specializations
Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it does NOT act as a binding or packaging material under normal conditions or provide structural support? >cartilage >osseous > areolar connective tissue >blood
>Blood. Blood, the fluid connective tissue (CT) within blood vessels, is the most atypical CT. It does not act as a binding or packing material; it does not provide structural support. It is classified as a CT only because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of cells (blood cells) surrounded by an extracellular fluid matrix (blood plasma).
How are endocrine and exocrine glands different from each other? >Exocrine glands are only unicellular in structure. >Exocrine glands secrete hormones. >Exocrine glands have specific target organs for their secretions. >Endocrine glands have no ducts.
>Endocrine glands have no ducts. Endocrine glands secrete substances (hormones) into blood without the use of ducts, whereas exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment.
Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption. >True >False
>False. Pseudostratified epithelia are found in the respiratory linings. Cilia are used for movement, not increasing surface area.
All muscle cells contain striations. >True >False
>False. Smooth muscle cells do not contain striations. Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangement is not regular enough to generate the striations seen in skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.
The gland type that secretes products such as milk, saliva, bile or sweat through a duct is (a) an endocrine gland or (b) an exocrine gland
An exocrine gland
With which portion of an epithelial cell would stomach contents come in contact with?
Apical surface
The product of this type of sweat land includes protein and lipid substances that become odoriferous as a result of bacterial action:
Apocrine gland
Papillary patterns
Are genetically determined. Fingerprints
Lymph node
Area seeded by immunocompetent B and T cells
Bone marrow
Area where B cells become immunocompetent
Thymus
Area where T cells become immunocompetent
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue? -Epithelial tissue is innervated. -Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate. -Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels. -Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity.
Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative.
Of the four major tissue types, which forms boundaries between different environments?
Epithelium
Choose the correct pairing for a tissue and its embryonic origin. Epithelium is derived from all three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Connective tissue is derived from the primary germ layer called the endoderm. Nervous tissue is derived from the primary germ layer called the mesoderm. Muscle is derived from the primary germ layer called the ectoderm.
Epithelium is derived from all three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Mesoderm forms muscle and connective tissue. Ectoderm forms nervous tissue. Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm all contribute to formation of epithelia.
The rule of names is helpful clinically in
Estimating the extent of a burn
True or false? Pseudostratified epithelium consists of multiple cell layers.
False While pseudostratified epithelium has the illusion of being a multi-layered tissue, it is in fact made up of only one cell layer. The irregular heights of the cells in pseudostratified epithelia give the tissue a layered appearance. In reality, all of the cells in this tissue rest on the basement membrane (i.e., their basal surfaces are in contact with the basement membrane).
Which of the following is not a step in tissue repair? -Formation of new stem cells -Restoration of blood supply -Inflammation -Regeneration and fibrosis.
Formation of new stem cells
Describe the process of hair formation and list several factors that may influence A- growth cycles B- hair textures
Hair formation begins with an active growth phase, followed by a resting phase. After the resting phase a new hair forms to replace the old one. Factors that affect growth cycles include nutrition hormones local dermal blood flow body region gender, age genetic factors physical or emotional trauma excessive radiation and certain drugs Factors that affect hair texture include hormones body region genetic factors and age.
Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis. Holocrine glands secrete their products by endocytosis.
Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Sebaceous (oil) glands are the only example of holocrine glands in the body.
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. Senum production is stimulated by
Hormones, especially androgens
Which epidermal cell tye is most numerous
Keratinocyte
List the types of neuroganglia and cite their functions.
Neuroglia in the CNS include astrocytes-A type of CNS supporting cell; assists in exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons;most abundant and most versatile glial cells microglia-small ovoid cells with relatively long "thorny" processes; type of CNS supporting cell; can transform into phagocytes in areas of neural damage or inflammation ependymal cells-range in shape from squamous to columnar, and many are ciliated; type of CNS supporting cell; lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord. oligodendrocytes-A type of CNS supporting cell that composes myelin sheaths Two kinds of PNS neuroglia Satellite cells surround neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral neurons system (Figure 11.3e), but their function is still largely unknown. Schwann cells (also called neurolemmocytes) surround and form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous
An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized
Phagocytic cell
define resting membrane potential, state its typical value for neurons and describe its electrochemical basis (i.e. Describe how it is established and maintained in neurons)
RMP - Degree of the difference of eletrical charge between points. Typical value for neuron is -70mV RMP Established via - permeability to ions. Mainly Na+ and K+ leaky channels and maintained by the Na+/K+Pumps. -- K+: most important factor, if ONLY K+ leaky channels RMP= -90mV. -- Na+: movement of sodium changes RMP to -70mV. moves into the cell due to chemical and electrical gradient. -- Negatively charged proteins (A-): adds to the electrical gradient. Maintaining RMP - Na+/K+Pumps: help maintain 3 Na+out, 2 K+ in. [2/3 total energy expenditure of the Neuron]
Epithelia
Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.
Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
Most wide-spread epithelium
Stratified squamous
A man got his finger caught in a machine at the factory. The damage was less serious than expected, but the entire nail was torn off his right index fingers. The parts lost were the body, root bed, matrix, and eponychium of the nail. First define each of these parts and then tell if this nail is likely to grow back?
The nail is an epidermal appendage which is like a scale. Nails are present at the distal parts of the fingers of hands and tows towards the dorsal(superficial) side The body of the nail is the attached portion which is visible to us The proximal portion of the nail that is embedded in the skin is the root of the nail The proximal portion of the nail bed is called bed matrix. It is very thick & responsible for the growth of the nail The nail folds laterally & proximally covered by the skin folds. These extends over the nail body called eponychium also called the cuticle Given that the person lost the body, root , bed matrix and the eponychium of the nail in an accident, all the prominent parts of the nail, mainly the bed matrix which is essential for the nail growth. Due to loss of other prominent essentials, might be no chance for the nail to grow back
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because
They are only active for a few months
Why are adipose, blood, and bone all considered to be connective tissues? They have a common origin, mesenchyme. They have the same types of cells. They connect to each other. They all have collagen and elastic fibers in their extracellular matrix.
They have a common origin, mesenchyme. Adipose, bone, and blood (like all connective tissues) are derived from mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue. Also common to all connective tissues is the presence of cells and an extracellular matrix that consists of fibers bathed in ground substance.
Define tissue
Tissues are groups of closely associated cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function.
Define tissue.
Tissues are groups of closely associated cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function.
Epithelial type that is found in urinary tract organs
Transitional epithelium
which survival need shortage would most affect articular cartilage's ability to rebound after joint compression, and why does it have this effect? A) Water, since it makes up to 80% of cartilage's content and helps cushion articular bone surfaces. B) Oxygen, since cartilage cells receive this gas directly from nearby blood vessels. C) Nutrients, since the majority of cartilage is made out of polysaccharide glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). D) Normal body temperature, since higher temperatures would slow down necessary biochemical reactions.
Water, since it makes up to 80% of cartilage's content and helps cushion articular bone surfaces.
Cellular immunity
When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is referred to as _____ _________.
Which is true about epithelia?
Wndothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
The product of this type of sweat gland includes protein and lipid substances that become odoriferous as a result of bacterial action (a) apocrine gland (b) eccrine gland (c) sebaceous gland (d) pancreatic gland
a
Name the specific connective tissue type found in the following body locations: (a) forming the soft packing around organs (b) supporting the ear pinna (c) forming "stretchy" ligaments (d) first connective tissue in the embryo (e) forming the intervertebral discs (f) covering the ends of bones at joint surfaces (g) main component of subcutaneous tissue
a. areolar (p. 126) b. elastic cartilage (p. 133) c. elastic connective tissue (p. 131) d. mesenchyme (p. 126) e. fibrocartilage (p. 133) f. hyaline cartilage (p. 131) g. areolar connective tissue
Name the specific connective tissue type found in the following body locations: forming the soft packing around organs, supporting the ear pinna, forming stretchy ligaments, first connective tissue in the embryo, forming the intervertebral discs, covering the ends of bones at joint surfaces, main component of subcutaneous tissue
a. areolar (p. 126) b. elastic cartilage (p. 133) c. elastic connective tissue (p. 131) d. mesenchyme (p. 126) e. fibrocartilage (p. 133) f. hyaline cartilage (p. 131) g. areolar connective tissue
Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue? A) absorption B) transport C) insulation D) support
absorption
Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue? insulation protection support absorption
absorption Absorption, the movement of substances into the body, is a role of epithelial tissue. Roles of connective tissue include: binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances, via blood, within the body.
Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue. -chondrocytes -macrophages -fibroblasts -mast cells Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue.
chondrocytes
elastic connective tissue
composed of fibroblasts and elastic fibers found where elasticity and stretch is necessary - lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, bronchial tubes Function: - allows stretching of various organs
The salivary glands are a good example of a_________exocrine gland
compound tubuloalveolar
bone
consists of osteons that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals
cytoplasm
consits of all the cellular contents btwn the plasma membrane & the nucleus
Mitochondria?
contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
blood
contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets plasma consists of water with dissolved nutrients, ions, hormones, gasses, and plasma proteins
Why are there no skin cancers that originate from stratum corneum cells?
dead cells cannot undergo mitosis let alone cancer, their only job is to form a protective dead layer, and they are shed very easily.
Which type of gland produces hormones? -unicellular exocrine glands -endocrine glands -multicellular exocrine glands -holocrine glands
endocrine glands Endocrine glands, which are ductless glands, secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding them. The hormones then diffuse toward and pass through a nearby capillary wall to enter the blood. Circulating throughout the body in the blood stream is how hormones eventually reach their target cells.
Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity? A) nervous tissue B) epithelial tissue C) muscle tissue D) connective tissue
epithelial tissue
Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity? epithelial tissue muscle tissue connective tissue nervous tissue
epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity (epithe = laid on, covering). In addition to coverings and linings, epithelial cells can also form glands, called glandular epithelium.
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular?
epithelium
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular? A) epithelium B) connective tissue C) nervous tissue D) muscle
epithelium
squamous
flattened, scale-like shape cell
thickened portion of nail bed responsible for nail growth
nail matrix
Keratinized epithelium
older superficial cells are called keratinocytes when keratinocytes die intracellular keratin (tough, fibrous protein) forms protective, waterproof barrier at skin surface Found in: - skin - hard palate
Epithelial tissue is typically localized to the following region(s) of the body. A) between other layers of tissue in many of the organs of the body B) on the surfaces of organs, on the walls of cavities, on the outer surface of the body, and in glands of the body C) only on the inner surfaces of body cavities D) only on the outermost surface of an organ
on the surfaces of organs, on the walls of cavities, on the outer surface of the body, and in glands of the body
endoderm
one of the three primary embryonic germ layers. Tissue of the endoderm will eventually form the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary bladder, and the urethra
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? -fibrocartilaginous tissue -cartilage tissue -osseous tissue -areolar tissue
osseous tissue
Connective tissues ________. -primarily consist of extracellular matrix -are delicate tissues, not designed to bear weight or withstand abrasion or tension -are all avascular -arise from different types of embryonic tissue; therefore, they have little relationship or kinship to one another
primarily consist of extracellular matrix All other primary tissues are composed mainly of cells, but connective tissues are largely nonliving extracellular matrix, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue.
functions of epithelium
protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, lubrication, digestion, excretion, sensory reception, reproduction, transport
In connective tissue, the role of collagen fibers is to ________. form delicate networks around blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs retain fluid provide tensile strength provide elasticity
provide tensile strength Collagen fibers are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength (that is, the ability to resist being pulled apart) to the matrix. Stress tests show that collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size!
In connective tissue, the role of collagen fibers is to ________. -provide tensile strength -provide elasticity -form delicate networks around blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs -retain fluid
provide tensile strength Collagen fibers are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength (that is, the ability to resist being pulled apart) to the matrix. Stress tests show that collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size!
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
pseudostratified columnar
You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen, the cells seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at?
simple columnar epithelia
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium? stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium Yes, the simple cuboidal cells line the kidney tubules (nephrons) so that secretion and absorption can take place.
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei? smooth skeletal cardiac
skeleton Yes, skeletal muscle cells are elongated and many can be quite long; therefore, they have multiple nuclei.
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue? A) stratified squamous epithelium B) simple columnar epithelium C) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
top layer (aka horny layer). anucleated (apopyosis: nucleus and organelles break down and plasma membrane thickens). 20 to 30 cell layers thick. made up of keratin and plasma membranes and glycolipid
stratum corneum
You go to the beach to swim on an extremely hot sunny summer afternoon. Describe two ways in which your integumentary system acts to preserve homeostasis during your outing.
two ways are sweating and vasodilation. Sweat glands known as sudoriferous glands, to release sweat. As the sweat evaporates it cools the skin. In order to take advantage of this cooling opportunity the capillaries in your skin vasodilate, which means that they open up to allow more blood to come to the surface to release heat from inside the body.
macrophage
type of white blood cells irregular in shape with short branches Functions: - capable of engulfing bacteria and debris by phagocytosis - aids in defense - may be motile or fixed
Mesenchyme
undifferentiated embryonic tissue that can give rise to all types of connective tissues
Which statement best describes connective tissue? -primarily concerned with secretion -typically arranged in a single layer of cells -usually lines a body cavity -usually contains a large amount of matrix
usually contains a large amount of matrix
Region of skin that thickens markedly when one gains weight
Adipose
Visceral pericardium (serosa)
Always in contact with organs
B cell and T cell
Bears a cell-surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific pathogen
Bone is a connective tissue that provides support for body with its strength and righty? Best explanation for how this is so?
Bone cells secrete an extracellular matrix that when combined with minerals it becomes rock hard
ACTIVE PROCESS
CELLULAR ENERGY IS USED TO DRIVE THE SUBSTANCE "UPHILL"
Explain the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system.
CNS - Brain and spinal cord (12 cranial nerves)(31 spinal nerves) PNS - Outer regions of body Somatic Afferents - from skin, skeletal muscles and joints Visceral afferents - from guts Somatic motor - voluntary nervous system Autonomic nervous system - involuntary Sympathetic - fight or flight Parasympathetic - Rest and digest (SalivationLacrimationUrinationDefecation) SLUD
Distinguish between the central and peripheral nervous system
CNS contains the Brain and Spinal cord; interprets information. PNS sends and receives information from the CNS
Describe common patterns of neuronal organization and processing.
CNS neurons are organized into several types of neuronal pools, each with distinguishing patterns of synaptic connections called circuits. The four basic circuit types are diverging, converging, reverberating, and parallel after-discharge.
What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier?
CSF protects fragile nervous tissue from trauma. The blood-brain barrier separates neurons from blood borne substances.
Has intercalated discs
Cardiac Muscle
What do Exocrine glands do?
Carry secretions away from the gland onto body surfaces or into ducts.
Explain the structural classification of the nervous system
Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system. The PNS is divided into somatic and autonomic branches. Autonomic contains the Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Cell that produces cartilage
Chondrocyte
What is the most abundant fiber present in dense irregular connective tissue?
Collagen
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensil strength to absorb shock is because they posses......
Collagen fibers
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?
Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? -When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. -Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures. -Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. -Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.
Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.
Which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts an interaction between two separate cells? A) A B) B C) C D) D
D
The dermis is made up of
Dense irregular connective tissue
What type of connective tissue consists of fibroblasts scattered throughout collagen fibers that have a random or irregular arrangement. This tissue type is typically found in the dermis of the skin, as well as in the fibrous capsule that surrounds organs and joints.
Dense irregular connective tissue
What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract?
Dense microvili
Which of the following types of tissue forms the fascia, ligaments, and tendons?
Dense regular connective tissue
ABCD rule D
Diameter
which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroine and methadone?
ENDORPHIN
Basale cell Phagocytize
Eat the pigment (melanin) and as it accumulates within them
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as 2 distinct types. Following are 2 types of sweat glands?
Eccrine & Appocrine
Which of the following is true about epithelia?
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
Pseudostratified epithelium consists of multiple cell layers. True False
False While pseudostratified epithelium has the illusion of being a multi-layered tissue, it is in fact made up of only one cell layer. The irregular heights of the cells in pseudostratified epithelia give the tissue a layered appearance. In reality, all of the cells in this tissue rest on the basement membrane (i.e., their basal surfaces are in contact with the basement membrane).
All muscle cells contain striations
False Smooth muscle cells do not contain striations. Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangement is not regular enough to generate the striations seen in skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.
T or F: Fibrocartilage is also known as "gristle".
False.
T or F: Exocrine glands secrete directly into the blood.
False. ENDOcrine glands secrete directly into the blood.
T or F: Smooth muscle is voluntary muscle.
False. It is involuntary muscle.
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage? -Fibers are not normally visible. -It is more vascularized. -It contains less nuclei. -It is more harder and rigid.
Fibers are not normally visible.
Name the primary cell type in connective tissue proper; in cartilage; in bone.
Fibroblast (connective tissue proper) Chondroblast (in cartilage) Osteoblast (in bone)
Name the primary cell type in connective tissue proper; in cartilage; in bone.
Fibroblast (connective tissue proper); chondroblast(in cartilage); osteoblast(in bone).
What is the purpose of fixing tissue for microscopic viewing?
Fixing tissue preserves it and prevents it from deteriorating
Simple squamous
Forms the walls of the air sacs of the lungs, Endothelium and mesothelium
Mucous membrane
Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts Endothelium Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous
True of muscle tissues
Highly cellular and well vascularized
All of the following are characteristics of epithelium except: Highly mitotic, tight junctions, have basal and apical surfaces, highly vascular.
Highly vascular
The study of tissues is
Histology
Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? -Holocrine glands secrete their products by endocytosis. -Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. -Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell. -Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis.
Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Sebaceous (oil) glands are the only example of holocrine glands in the body.
Fibers are not normally visible
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic of fibrocartilage? It is more vascularized It contains more nuclei Fibers are not normally visible It forms most of the embyronic skeleton
The most common type of cartilage found in the body occurs at the end of most long bones in the joints, in the larynx, in the rings of the trachea (windpipe), and in the septum of the nose. Name this type of cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage
OSMOSIS
IS A TYPE OF DIFFUSION IN WHICH THERE IS NET MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE FROM AN ARE OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION .
-blast
Immature cell
Antigens
Immunity is resistance to disease resulting from the presence of foreign substances or ________ in the body.
Epithelial membranes
Include the cutaneous membrane (skin), the mucous membranes, and the serous membranes
Correct statement regarding adipose tissue
Its primary function is nutrient storage
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue
Its primary function is nutrient storage
Usually indicates liver disorder, Yellowing
Jaundice
The integumentary system is protected by the action of what cells that arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis.
Lamellated granules of the cells in the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into the extra cellular spaces. Think hydrophobic vs hydrophilic water and oil
Predict what would happen if a lung's visceral membrane were pulled away from its parietal membrane still attached to the chest wall.
Loss of membrane adhesive force would cause lung collapse.
Predict what would happen if a lung's visceral membrane were pulled away from its parietal membrane still attached to the chest wall. A) Excess serous fluid would quickly accumulate in the newly formed space. B) Only the parietal membrane would continue producing serous fluid. C) Loss of membrane adhesive force would cause lung collapse. D) The lung would get much larger than normal when inhaling air.
Loss of membrane adhesive force would cause lung collapse.
Sebum:
Lubricfates the surface of the skin Consists of a cell fragments and flattery substances In excess may cause seborrhea
STEM CELLS
MAY DIVIDE TO REPLACE LOST OR DAMAGED CELLS.
AMPHIPATHIC MEANS
MOLECULES HAVE BOTH POLAR AND NON POLAR PARTS
IN DIFFUSION MOLECULES OR IONS -
MOVE FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION .
MUSCULAR TISSUES CONSIST OF CELLS CALLED
MUSCLE FIBERS OR MYOCYTES THAT R SPECIALIZED FOR CONTRACTIONS ; THEY PROVIDE MOTION, MAINTENANCE OF POSTURE AND HEAT PRODUCTION & PROTECTION.
Stratified
Many layers of cells
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? *Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves. *These glands are ductless. *Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion. *Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process
Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.
Describe how neurons develop and form synapses.
Neuron development involves proliferation, migration, and the formation of interconnections. The formation of interconnections involves axons finding their targets and forming synapses, and the synthesis of specific neurotransmitters. Axon outgrowth and synapse formation are guided by other neurons, glial cells, and chemicals (such as N-CAM and nerve growth factor). Neurons that do not make appropriate synapses die, and approximately two-thirds of neurons formed in the embryo undergo programmed cell death.
Differentiate between the roles of neurons and the supporting cells of nervous tissue
Neurons are highly specialized cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses, whereas the supporting cells (neuroglial) are nonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect the neurons.
Differentiate between the roles of neurons and the supporting cells of nervous tissue.
Neurons are highly specialized cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses, whereas the supporting cells (neuroglial) are nonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect the neurons.
Not a chemical class of neurotransmitter?
Nucleic Acid
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands, they are found all over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
Cranial Nerve I. (name and major function)
Olfactory- sense of smell.
Simple
One layer of cells
Which is true of thick skin?
Palms, contain stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum
Contrast the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the digestive system
Parasym. increases smooth muscle mobility and secretion of DS glands while sym. decreases activity of DS and constricts DS sphincter
What are the functions of the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres?
Parietal lobe holds somatic sensory area. Occipital lobe holds visual area. Temporal lobe holds auditory area. Frontal lobe holds primary motor area. Broca's area involved in speach. Corpus callosum connects the hemispheres.
Aunt Jessie woke up one morning with excruciating pain in her chest. She had trouble breathing for several weeks. Following a visit to the doctor, she was told she had pleurisy. What is this condition and what did it affect?
Pleurisy is inflammation of the serous membranes covering the lungs. Inflamed pleural serous membranes create friction, resulting in pain as the lungs move during breathing.
Keratinocytes are an important epidermal layer because they
Produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of it'd protective properties
Antibodies
Proteins released by plasma cells that mRk antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement
Neurocardiac
Relating to the nerve supply of the heart
Acne is a disorder associated with
Sebaceous glands
Goblet cells found in this type of tissue
Simple Cuboidal
Best suited for diffusion or filtration
Simple Squamous
Epithelial forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Simple Squamous
T
T/F Elastic cartilage tissue is found in the walls of the large arteries that lace the heart
PHAGOCYTOSIS
THE INGESTION OF SOLID PARTICLES .
Define neuron, describe its important structural components, and relate each to a functional role.
The billions of neurons, also called nerve cells, are the structural units of the nervous system;Cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals (action potentials and graded potentials). Characteristics: 1. They have extreme longevity. Given good nutrition, neurons can function optimally for a lifetime (over 100 years). 2. They are amitotic. As neurons assume their roles as communicating links of the nervous system, they lose their ability to divide. We pay a high price for this neuron feature because they cannot be replaced if destroyed. There are exceptions to this rule. For example, olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions contain stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life. (The hippocampus is a brain region involved in memory.) 3. They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate and require continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose. Neurons cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen.
Describe the criteria used to classify covering and lining epithelia.
The covering and lining epithelia are classified on the basis of the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers present. The three common shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. The classes in terms of cell number are: simple (single layer) or stratified (multiple layers). In some cases, such as with endothelium, it is important to indicate their special location in the body.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium The cutaneous membrane, a "dry" membrane exposed to air, consists of a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium called the epidermis, and an underlying layer of connective tissue called the dermis.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Serous membranes line body cavities and organs. The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air. Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body.
The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium The cutaneous membrane, a "dry" membrane exposed to air, consists of a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium called, the epidermis, and an underlying layer of connective tissue called, the dermis.
Stratum lucidum
The fourth layer of the epidermis. The cells become flatter, increasingly full of keratin, and finally die.
Pore
The funnel-shaped exit for sweat
Exocrine gland
The gland type that secretes products such as milk,saliva, bile or sweat through a duct
Collagen fibers
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large about of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess _____ Hydroxyapatite crystals, Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, Elastic fibers
Serous Peritoneum
The serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs
Describe the criteria used to classify covering and lining epithelia.
The shape of the cells and the number of cell layers present.
Dermal papillae
The superior surface area of the papillary layer, which contain capillary loops
A group of cells specialized to perform specific functions make up a(n)
Tissue
Organized groups of cells that have a common purpose
Tissue
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable
Tissue repair
Describe the process of tissue repair, making sure you indicate factors that influence this process.
Tissue repair begins during the inflammatory response with organization, during which the blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue. If the wound is small and the damaged tissue is actively mitotic, the tissue will regenerate and cover the fibrous tissue forced to bridge the gap. When a wound is extensive or the damaged tissue amitotic, it is repaired only by using fibrous connective (scar) tissue.
Compare and contrast graded potentials and action potentials.
Topic: Graded | Action Location: Dendrites/soma | Hillock/axon Distance: Short | Long Amplitude: Various/graded | Always the same Potential: Decays | No Decay Stimulus: Chemical (NT) | Voltage (Depolarization) Summation: Temporal/Spatial | No (all or none) Voltage change: +/- | +>- Degree of change: Small | Large Duration: ~1 ms | many ms
Differentiate between a nerve and a tract, and between a nucleus and a ganglion
Tract- CNS, collection of axons Nerves - PNS, collection of axons Nuclei - CNS collection of nerve bodies Ganglia - PNS collections of nerve bodies
Found in the bladder
Transitional
A multilayeredd epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as
Transitional epithelium
Tissue that expands and returns to its original size.
Transitional epithelium
True or false? Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues.
True
True or false? All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function.
True All epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical surface and a basal surface that differ in both structure and function.
Humoral immunity
When this resistance is provided by antibodies released to body fluids, the immunity is called ________.
All of the following are cell types of connective tissue proper
adipocytes fibroblasts macrophages
What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
afferent, efferent, and interneurons.
Scar tissue is variety of a. epithelium b. connective tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue e. all of these
b connective tissue
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
bone (osseous tissue)
skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called (a) tension lines (b) papillary ridges (c) flexure lines (d) dermal papillae
c
The most abundant connections between cells in the superficial layers of the skin are a. connexons b. gap junctions c. desmosomes d. tight junctions
c. desmosomes
The three major types of cartilage in the body are a. collagen, reticular, and elastic b. areolar, adipose and reticular c. hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage d. tendons, reticular, and elastic
c. hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
The membrane which lines body cavities that open to the exterior is a(n) a. endothelium b. cutaneous membrane s. mucous membrane d. serous membrane
c. mucous membrane
Which of the following epithelia most easily permits diffusion? a. stratified squamous b. simple squamous c. transitional d. simple columnar
c. simple squamous
An epithelium that has several layers, with an apical layer of flattened cells, is called (choose all that apply) a. ciliated b. columnar c. stratified d. simple e. squamous
c. stratified e. squamous
Osteocytes receive nutrients via diffusion through the ____ from the central canal.
canaliculi
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control? cardiac skeletal smooth
cardiac Yes, cardiac cells, like skeletal cells, have visible striations but are not under voluntary control.
Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity? A) epithelial tissue, bones, and areolar connective tissue? B) nervous tissue and smooth muscle C) cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord D) cardiac and smooth muscle
cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord
Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity? nervous tissue and smooth muscle. epithelial tissues, bones, and areolar connective tissue. cardiac and smooth muscle. cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord.
cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord Cardiac muscle and the nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord have virtually no functional regenerative capacity, and they are routinely replaced by scar tissue.
Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity?
cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord Cardiac muscle and the nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord have virtually no functional regenerative capacity, and they are routinely replaced by scar tissue
What process is depicted in the basal layer of the glandular epithelium shown in B? A) exocytosis B) cell division C) cell fragmentation D) endocytosis
cell division
What process is depicted in the basal layer of the glandular epithelium shown in B? cell division exocytosis cell fragmentation endocytosis
cell division Cells are regenerated by division in the basal layer and migrate toward the apical surface to replace cells lost by fragmentation. Cell division is indicated by the mitotic phase cells located in the deepest (basal) layer of the glandular epithelium.
Cell type NOT found in areolar connective tissue.
chondrocyte
Choose which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a "conveyer belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus.
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________. *collagen fibers *hydroxyapatite crystals *elastic fibers *reticular fibers
collagen fibers
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________. -collagen fibers -hydroxyapatite crystals -elastic fibers -reticular fibers
collagen fibers
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess___________
collagen fibers
Elastic tissue has elastic fibers rather than __________ in the __________, which allow for stretching of various organs
collagen fibers ; extracellular matrix
areolar tissues consist of
collagen, elastic and reticular.
epithelial tissue
combines with nervous tissue to make up special sense organs responsible for smell, hearing, vison, touch, taste
elastic cartilage
composed of chondrocytes and elastic fibers found in external ear, Eustachian tube, and epiglottis of larynx Functions: - support - shape
fibrocartilage
composed of chondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers found in intervertebral discs, menisci of knee joints, pubic symphysis Functions: - support - fusion
dense regular
composed of fibroblasts in rows between bundles of collagen fibers great strength forms tendons - (attach muscle to bone) forms ligaments - (attach bone to bone) Function: - provides strong attachments between various structures
You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at? A) muscle tissue B) epithelial tissue C) nervous tissue D) connective tissue
connective tissue
pick the correct choice
connective tissue proper -> fibroblast cartilage -> chondroblast bone -> osteoblast
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue? A) creates linings B) highly branched cells C) used for support and insulation D) transmits electrical impulses
creates linings
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue?
creates linings Cells that create the body's linings are all derived from epithelia
Elastic tissue is a type of ____ connective tissue.
dense
The major regions of the hair shaft do not include
external root shaft
Which property is most consistent in the majority of connective tissues? A) large number of connective fibers B) greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content C) large amounts of ground substance D) avascularity
greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content
organelles
has a characteristic shape nd function .
Allergy
hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen
Which of the following is an example of pseudo stratified epithelium? A) lining of the trachea B) endocrine glands C) lung alveoli D) kidney tubules
lining of the trachea
ectoderm
outermost of the three primary germ layers of the embryo tissues derived- epidermis, nails, hair, superficial glands, nervous system, mucous membrane
collagen fibers
r found in large amounts of bone tendons &ligaments
in hair, keratinization is complete in the
shaft
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium? simple columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium transitional epithelium
simple squamous epithelium Yes, this single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.
Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions?
smooth muscle
Which of the following is true about the movement of lens across exciteable living membranes?
sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes
cells also known as "prickle cells". (2nd layer). pre-keratin filaments attached to desmosomes
stratum spinosum
fibers in extracellular matrix provide..
strenght & support
coarser, longer hair of eyebrows and scalp
terminal hair
Which layer of the dermis is highly vascular, contains nerve endings that respond to stimuli, and is comprised largely of areolar connective tissue?
the papillary layer
-covering and lining epithelium -glandular epithelium
two types of epithelial tissues
Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue
"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
Categories: Serous membranes
1) pleurae 2) peritoneum 3) mesothelium 4) parietal layer
What numbered cell type initiates inflammatory responses to infection or tissue damage? A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6
5
Generally speaking, connective tissues are largely non-living extracellular matrix. Which of the following is the exception?
Adipose
Skin color is determined by:
Amount of blood pigments oxygenation level of the blood
Extremely well
Areolar connective tissue regen?
This is the most common type of tissue which contains cells & fibers in a soft, jelly-like matrix
Areolar tissue
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber
Because it's composed of adipose tissue
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is highlighted? Calcification
Calcification
An arrector pili muscle:
Can cause a hair to stand up straight
Virtually none
Cardiac muscle regen?
Hypodermis
Essentially is adipose tissue. Anchors the skin to underlying organs. It serves as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes.
All muscle cells contain striations. A) True B) False
False
The dermis is ___________?
Filled with blood cells that regulate body temp.
Define synapse. Distinguish between electrical and chemical synapses by structure and by the way they transmit information.
Functional junction that mediates information transfer between neurons or between neurons and effector cells. Electrical Synapse - Neurons that are electrically coupled via protein channels (gap junctions) and allow for the direct transfer of ions. Only in brains, eyes, and cardiac. Chemical Synapses - Specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters. Make up the bulk of synapses.
An organ that secretes a special substance into body fluids is a(n)...
Gland
Cranial Nerve IX. (name and major function)
Glossopharyngeal- motor for pharynx, sense from anterior tongue and carotid artery
Which of the following is most likely to result from increased sebaceous activity?
Increase oily appearance and more acne
The first step in tissue repair involves
Inflammation
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
List the two functions of the spinal cord.
Major reflex center, two way conduction pathway to and from brain.
B cell and T cell
Progeny include memory cells
Bursae
Small sacs of connective tissue lined by synovial membranes
Melanocytes
Special cells that produce the pigment melanin
Parietal pericardium (serosa)
Surrounds the pericardial cavity
Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
T
T
T/F Blood is considered a type of connective tissue
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
THEY UNDERGO HEMOLYSIS
Binding to its antigen
Triggers the process of clonal selection in a B or T cell
T of F: the pleurae that cover the lungs are serous membranes
True.
Cranial Nerve VIII. (name and major function)
Vestibulocochlear- sense of balance
The rule of nines is helpful clinically in (a) diagnosing skin cancer (b) estimating the extent of a burn (c) estimating how serious a cancer is (d) preventing acne
b
ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
cells divide to form these three primary germ layers
Both blood and lymph are examples of
connective tissues.
cuboidal
cube-shaped cell
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. - hyaline cartilage -fibrocartilage -adipose tissue -elastic cartilage
elastic cartilage
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. -sebaceous -endocrine -exocrine -ceruminous
endocrine
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as_____
endocrine
Which type of gland produces hormones? multicellular exocrine glands endocrine glands unicellular exocrine glands holocrine glands
endocrine glands Endocrine glands, which are ductless glands, secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding them. The hormones then diffuse toward and pass through a nearby capillary wall to enter the blood. Circulating throughout the body in the blood stream is how hormones eventually reach their target cells.
Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy -simple cuboidal epithelium -endothelium -transitional epithelium -mesothelium
endothelium
inner layer from invagination of epidermis regarding hair follicle
epithelial root sheath
Connective tissue matrix is composed of __________.
ground substance and protein fibers
epithelial tissues consist mostly of cells... with
little extracellular material btwn adjacent plasma membranes.
The protein fibers of both blood and lymph are dissolved in the
matrix
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue?
simple columnar
Adipose tissue functions to
store triglycerides, protect internal organs, and insulate against heat loss
Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations.
true
Responsible for shock absorption and located in the hypodermis
Adipose
Cell reminenst of the epidermis
Cornified keratinocytes
Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement.
F
Forms the internal skeleton of lymph nodes, the spleen and other lymphoid organs
Reticular connective
Which tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place?
adipose
The sensations of touch and pressure are picked up by receptors located in (a) the stratum spinosum (b) the dermis (c) the hypodermis (d) the stratum corneum
b
Keratinizing
becoming hard and tough
tissues
groups of similar cells with common functions
in hair, keratinization is ongoing in the
root
Simple columnar epithelium (ciliated)
single layer of ciliated, rectangular- shaped cells lines upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes, uterus, paranasal sinuses, central canal of the spinal cord Functions: - moves fluids or particles along a passageway by ciliary action
Under a microscope you observe a tissue that appears to have long fibers that appear striated. The nuclei are pushed off to the side of the fibers. The tissue looks very vascular. What type of tissue are you observing?
skeletal muscle tissue The striations are evidence of the myofilaments inside the muscle fibers. The position of the nuclei and vascularity are also signs of muscle tissue.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
two or more layers of cube-shaped cells ducts of sweat glands, part of male urethra Function: - protection
Where is transitional epithelium found? -in areas involved in filtration -in areas subjected to stretching -in areas subject to wear and tear -in areas involved in absorption
in areas subjected to stretching Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra-organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them
Which of the following statements is true? >Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen. >Loose connective tissue includes cartilage. >Dense connective tissue includes a large amount of reticular fibers. >All subclasses of loose connective tissue do not contain collagen fibers.
>Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen. Correct, the prominent element of dense connective tissue are the fibers. Dense regular connective tissue primarily has parallel collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers. Dense irregular connective tissue primarily has irregularly arranged collagen fibers and some elastic fibers. Elastic connective tissue contains a high proportion of elastic fibers.
Which of the following types of connective tissue stores triglycerides, prevents heat loss, and provides cushioning and support for internal organs?
Adipose tissue
Blood and lymph and lymph nodes
Because pathogens are likely to use both ______ and _____ as a means of getting around the body, _____ _____ and other lymphatic tissues (which house the immune cells) are in an excellent position to detect their presence.
Match examples from the body that illustrate the major functions of connective tissue.
Binding -> areolar Support -> cartilage Protection -> bone Insulation -> adipose Transportation -> blood
Helper T cells
Binds with and releases chemicals that activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages
Choose the structures that mostly directly provides nutrients and removes wastes from osteocytes in compact bone
Canaliculi
Cell types not likely to be seen in areolar tissue
Chondroblasts
The fiber type that gives connective tissue it's great tensil strength is
Collagen
Serous membranes
Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior. occurs in pairs
Synovial membranes
Connective tissue membrane. composed of soft areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all. Line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints where they provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid
TISSUE REPAIR
IS THE REPLACEMENT OF WORN OUT, DAMAGED OR DEAD CELLS BY HEALTHY ONES.
Colchicine- a drug that can prevent the formation of microtubules. Most likely affect colchicine would have on cell division?
It will enhance mitosis by having chromosomes toward spindle fibers.
Consists of neurons and neuroglial cells
Nervous tissue
Keratinocytes
Produce kertain, the fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer
Epithelial type that lines most of the digestive tract
Simple columnar epithelium
T
T/F Goblet (columnar) cells are found within pseudo stratified cilliated columnar epithelium
T
T/F Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues
T
T/F Squamous cells are flattened and scale like when mature
T
T/F The shock absorbing pads b/w the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage
What are the General Functions of the Nervous System?
To maintain body homeostasis with electrical signals, provide for sensation, higher mental functioning, and emotion response, and activate muscles and glands.
Cranial Nerve V. (name and major function)
Trigeminal- sense from skin of face and mucosa of nose, chewing muscles.
True or false? Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.
True
True or false? Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection.
True
True or false? Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur.
True
True or false? The role of brown fat is to warm the body; whereas, the role of white fat is to store nutrients.
True
All connective tissues arise from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme. True False
True All connective tissues arise from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme. Mesenchyme has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells. It arises during the early weeks of embryonic development and eventually differentiates (specializes) into all other connective tissue cells. However, some mesenchymal cells remain and provide a source of new cells in mature connective tissues.
endocrine glandular epithelium
anterior pituitary thyroid , parathyroid ovaries, placenta GI tract pancreas testes, prostate thymus kidneys
Autoimmune disease
any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues
Edema occurs when -collagen fibers enlarge as they change from dehydrated to hydrated shape -reticular connective tissue invades the area -areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area -adipose cells enlarge by pinocytosis
areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
Which is not a true statement about the papillary layer of the dermis? (a) It is largely areolar connective tissue (b) it is most responsible for the toughness of the skin (c) it contains nerve endings that respond to stimuli (d) it is highly vascular
b
____membranes have an epithelium that is stratified and supported by dense connective tissue. a. Synovial b. Serous c. Cutaneous d. Mucous
c. Cutaneous
Chose which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a "conveyer belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus.
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
Which fiber type provides connective tissue strength?
collagen
Canaliculi branch from the central canal into the _____, carry nutrients to the _____ located in the margins of the concentric lamellae.
concentric lamellae; osteocyte
Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers? A) connective tissues high in collagen fibers B) connective tissue high in ground substance C) connective tissue high in reticular fibers D) connective tissue high in elastic fibers
connective tissues high in collagen fibers
recticular tissue
consists of fine interlacing fibers, reticular cells, and reticular fibers aids in binding of smooth muscle cells found in spleen, liver, lymph nodes, basal lamina Functions: - binds together smooth muscles - framework of organs
Which of the following is a dry membrane exposed to the air? A) cutaneous membrane B) synovial membrane C) mucous membrane D) serous membrane
cutaneous membrane
Which type of membrane is also an organ system?
cutaneous membrane
The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic -cilia -a rich vascular supply -fibroblasts -dense microvilli
dense microvilli
Skin, lung,, and blood vessel walls have which tissue characteristic in common?
elastic fibers
reticular fibers
found in fat cells , nerve fibers and sketeltal and smooth muscle cells!
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
four principal tissue types
What are the three main components of connective tissue? -collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers -ground substance, fibers, and cells -fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts -alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells
ground substance, fibers, and cells
sensory nerve endings attached to hair bulb. aka root hair plexus
hair follicle receptor
dermal tissue providing nutrients through capillaries protruding into hair bulb
hair papilla
pinkish hue. oxygenated pigment in red blood cells in dermal capillaries.
hemoglobin
Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
highly cellular and well vascularized
Which is true concerning muscle tissue? -contains contractile units made of collagen -cuboidal shape enhances function -highly cellular and well vascularized -is a single-celled tissue
highly cellular and well vascularized
Choose which tissue type likely functions to add support to an organ
hyaline carilage
fibroblast
immature cell found in loose and dense connective tissues that can still divide and secrete matrix
Immunodeficiency
immunological disorder in which some part of the body's immune system is inadequate and resistance to infectious diseases is reduced
Where is transitional epithelium found? in areas involved in absorption in areas subject to wear and tear in areas subjected to stretching in areas involved in filtration
in areas subjected to stretching Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra-organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them.
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________ -intercalated discs -flana -myofilaments -stroma
intercalated discs
The nucleolus __________. A) is a dark-staining spherical body found within the mitochondria B) is the site of lipid production in a cell C) is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell D) is the primary site of protein synthesis
is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell
Smooth muscle ________. contains intercalated discs has striations has long, cylindrical cells is under involuntary control
is under involuntary control Smooth and cardiac muscle are under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.
The epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presence of
keratin
Which of the following substances would NOT be found in significant amounts in the extracellular matrix of the illustrated areolar connective tissue? A) elation B) keratin C) proteoglycan D) collagen
keratin
Which epidermal cell type is most numerous?
keratinocyte
Lacunae are spaces located within the ____ where osteocytes reside.
lamella
fibroblasts
large flat, spindle-shaped branched processes active matrix-producing fibroblasts contain extensive endoplasmic reticulum Function: - secrete molecules that form matrix
specialized sweat gland. secrete milk
mammary glands
the proximal and lateral borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds called
nail folds
Which of the following glands might utilize the secretory mechanism and duct structure shown in A? A) sebaceous B) thyroid C) mucous D) pancreas
pancreas
extracellular matrix, which surrounds connective tissue cells, consists of a variety of different protein fibers and a ground substance. The type of fibers and components of the ground substance varies depending on the tissue type. Generally, the ground substance consists of
polysaccharides and proteins, which are secreted by the connective tissue cells. The ground substance can range from liquid (blood and lymph) to semi-solid (cartilage) to solid (bone).
Connective tissues ________. are all avascular. are delicate tissues, not designed to bear weight or withstand abrasion or tension. arise from different types of embryonic tissue; therefore, they have little relationship or kinship to one another. primarily consist of extracellular matrix.
primarily consist of extracellular matrix All other primary tissues are composed mainly of cells, but connective tissues are largely nonliving extracellular matrix, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue.
Which of the following glands might utilize the secretory mechanism and duct structure shown in A? thyroid hormone mucous salivary sebaceous
salivary Merocrine glands, such as that shown in A, produce secretions such as saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes, and so on.
exocrine glandular epithelium
salivary glands sweat glands pancreatic digestive glands sebaceous glands ceruminous glands
oil glands. simple branched alveolar. found everywhere except thick skin. secrete sebum. secrete lipids til they burst (holocrine glands). mostly as outgrowth of hair follicle
sebaceous glands
Exocrine glands ________. are only unicellular in structure secrete substances onto body -surfaces secrete hormones secrete substances into blood
secrete substances onto body surfaces Exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment (onto the surfaces of the cutaneous and mucous membranes). Note: "exo" means outside. Endocrine glands are ductless; they secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid of our internal environment. Note: "endo" means inside.
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron? dendrites axon soma
soma Yes, the soma or cell body receives inputs (signals) from other cells and sends the information to the axon. But unlike a dendrite, it also is the main metabolic and nutritional center of the cell.
Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________. prevent chondrocytes from dividing and thereby reducing the relative amount of matrix that is present in the cartilage. stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage. stimulate calcification of cartilage. All of the listed responses are correct.
stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage Cartilage is normally avascular, so nutrients required for healing must diffuse from distant blood vessels, which delays the healing process.
Correct statement regarding epithelial
stratified epithelia are tall and narrow cells
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as _______. *transitional *simple cuboidal *simple squamous *stratified squamous
stratified squamous
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.
stratified squamous
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as_______
stratified squamous
deepest layer of epidermal cells. single row of stem cells (stratum germinativum)
stratum basale
The functions of bone include
support, protection, serving as the site of muscle attachment (thereby enabling movement), and housing the cells that form blood.
what are eccrine and apocrine
sweat glands
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________.
tissue
Which type of epithelium lines the interior of the urinary bladder? simple columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium transitional epithelium stratified squamous epithelium
transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine. The ability of transitional cells to change their shape (undergo "transitions") allows a greater volume of urine to flow through the tube-like ureters and allows more urine to be stored in the urinary bladder.
can epithelial tissues renew themselves.
yes ! becuz of there high rate of cell divison !
Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it does not connect things or provide structural support? areolar connective tissue blood cartilage bone
blood Blood, the fluid connective tissue (CT) within blood vessels, is the most atypical CT. It does not act as a binding or packing material; it does not provide structural support. It is classified as a CT only because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of cells (blood cells) surrounded by an extracellular fluid matrix (blood plasma).
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone? -blood vessels -lacunae -living cells -organic fibers
blood vessels
adipose tissue
cells called adipocytes forms beneath the skin stored as fat deposits looks like "signet ring", because fat pushes nuclei to one side Functions: - insulates and protects - reserve energy supply
Which of the numbered cell types is primarily responsible for producing protein fibers found in connective tissue proper? 4 2 5 3
2 Cell 2 is a fibroblast, which is the primary producer of the major ECM components in connective tissue proper.
Which event must precede all others during tissue repair? >Clotting occurs in the damaged area. >Inflammation occurs near the affected cells. >Epithelia reproduce and migrate to the damaged area. >Fibroblasts produce collagen that strengthens the area surrounding the tissue damage.
>Inflammation occurs near the affected cells. Inflammation is the first part of the tissue repair. The inflammatory events set the stage for the tissue repair process.
Which of the following substances would NOT be found in significant amounts in the extracellular matrix of the illustrated areolar connective tissue? >elastin >proteoglycan >collagen >keratin
>Keratin. Keratin is a protein typically found in epithelial tissues, notably the cornified layers of the epidermis. Keratin would therefore not be found in significant quantities in the ECM of connective tissues.
Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? >simple squamous epithelium; filtration >simple cuboidal epithelium; secretion >simple columnar epithelium with microvilli; absorption >stratified squamous epithelium; absorption
>Stratified squamous epithelium; absorption. Stratified squamous epithelium (like you would find in the skin) is adapted for protection, not absorption from the external environment.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? >Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body. >The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air. >Serous membranes line body cavities and organs. >The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium
>The cutaneous membrane is made of simple columnar epithelium. The cutaneous membrane, a "dry" membrane exposed to air, consists of a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium called the epidermis, and an underlying layer of connective tissue called the dermis.
Which of the following is a dry membrane exposed to the air? >cutaneous membrane >synovial membrane >mucous membrane >serous membrane
>cutaneous membrane. The cutaneous membrane is your skin, an organ consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis). Unlike other epithelial membranes, the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the air and is a dry membrane.
Interferon
A protein released by macrophages and activated T cells that helps to protect other body cells from viral multiplication
Apocrine glands
A type of sudoriferous gland that are largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body. Their secretions contain fatty acids and proteins
what type of connective tissue functions to store triglycerides, protect internal organs, and insulate against heat loss.
Adipose tissue
List the different types of glial cells and the functions of each type
Astrocytes- protect nerves from harmful substances in the blood. Microglia- phagocytes that dispose of dead cells Ependymal cells- circulate CSF Oligodendrocytes- responsible for myelin sheaths Schwann cells- creates myelin sheaths in the PNS Satalite cells- act as protective cushioning cells
Provide examples from the body that illustrate four of the major functions of connective tissue.
Binding—areolar Support—cartilage Protection—bone Insulation—adipose Transportation—blood.
Provide examples from the body that illustrate four of the major functions of connective tissue.
Binding—areolar; support—cartilage; protection—bone; insulation—adipose; and transportation—blood.
Adipose and bone tissue are similar in that both tissues are connective tissues with a rich blood supply. How are they different?
Bone has ample extracellular matrix, and this is the location of nutrient storage. Adipose tissue has little extracellular matrix, and stores nutrients within the cells.
Name the second major nerve plexuses and list a major nerve.
Brachial- axillary, radial, median, musculocutaneous, and ulnar
The meninges are layers of membranes that cover the...
Brain and spinal cord
Yellow bone marrow is composed of?
FAT
Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area of absorption. A) True B) False
False
True or False? Healing of a surgical incision through the body wall will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue.
False
________ are highly phagocytic cells that are a part of the body's defense system. These cells can be localized (fixed), or they can wander throughout the body. Eosinophils Macrophages Basophils Mast cells Erythrocytes (RBC)
Macrophages Macrophages, which are peppered throughout loose connective tissue, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissue, may be attached to connective tissue fibers (fixed) or may migrate freely through the matrix. They phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. These "big eaters" also dispose of dead tissue cells, and they are central actors in the immune system.
Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns in response to
Male hormones
Match the function of epithelial tissue with the example of tissue that exemplifies that function.
Protection -> stratified squamous Absorption -> simple columnar Filtration -> simple squamous Secretion -> simple cuboidal
Name four important functions of epithelial tissue and provide at least one example of a tissue that exemplifies each function.
Protection—stratified squamous Absorption—simple columnar Filtration—simple squamous Secretion—simple cuboidal
T
T/F Functions of connective tissue include binding, support, insulation, and protection
F Composed mainly of REGULAR connective tissue
T/F Tensions and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue
F the direction of tension is the difference
T/F The basic difference b/w dense irregular and sense regular connective tissue is in the account of elastic fibers and adipose cells present
The type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface is a. interstitial growth b. appositional growth c. intramembranous growth d. longitudinal growth
b. appositional growth
the repair process necessary to restore normal function in damaged tissues is a. isolation b. regeneration c. reconstruction d. a, b , and c are correct
b. regeneration
A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to the epithelium describes a. interfacial canals b. the basal lamina c. the reticular lamina d. areolar tissue e. squamous epithelium
b. the basal lamina
Elastic tissue, which permits expansion and contraction of organs, is found
between the spinal vertebra and in ligaments supporting the penis, the walls of elastic arteries, and transitional epithelia.
functions of connective tissues
binds together supports (framework) strengthens protects insulates compartmentalizes most abundant tissue in the body
Tendons, which are formed by
dense regular connective tissue, attach muscles to bone.
dense connective tissues include
dense regular connective tissues, dense irregular connective tissues, & elastic connective tissues .
A histologist examines a tissue slide and observes many fibers tightly packed together in a parallel arrangement. A few cells can be seen squeezed between the fibers. Which type of tissue is being studied? A) areolar connective tissue B) dense regular fibrous connective tissue C) adipose connective tissue D) dense irregular connective tissue
dense regular fibrous connective tissue
connective tissue cells
derived from embryonic cells - called mesenchymal cells each major tissue type contains immature "blast" cells named for tissue blast cells divide, secrete matrix once mature, cells are "cyte" cells with reduced capacity for division and matrix production
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. -reticular -dense regular -embryonic -areolar
embryonic
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in what type of connective tissue.
embryonic
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in___________connective tissue
embryonic
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.
endocrine
Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity? -connective tissue -nervous tissue -epithelial tissue -muscle tissue
epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity (epithe = laid on, covering). In addition to coverings and linings, epithelial cells can also form glands, called glandular epithelium.
What process is indicated by C? A) exocytosis of secretory proteins B) exocytosis of ribosomes from the cell C) digestion of food particles D) exocytosis of RNA from the cell
exocytosis of secretory proteins
Which of these terms applies best to all material in this tissue that is not cellular? 1) extracellular matrix 2) interstitial fluid 3) ground substance 4) mesenchyme
extracellular matrix
The primary blast cell for connective tissue proper is the______
fibroblast
only epidermis is burnt. redness swelling, pain
first degree burn
Which of the following is NOT a step of tissue repair?
formation of new stem cells
A ciliated version of pseudo stratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells__________
lines most of the respiratory tract
A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells ________.
lines most of the respiratory tract
Ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus- secreting cells
lines most of the respiratory tract
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated variety ________. -aids in digestion -lines most of the respiratory tract -is not an epithelial classification -possesses no goblet cells
lines most of the respiratory tract
Which of the following is NOT a manner in which any epithelial tissue is classified? A) type of secretion B) location C) shape of the cells D) number of cell layers
location
loose connective tissue
loosely woven fibers Includes: - areolar - adipose - reticular
elastic cartilage in the ear has what function
maintains shape while affording flexibility
Elastic cartilage
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility, Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers. Found in the external ear.
chondrocyte
mature cell found in cartilage. Wharton's jelly is an embryonic connective tissue found primarily in the umbilical cord
Liposuction
medical procedure in which a surgeon removes excess fat (adipose tissue)
middle layer of hair shaft. absent in fine hair. large cells and air spaces. contains soft keratin.
medulla
hyaline cartilage
most abundant type of cartilage composed of chondrocytes in a bluish, glossy ground substance found on ends of long bones, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, and embryonic skeleton Functions: - movement at joints, flexibility, and support
areolar tissue
most widely distributed throughout body soft, pliable, with semi-fluid matrix composed of fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and adipocytes located in skin, mucous membranes, around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs Functions: - protects body organs, provides support within organs
An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a ________. -multicellular compound gland -multicellular simple gland -unicellular compound gland -unicellular simple gland
multicellular simple gland Multicellular exocrine glands with unbranched ducts are "simple"; those with branched ducts are "compound". Unicellular exocrine glands do not have ducts.
Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not.
False
The medical procedure called ____________ involves the removal of unwanted ____________, typically from the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, arms, and breasts.
Liposuction; adipose tissue
Which epithelium lines the digestive tract?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucous might indicate a disorder in which tissue?
Simple columnar
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue?
Simple columnar
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Stratified squamous epithelia are found in areas subjected to wear and tear. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion. Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange.
Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. This is incorrect; transitional (not simple cuboidal) epithelia are found in areas that stretch, in particular the ureters and urinary bladder. Simple cuboidal epithelia are designed for absorption and secretion (not stretching).
the extracellular matrix consists of a variety of different protein fibers and a ground substance. The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
The 3 categories of connective tissue;
Structural tissue, generalized tissue, and circulating tissue.
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened apple and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize
Suamous cell carcinoma
The glands that serve as an important function in thermoregulation
Suderiferous gland
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands, they are all over the skin. There are two types of sweat glands
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.
T
which stage do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?
Telophase
Moderate
Tendon / ligament regen?
Tendon sheaths
Tubelike, lined by synovial membranes
Regulatory T cell
Turns off the immune response when the "enemy" has been routed
Dermis
Under the Epidermis and it is firmly connected to it. It is made up of dense connective tissue.
How do physicians estimate the extent of a burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
Using the rule of nines
Cranial Nerve X. (name and major function)
Vagus- sense from pharynx, parasympathetic motor to thoracic viscera
Osseous tissue
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? Cartilage tissue, fibrocartilaginous tissue, Osseous tissue, Areolar tissue
The primary function of serous membranes in the body is to a. minimize friction between opposing surfaces b line cavities that communicate with the exterior c. perform absorptive and secretory functions d. cover the surface of the body
a. minimize friction between opposing surfaces
Axons, dendrites, and a cell body are characteristic of cells located in a. neural tissue b. muscle tissue c. connective tissue d. epithelial tissue
a. neural tissue
The gland type that secretes products such as milk, saliva, bile, or sweat through a duct is a. an endocrine gland b. an exocrine gland
b. an exocrine gland
outer layer of the hair shaft. single layer of overlapping cells. most heavily keratinized layer
cuticle
Which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract?
dense microvilli
After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because __________.
fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting Cardiac muscle contains sarcomeres, which allow for the tissue to contract when electrically stimulated. Fibrous connective tissue lacks these special contractile units.
synovium
membrane found in a synovial joint
Which type of membrane is a dry membrane exposed to the air? cutaneous membrane mucous membrane serous membrane synovial membrane
cutaneous membrane The cutaneous membrane is your skin, an organ consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis). Unlike other epithelial membranes, the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the air and is a dry membrane.
Which of the following is a dry membrane exposed to the air?
cutaneous membrane The cutaneous membrane is your skin, an organ consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis). Unlike other epithelial membranes, the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the air and is a dry membrane.
The epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presence of (a) melanin (b) carotene (c) collagen (d) keratin
d
Functions of connective tissue include a. establishing a structural framework for the body b. storing energy reserves c. proving protection for delicate organs d. all of the above e. a and c only
d. all of the above
Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking together_________is intact and healthy.
endothelium
In what ways are adipose tissue and bone similar? How are they different?
Adipose and bone tissue are similar in that both tissues are connective tissues with a rich blood supply and are used for nutrient storage. They are different in their relative amounts of extracellular matrix and location of nutrient storage. Bone has ample extracellular matrix, and this is the location of nutrient storage. Adipose tissue has little extracellular matrix, and stores nutrients within the cells.
What are the Tree types of Loose Connective Tissues
Areolar Adipose Reticular
Which of the following statements is NOT characteristic of the areolar connective tissue pictured in the figure? Areolar connective tissue has elastic properties. Fibroblasts are the cells primarily responsible for the formation of areolar connective tissue. Areolar connective tissue is avascular. Most of the volume of areolar connective tissue is occupied by ground substance.
Areolar connective tissue is avascular. Most connective tissues (except cartilage) contain blood vessels. A capillary is observed in the figure of areolar connective tissue.
The mucous membrane cells that line the nasal cavities and respiratory tract pathways are supplied with...
Cilia that wave away foreign particles.
Which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes & function as a "conveyor belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus?
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Erythema
Redness of the skin (blood vessels enlarge and more blood comes in )
Name the fourth major nerve plexuses and list a major nerve.
Sacral- Sciatic (splits to common fibular and tibial nerves), superior and inferior gluteal.
Compare and contrast saltatory and continuous conduction
Saltatory - to leap, High conduction velocity, found in myelinated axons Continuous - Conduct impulses relatively slowly, Unmyelinated
Smooth muscle __________.
is under involuntary control Smooth and cardiac muscle are under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.
Which of the following is NOT a manner in which any epithelial tissue is classified?
location
pigment from reddish yellow to brownish black. passes from melanocytes to basal keratinocytes. only found in deeper layers of epidermis. productin stimulated by UV rays. protects DNA from UV rays
melanin
layer of hair follicle from dermis. fibrous sheath
peripheral connective tissue sheath
What activity does cell 1 undertake to contribute to the body's defense against injury and infection? A) synthesis of protein fibers used to rebuild damaged tissue B) phagocytosis of foreign materials C) secretion of chemicals that trigger inflammation D) differentiation to form red blood cells
phagocytosis of foreign materials
Genes
Determines which antigen a particular B or T cell will be able to recognize
Healing of a surgical incision through the body wall will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue.
False
The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin
Keratin
Epithelial type that lines much of the respiratory tract
Pseudostratefied ciliated columnar epithelium
What epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane?
Pseudostratified columnar
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
RED BLOOD CELLS MAINTAIN THEIR NORMAL SHAPE
Explain the function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Resting and Digesting system. Maintains daily necessary bodily functions (digestion, defecation, diuresis)
Serous fluid
Separates the serous layers. It allows the organs to slide easily across the cavity walls and one another without friction as they carry out their routine functions
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? -Stratified squamous epithelia are found in areas subjected to wear and tear. -Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange. -Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion. -Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch.
Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. This is incorrect; transitional (not simple cuboidal) epithelia are found in areas that stretch, in particular the ureters and urinary bladder. Simple cuboidal epithelia are designed for absorption and secretion (not stretching).
Moderate
Smooth muscle regen?
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.
Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. -Simple squamous epithelia consist of tall, narrow cells. -Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers to viruses. -Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. -Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another
Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
Which epidermal cells are also called prickle cells? Thick contain keratohyaline and lamellar granules?
Stratum Spinosum is the prickly layer Stratum granulosum known as granular layer is where keratinization begins, cells accumulate keratohyaline granules that help form keratin fibers in upper layers Cells also accumulate lamellar granule, a water-resistant glycolipid that slows water loss
The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis
Stratum basale
Thye layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but no viable
Stratum corneum
If a splinter penetrated the ski into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which layer would be damaged?
Stratum lucidum
Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur.
T
F
T/F Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes
T
T/F Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium
What are the functions of the major regions of the diencephalon?
Thalamus is a relay station for sensory impulses. Hypothalamus regulates body temperature, balance, and metabolism, houses limbic system. Epithalamus holds the choroid plexus which form CSF.
matrix
non-living material produced in connective tissue can be solids (calcified), semisolids (gel-like), or liquids connective tissue can withstand abuse, abrasions and stretching because of the presence of matrix the harder the substance, the more matrix present
Forms the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
simple squamous
Count Dracula most famous vampire rumored to have killed at 200,00 people was based on a real person who lived in Eastern Europe about 600 years ago. He was indeed a monster although he was not a real vampire. What may had he suffered from?
He my have suffered from porphyria - an inherited or acquired disorder. Caused due to deficiency of certain enzymes needed for formation of heme of hemoglobin. Die to the lack of enzymes intermediate metabolites called porphyria S get accumulated. This to get disbursed in the circulation Photosensitive is caused from these proghyrins. When exposed to sunlight blister appear all over the body. Then the lesions and. Scars appear all over the skin. This condition makes the dis figuration of the toes, nose and fingers. Gums get degenerated & teeth become elevated. The person suffers from mental disturbances also Leads to stay appearance of the person and believed to be the base for folkloric claims about vampires
What does the embryonic skeleton consists of that has a gelatinous matrix and provides flexible support, and latter ossifies to form bone
Hyaline cartilage
Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium.
T
Epithelial tissues always exhibit apical-basal polarity; meaning that cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal surface.
T
Describe the process of tissue repair, making sure you indicate factors that influence this process
Tissue repair begins during the inflammatory response with organization, during which the blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue. If the wound is small and the damaged tissue is actively mitotic, the tissue will regenerate and cover the fibrous tissue forced to bridge the gap. When a wound is extensive or the damaged tissue amitotic, it is repaired only by using fibrous connective (scar) tissue.
Cranial Nerve IV. (name and major function)
Trochlear- moves superior oblique to orbit.
All epithelia have an apical surface and a basal surface
True
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.
True
True or False: Muscle tissue does not easily repair itself.
True
True or False? Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium.
True
True or False? Epithelial tissues always exhibit apica-basal polarity; meaning that cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal surface.
True
Your instructor gives you an unknown organ for you to examine and identify through microscopy. What should you do first with the sample?
fix it with perspective
Your instructor gives you an unknown organ for you to examine and identify through microscopy. What should you do first with the sample?
fix it with preservative
endosteum
membrane that lines the medullary cavity of bones and contains osteoclasts
Which of the following increases the surface area of certain epithelial tissues? cilia desmosomes basal lamina basement membrane microvilli
microvilli Microvilli are small finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of epithelial cells (thus epithelial tissues), an important attribute of tissues that have a role in absorption and secretion.
Which of the following increases the surface area of certain epithelial tissues? *cilia *desmosomes *basement membrane *microvilli *basal lamina
microvilli Microvilli are small finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of epithelial cells (thus epithelial tissues), an important attribute of tissues that have a role in absorption and secretion.
mesoderm
middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo tissues derived- striated, cardiac, most smooth muscle, cartilage, bone, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, epithelium of reproductive organs, kidneys, and adrenal cortex
Which of the following substances would NOT be found in significant amounts in the extracellular matrix of the illustrated areolar connective tissue? collagen proteoglycan keratin elastin
keratin Keratin is a protein typically found in epithelial tissues, notably the cornified layers of the epidermis. Keratin would therefore not be found in significant quantities in the ECM of connective tissues.
Found in urinary tract organs
transitional
What do the glands shown in A and B both have in common? Both are unicellular. Both are sebaceous glands. Both are exocrine glands. Both are endocrine glands.
Both are exocrine glands. Both glands secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities.
tendon
white fibrous cord of dense, regularly arranged connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Chondroblasts ________. -are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae -within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix -never lose their ability to divide -remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes
within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
Chondroblasts________
within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue -Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. -Connective tissue cells are nondividing. -Connective tissue does not contain cells. -"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells
Match the epithelial types named in column B with the appropriate description(s) in column A. Column A _1. Lines most of the digestive tract _2. Lines the esophagus _3. Lines much of the respiratory tract _4. Forms the walls of the air sacs of the lungs _5. Found in urinary tract organs _6. Endothelium and mesothelium Column B a. pseudostratified ciliated columnar b. simple columnar c. simple cuboidal d. simple squamous e. stratified columnar f. stratified squamous g. transitional
1. b 2. f 3. a 4. d 5. g 6. d
Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity? >cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord >epithelial tissue, bones, and areolar connective tissue >nervous tissue and smooth muscle >cardiac and smooth muscle
>Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord.Cardiac muscle and the nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord have virtually no functional regenerative capacity, and they are routinely replaced by scar tissue.
After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because __________. >the undamaged cardiac muscle cells become fatigued from the energy expended during the healing process >fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting >fibrosis produces new cardiac muscle cells that are not as strong as the mature ones that died >the initial death of some cardiac muscle cells triggers a chain reaction in which progressively more and more neighboring healthy cells die
>Fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting. Cardiac muscle contains sarcomeres, which allow for the tissue to contract when electrically stimulated. Fibrous connective tissue lacks these special contractile units.
All connective tissues arise from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme.
A. True
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes
Accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV blocking pigment layer
Is a bald man rally hairless? Explain?
Alopecia baldness happens in men most often, Malle pattern baldness is a genetically determined sex-influenced conditon. DHT (dihydrotestosterone) metabolite of testosterone. Results are the follicular growth cycles be some so short many hairs never emerge from their follicles before shedding. Age 35 is 40% By age 60 is 85%
Cutaneous glands
Are all exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts. There are 2 types
The most widespread connective tissue that serves as 'filler material' between other tissues.
Areolar
Tissue forms the model for endochondial ossification?
Cartilage
Which connective tissue generally takes the longest to recover from injury?
Cartilage
What is the first threat of life after a massive burn?
Catastrophic fluid loss
Cutaneous
Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Endothelium Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous
A common belief is that having your hair cute make it become thicker. Explain why this belief is not true?
Cutting hair belief that it makes hair thicker is wrong. Hair growth takes place in the hair matrix Portion of the hair bulb, which is comprised of actively proliferating cells These cells take their origin from a region called hair bulge, which is titrated just above the hair bulb The chemical signals that come from the papilla reach the hair bulge. Some cells move toward the Padilla & proliferate to form hair cells. The new cells are produced by the matrix pushing the old cells upper side, which become kerantinized & eventually died. The outer portion of the hair that we cut is called the shat of the hair. Which consists of dead kerantinized cells. So it doesn't matter if we cut the shaft because the growth of the hair is mainly LinkedIn with the hair matrix but not with the shaft
Explain each of these familiar phenomena in terms what you learned in this chapter: Pimples Dandruff Greasy hair and shiny nose Stretch marks from gaining weight Freckles
Dandruff - cell remnants of stratum corn emu appear as shingles. They are cornfield and horny. These cell remenats shed off from the dry scalp, as loose flakes, referred to as dandruff Greasy hair & shiny nose - sebaceous glands called oil glands sev=Crete an oily substance called sebum. Are large on the face neck & chest. Secrete Thur hair follicles. Some have sebaceous glands over the scalp and face, sebum secreted from the glands make the hair greasy and the nose look shiny. The sebum acts as lubricant for hair and makes it look oily and protects it from brittling Stretch marks from gaining weight - when you gain weight there will be a prominent increase in thickness of subcutaneous tissue, referred to as hypodermics. The increase thickness leads to formation of sketch mark. Mostly found in thighs and breast in females and around the belly in males Freckles - melanin is a pigment, released by melanocytes. Skin color mostly depends upon the melanin rather than that of carotene & hemoglobin. Sometimes melanin is accumulated in some places locally, such accumulations are called freckles
True about epithelial
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?
Fibers are not normally visible
Which event must precede all others during tissue repair?
Inflammation occurs near the affected cells. Inflammation is the first part of the tissue repair. The inflammatory events set the stage for the tissue repair process.
Describe how synaptic events are integrated and modified.
Integration - summation, Temporal & Spatial Synaptic potentiation - when presynaptic cell is stimulated repeatedly/continously, enhancing the release of the neurotransmitter (like working out a muscle) Presynaptic inhibition - when another neuron inhibit the release of excitatory NT from presynaptic cell Neuromodulation - when a neurotransmitter acts via slow changes in target cell metabolism, or when chemicals other than NTs modify neuronal activity. EX: NO & adenosine
Which is true of the force that can be generated by sarcomeres that are greatly shortened ( at 75% or less of their resting length)?
It is less than maximal
Which is not a true statement about the papillary layer of the dermis?
It is most responsible for the toughness of the skin
Which is true of the motor homunculi?
It represents motor innervation of body regions
What is the correct statement which best describes adipose tissue?
It stores lipids.
Th uppermost layer of the skin is full of _____?
Keratin and cornified (hardened)
The most abundant cells of the epidermis
Keratinocytes
Without macrophages, wound healing is delayed. Why?
Macrophages phagocytose many foreign materials, as well as cell debris and dead cells. This cleans the wound, allowing granulation tissue to form.
True of melanin?
Made by melanocytes, packaged into melanosomes, shields dna from sunlight & accumulations of it form moles and freckles
Which of the following are NOT functions of connective tissue?
Performs absorption and secretion
Name the protective membrane that surrounds cartilage and contains cells that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the cartilage matrix.
Perichondrium
Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
Postsynaptic Potential - Neurotransmitters that mediate graded potential on the postsynaptic cell EPSP - Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential, Excitatory neurotransmitter opens Na+ channels and depolarizes the membrane IPSP - Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential, Inhibitory neurotransmitters opens either K+ or Cl- channels and hyperpolarizes the membrane
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. *Stratified cuboidal *Transitional *Pseudostratified columnar *Stratified columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
___________epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified columnar
Define reflex arc and list it's elements.
Reflex arcs are reflexes that occur over neural pathways. Sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, and effector organ.
What are the Three types of Dense Connective Tissue
Regular Irregular Elastic
Adipose tissue is what kind of tissue?
Soft connective tissue
The dermis has two major layers, which ones constitutes almost 80%. And is responsible for the tenion lines in the skin?
Reticular layer
Distinguish between serial and parallel processing.
Serial Processing is the act of attending to and processing one item at a time in a sequential/deliberate/CONSCIOUS effort. This is usually contrasted against Parallel Processing, which is the act of attending to and processing all items simultaneously. (For example, when we look at a picture in a book of a red balloon we don't have to think "that is a balloon, it is red, the grass is green, the sky is blue, the book is old"...our mind can look at the page and UNCONSCIOUSLY, simultaneously process the entire picture and those listed details in one mere glance.)
Under a microscope you observe a tissue that appears to have long fibers that appear striated. The nuclei are pushed off to the side of the fibers. The tissue looks very vascular. What type of tissue are you observing? >dense irregular connective tissue >dense regular connective tissue >skeletal muscle tissue >osseous tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue. The striations are evidence of the myofilaments inside the muscle fibers. The position of the nuclei and vascularity are also signs of muscle tissue.
Why are there no skin cancers that originate from stratum corneum cells?
Stratum corneum is outermost layer, comprises of 20 to 30 cell layers. Cells in this layer are dead. Cells are totally kerantinized and help in prevention of loss of water from the inner layers. This layer protect the inner layers from external environmental abnormalities. As the cells in this layer are dead cells there is no possibility for them to undergo proliferation for growth. Hence no chance for cancer to take origin in the cells of this layer as there is no possibility of mutations to take place in these cells
Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature.
T
True or False? Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
True
True or False? The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage.
True
True or False? Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature.
True
True or false? Blood is considered a type of connective tissue
True
Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly? a. Chondrocytes cannot be replaced if killed, and other cell types must take their place b. Cartilage is avascular so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the site of injury c. Damaged cartilage becomes calcified, thus blocking the movement of materials required for healing d. Chondrocytes divide more slowly than other cell types, delaying the healing process e. Damaged collagen cannot be quickly replaced, thus slowing he healing process
b. Cartilage is avascular so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the site of injury
Mucous secretions that coat the passageways of the digestive and respiratory tracts result from ____ secretion. a. apocrine b. merocrine c. holocrine d. endocrine
b. merocrine
Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type? bone: fibrocyte bone: osteoblast connective tissue proper: chondroblast cartilage: fibroblast
bone: osteoblast
Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type? A) connective tissue proper; chondroblast B) cartilage; fibroblast C) bone; osteoblast D) bone, fibrocyte
bone; osteoblast
intergral proteins are
channels and carriers that help specific solutes cross the membrane; receptors that serve as cellular recognition sites; enzymes that catayze specific chemical reactions; & linkers that anchor proteins in plasma membranes to protein filaments inside & outside the cell.
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. -reticular -collagen -elastic -muscle
collagen
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is_________
collagen
The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers
Which cell functions as part of the immune system?
dendritic cell
What type of connective tissue is found between skeletal muscles and skeleton?
dense regular connective tissue
ligaments
dense regular connective tissue that connects bone to bone fibers of some fibrous capsules arranged in parallel bundles highly adapted to withstand strain
plasma cells
develop from lymphiod stem cells actively producing plasma cells contain extensive rough endoplasmic recticulum Functions: - aid in defense - secrete antibodies - found mainly in CT in GI tract and mammary glands
Tissue changes with age can result from a. hormonal changes b. increased need for sleep c. improper nutrition d. all of the above e. both a and c only
e. both a and c only
more abundant sweat gland (palms, soles of feet, forehead). simple, coiled tubular gland. hypotonic filtrate. (merocrine sweat glands)
eccrine sweat glands
After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because __________. the undamaged cardiac muscle cells become fatigued from the energy expended during the healing process. fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting. fibrosis produces new cardiac muscle cells that are not as strong as the mature ones that died. the initial death of some cardiac muscle cells triggers a chain reaction in which progressively more and more neighboring healthy cells die.
fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting Cardiac muscle contains sarcomeres, which allow for the tissue to contract when electrically stimulated. Fibrous connective tissue lacks these special contractile units.
pick the correct choice
forming the soft packaging around organs -> areolar supporting the ear pinna -> elastic cartilidge forming "stretchy" ligaments -> elastic connective tissue first connective tissue in the embryo -> mesenchyme forming the intervertebral discs -> fibrocartilage
thickened region under free end of nail is
hyponychium
Based on its function, where would you likely find simple squamous epithelium? A) along the digestive tract B) in places where materials need to pass through a thin sheet of cells C) on the surface of the skin D) in the places that experience abrasion or friction
in places where materials need to pass through a thin sheet of cells
The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is __________.
inflammation, organization, and regeneration In order, the basic steps of tissue repair are inflammation, organization, and regeneration
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________
intercalated discs
What is the ground substance in typical connective tissue matrix? A) interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion proteins B) collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers C) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and mesenchyme cells D) dissolved bone salts
interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion proteins
Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired? A) muscle; endoderm B) connective tissue; mesoderm C) nervous tissue; ectoderm D) epithelium; endoderm and ectoderm
muscle; endoderm
nervous tissue
neurons receive stimuli and conduct electrochemical impulses neuroglia provide supporting structure of of nervous tissue
What activity does cell 1 undertake to contribute to the body's defense against injury and infection? differentiation to form red blood cells phagocytosis of foreign materials secretion of chemicals that trigger- inflammation synthesis of protein fibers used to rebuild damaged tissue
phagocytosis of foreign materials Cell 1 is a macrophage, which avidly phagocytizes foreign materials such as bacteria and debris.
periosteum
protective membrane that surrounds bone tissues and contains osteoblasts
Reticular tissue
provides the framework for some internal organs (spleen, liver, lymphatic organs; have collagen fibers
Stratified squamous epithelium
several layers of cells cuboidal to columnar shape in deeper layers squamous layers on top found in sites of heavy use - nonkeratinized - keratinized Function: - protection
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
several layers of polyhedral cells, columnar cells only in superficial layer male urethra, large excretory ducts, portions of anal mucous membrane, and conjunctiva Functions: - protection and secretion
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? -simple columnar -stratified squamous -simple squamous -transitional
simple columnar
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium? A) stratified squamous epithelium B) simple cuboidal epithelium C) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
cytosol
the fluid portion of the cytoplasm
What distinguishes the gland in A from the gland in B?
the method of secretion
entire thickness of skin is burnt. skin is gray-white, cherry red or blackened. nerve endings destroyed
third degree burn
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________. -tissue -organ -organ system -organism
tissue
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform common or related function form a ______
tissue
