Unit 5 (Chapter 6) DATES HERE

Loyalists

Internal Enemies of the Revolution -Ben F's son was a loyalist. -Shared political beliefs with patriots -^Disagreed that independence was only way to conserve colonists rights. -Most opposed taxing colonies -Some would change sides DURING war -Denounced seperation as an illegal act -Believed that w/o the crown or monorchial rule, america would be ruined -Tories and Wigs. (Tories=patriots Wigs=oponents) -Hatred between the two was greater than britans against patriots. -Oppisition=betryal -Loyalists were often harassed, tarred and feathered -Wives of loyalists acted as spies sometimes -In south carolina, only 5% were loyalists in 1766 -Loyalists strongest in NY and NJ -Immigrants helped make loyalists stronger. 125,000 English, Scots, and Scots-Irish landed from 1763 to 1775.

Treaty of Paris

John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay were America's principal delegates to the peace talks in Paris, which began in June 1782. The british awarded america ALL places EAST of missisissipi. PROBLEMS WITH TREATY OF PARIS: -Treaty of paris failed to prevent disputes between Britan and America -didnt compansate loyalists -didn't mention native americans in the treaty -ratified american independence -Some disputes still left unresolved "Under a separate treaty, Britain returned East and West Florida to Spain, but the boundaries designated by this treaty were ambiguous. Spain interpreted the treaty to mean that it regained the same Florida territory that it had ceded to Britain in 1763 (see Chapter 5). But the Treaty of Paris (not signed by Spain) named the thirty-first parallel as Florida's northern border, well south of the area claimed by Spain"

Dates of chapters 5,6 and 7

--------CHAPTER 5--------- 1754 Albany Congress. 1754-1761 Seven Years' War (in Europe, 1756-1763). 1755 Britain expels Acadians from Nova Scotia. 1760 George III becomes king of England. Writs of assistance. 1762 Treaty of San Ildefonso. 1763 Treaty of Paris. Pontiac's War. Proclamation of 1763. 1763-1764 Paxton Boys uprising in Pennsylvania. 1764 Sugar Act. 1765 Stamp Act. African Americans demand liberty in Charles Town. First Quartering Act. 1766 Stamp Act repealed. Declaratory Act. 1767 Townshend Acts. American Board of Customs Commissioners created. 1768 Massachusetts "circular letters." John Hancock's ship Liberty seized by Boston customs commissioner. 1768 First Treaty of Fort Stanwix. St. George's Fields Massacre in London. 1770 Townshend Acts, except tea tax, repealed. Boston Massacre. 1771 Battle of Alamance Creek in North Carolina. 1772-1774 Committees of correspondence formed. 1772 Somerset decision in England. 1773 Tea Act and Boston Tea Party. 1774 Lord Dunmore's War. Coercive Acts and Quebec Act. First Continental Congress. 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord. Lord Dunmore's Proclamation. Olive Branch Petition. Battles at Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill. George III and Parliament declare colonies to be in rebellion. 1776 Thomas Paine, Common Sense. Declaration of Independence. ------CHAPTER 6----- 1776 British force American troops from New York City. 1777 Congress approves Articles of Confederation. American victory at Saratoga. 1777-1778 British troops occupy Philadelphia. Continental Army winters at Valley Forge. 1778 France formally recognizes the United States; declares war on Britain. 1779 Spain declares war on Britain. John Sullivan leads American raids in Iroquois country. 1780 British seize Charles Town. 1781 Articles of Confederation ratified. Battle of Yorktown; British General Cornwallis surrenders. 1783 Treaty of Paris. 1784 Spain closes New Orleans to American trade. Economic depression begins in New England. Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix. 1785 Ordinance of 1785. Treaty of Fort McIntosh. 1786 Congress rejects Jay-Gardoqui Treaty. Treaty of Fort Finney. Joseph Brant organizes Indian resistance to U.S. expansion. 1786-1787 Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts. 1787 Northwest Ordinance. Philadelphia convention frames federal Constitution. 1787-1788 Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist. 1788 Constitution ratified. 1788 First election under the Constitution. 1789 First Congress convenes in New York. George Washington inaugurated as first president. Judiciary Act. French Revolution begins. 1790 Alexander Hamilton submits Reports on Public Credit and National Bank to Congress. Treaty of New York. Judith Sargent Murray, "On the Equality of the Sexes." First Indian Trade and Intercourse Act. 1791 Bank of the United States established with twenty-year charter. Bill of Rights ratified. Uprising begins in Saint Domingue. Society for the Encouragement of Useful Manufactures founded. 1792 Washington reelected president. 1793 Planters and slaves arrive from St. Domingue. Fugitive Slave Law. Citizen Genet active in United States. Jefferson resigns from Washington's cabinet. First Democratic societies established. 1794 Whiskey Rebellion. Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Treaty of Greenville. Jay's Treaty. 1796 Treaty of San Lorenzo. Washington's Farewell Address. John Adams elected president. 1798 XYZ Affair. Alien and Sedition Acts. 1798-1799 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. 1798-1800 Quasi-War between United States and France. 1799 Russia establishes colony in Alaska. Fries Rebellion in Pennsylvania. Handsome Lake begins reform movement among Senecas. 1800 Gabriel's Rebellion in Virginia. Thomas Jefferson elected president.

The Philadelphia Convention, 1787

-55 delegates from every state but rhode island met/closed sessions/press away from them -Among them: George W., Benjamin F., Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. -Their mission was to consider ammendments to the articles, but most ended up wanting to form a new constitution that created a more central powerful government. -James Madison wanted central gov. rather than federation of states -^Madison thus, created the Virginia Plan

Marquis de Lafayette

-A french aristrocat -joined washingtons staff -his presence indicated France's growing interest in the American cause

The Constitution 1788

-After articles, comes the constitution -A national convention called to consider amendments to the Articles instead proposed a radical new frame of government, the Constitution. In 1788, the states ratified the Constitution, setting a bold new course for the United States.

Shays Rebellion 1786

-An event in which a group of small farmers protested taxes and the use of specie. -Led by Daniel Shay, followed by farmers. -They Shut down the courts in 5 counties -Shaysites had limited objectives -Made little bloodshed -Never seriously threatened anarchy -But their uprising cried out for a stronger central government -Shays's Rebellion sparked elite nationalists into action from above -Massachustes

New Jersey Plan (By William Patterson)

-Contradicted Virginia Plan -Similar to the Articles -Each single chamber congress in each state had a vote -Patterson wished Congress to raise taxes, regulate interstate commerce, and use military force against the states.

Valley Forge and Friedrich Von Steuben

-Defeated again by howe -Barely had anything to eat, started to suffer again. -Then in 1778 Friedrich von Steuben arrived -^He encouraged men using humor and different languages that involved swearing. -He once again turned the army from weak to strong -Heading toward NY, The Continental Army got its first opportunity to demonstrate Steuben's training when it caught up with Clinton's rear guard at Monmouth, New Jersey, on June 28, 1778.-Lead by Henry Clinton

Northwest Ordinance 1787

-Defined steps for the creation/admission of new states. -Forbade slavery while region remained teritory -Had lasting effects -Thomas Jefferson feared the rapidly growing white population would quickly exhaust available land east of the Appalachians.

Articles of Confederation (John Dickson)

-Did not provide enough central power to the government in order to effectively govern Government that focused more on states' rights. It reserved to each state "its sovereignty, freedom and independence." Under the Articles, the national government consisted of a single-chamber Congress, elected by the state legislatures, in which each state had one vote. The approval of seven states was required to pass minor legislation; nine states had to approve declarations of war, treaties, and the coining and borrowing of money. ^Maryland agreed. -Reserved to each state, and not government Perhaps the single most important measure passed by Congress under the Articles of Confederation, the Northwest Ordinance established the first United States territory and provided for its later division into states.

The Virginia Plan (created by James M.)

-Gave Congress unrestricted powers to legislate, levy taxes, veto state laws, and authorize military force against the states. -the Virginia Plan was designed "to abolish the State Govern[men]ts altogether." -specified a bicameral legislature and fixed representation in both houses of Congress proportionally to each state's population. -his plan aroused opposition -would have given the largest 4 states a majority in both houses

George Washington and the Continental Army

-George led the continental army -Served in the house of burguess -later sat in the continental congress -Defeats in the ohio valley taught George about overconfidence dangers. And to demonstrate determination even amidst defeat -American victory dependant on george W to keep fighting. He was brilliant, ambitious Virginian, George Washington. -the Continental Army lacked experienced officers and sergeants -most within the army served short term -most fighters poor and landless, that did sign up for longer lenghts of time SMART MOVES BY GEORGE: -Boosting civilian and military morale. -drove a wedge between New Jersey's five thousand loyalists and the British army. 1776, his troops at New Jersey captured 918 Germans and lost only four Continentals. Also attacked twelve hundred British at Princeton in 1777, and killed/captured 1/3 of them while sustaining only forty casualties. -Washington's victories forced British to remove their New Jersey pple to New York early in 1777.

Women In Wartime

-Served military camps by cooking, laundering or attending to wounded -Other women served as spies or courriers for continentals -Deborah Samspon disguised herself as a man & fought -During war, women gained newfound confidence to think and act on matters usually reserved to men -George W found womens prescence bothersome -Esther Reed and Sally Bache (Benjamin Franklin's daughter) organized a campaign among Philadelphia women to raise money for the troops -Abigail Adams=The most direct wartime challenge to established gender relations. Abigail claimed that participating in boycotts and spinning bees, women recognized that colonists' arguments against arbitrary British rule also applied to gender relations.

Ordinance of 1785

-Surveyed areas north of the ohio river -outlined procedures for surveying the land. -Reflecting Enlightenment rationality -Showed boundaries of towns and private holdings -Confirmed to european americans idea of private property -The law established a township six miles square as the basic unit of settlement. -Had lasting effects

Anti-Federalists

-The Constitutions opponents. -Constited of a lot of farmers -^who saw the constitution as a favoring of city dwellers and moneyed interests - Antifederalists failed to create a sense of urgency among their supporters -Felt that states should govern -Antifederalist arguments reflected Anglo-Americans' long-standing suspicion of centralized executive power -Antifederalists believed, the Constitution would weaken the states/undermine the people's liberty the Antifederalists went down in defeat, and they did not survive as a political movement. Yet their influence was lasting. At their insistence, the Virginia, New York, and Massachusetts conventions approved the Constitution with the accompanying request that it be amended to include a bill of rights protecting Americans' basic freedoms. Moreover, Antifederalists' concerns for the sovereignty of states under the Constitution's federal framework would be echoed in the bitter political debates that roiled the new government during its first decade and long thereafter. As the Antifederalists predicted, the Constitution afforded enormous scope for special interests to influence the government. WELL KNOWN antifederalists: George Clinton and Virginia's Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason, and future president James Monroe.

The War in the West 1776-1782

-War errupted inn 1776 when with cherrokes attacking settlers from North Carolina and nearby states that had enroached their lands -Developed from the appachians westward. -Small scale skirmeshes rather than a huge battle all at once -Continued tensions over land between NA'S and settlers -A smaller scale war but high stakes for the new nation, for the british, french and settlers -Expeditions forced cheerokes to leave. Burning their towns. Forced them to sign treaties -ceded most of their land in South Carolina and substantial tracts in North Carolina and Tennessee. -intense fighting lasted longer in the NW -Ohio indians and white settlers fought for 2 years in kentucky -^With the British unable to offer assistance, their Native American allies were vulnerable. -Bowman led a second Kentucky unit in a campaign that destroyed most Shawnee villages, and in August a move northward from Pittsburgh by Daniel Brodhead inflicted similar damage on the Delawares and Ohio Senecas. Although these raids depleted their populations and food supplies, most Ohio Indians resisted the Americans until the war's end. READ MORE ABOUT FIGHTING IN THE WEST UNDER JOSEPH BRYANT.

The War in the South

-War in the south=ultimate and final decisive phase of the war -Horatio Gates led continintals in the south. -Charles Cornwallis and camden. Greatest defeat for continintals. Cornwallis finally lost at yorktown. -Francois Grasse defeated british/navy ships/trapped cornwallis -Spring of 1778, british took control of georgia and charlestown. Slaves tried to find freedom through joining british lines. -british ended up finding there were less loyalits than expected -General Clinton wanted to sieze southern ports, move back north, w/help of loyalists, move back to north, pacifying regions along way

Jay-Gardoqui Treaty (1786)

-bondholders, merchants and shippers wanted the ability to trade privelages abroad but america wasn't strengthened in the atlantic community yet -growing minority frustrated w/the confederation -created tension for american national unity opened Spanish markets to American merchants and renounced Spanish claims to disputed lands—at the cost, however, of postponing American exporters' access to New Orleans for another twenty years.

The Revolution

-prior to the revolution, nonelite colonists more political -the revolution was a step backwards for native americans A struggle between independant states and britan/a civil war among american pple. -Loyalists (internal enemies of the revolution) -Ben F.'s son was a loyalist. -War divided families and friends (1775-1778) Toward beggining of war, took place at Philadelphia northward (1776) During second half of war, fighting took place at new york. Here howe and his army killed/captured a quarter of george washingtons men. -in 1766 Britan entered war with 2 main advantages 1. 11 mil british vs 2.5 mill colonists. 1/3 slaves or loyalists. 2. Had the worlds largest navy. professional armies The number of soldiers stationed in North America, the British Isles, and the West Indies more than doubled from 48,000 to 111,000 men the navy expanded rapidly from 18,000 to 111,000 sailors, it lost 42,000 men to desertion and 20,000 to disease or injuries. Rebel privateers captured 2,000 british and 16k crewmen -Seriously overextended, the navy barely kept the army supplied and never effectively blockaded American ports. -More than DOUBLED national debt -Until mid-1778, the Revolutionary War remained centered in the North -The war was finished in the South when American and French forces won a stunning victory at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. AFTER THE WAR: The American victory drove about sixty thousand white loyalists, African Americans, and Native Americans into exile. More than half the refugees moved to Canada, with the rest dispersing to Great Britain and to British colonies in the West Indies, Africa, and India. Finally, although the war secured American independence, it did not address two important issues: what kind of society America would become and what sort of government the new nation would possess.

Constitution of the United States 1787

-reconciled the conflicting interests of large and small states. -barred congress from doing ex post facto laws and bills of atainder -the absence of a bill of rights kept Philadelphia from agreeing to the constitution at first - The Constitution became the law of the land when the ninth state, New Hampshire, ratified it on June 21, 1788. - the Philadelphia convention provided for the Constitution's ratification - any state refusing to ratify the Constitution would legally remain under the Articles -Strengthened national authority -contrasts Articles of Confederation, the Constitution provided for a national authority that improved that of the states in significant ways. -it followed the New Jersey Plan by asserting in "the supremacy clause" -congress now had authority to lay/collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce & diplomacy -all acts and treaties of the United States were "the supreme law of the land." -Congress could override the president by a two-thirds majority in each house -The president could conduct diplomacy, but the Senate had to ratify treaties. The president appointed a cabinet, but only with Senate approval. SYSTEMS CREATED TO KEEP THINGS IN CHECK: -Seperation of powers (exectutive, legeslative and judical) -checks and balances (created to keep one branch from dominating another) -To ensure the independence of each branch, the Constitution provided that the members of one branch would not choose those of another -"Federalism" OTHER: -The Constitution reinforced slavery in ways. -it forbade citizens of any state to prevent the return of escaped slaves to another state - The Constitution limited slavery only to the extent of prohibiting Congress from banning the importation of slaves before 1808

Egalitarianism (post-war) (equality)

-soldiers carried this egalitarian spirit into their postwar life, insisting on respect from elites -Equality was important to point out -Putnam, a general, made his soldiers know they're all important. -The war democratized Americans' political assumptions -Revolutionary-generation Americans insisted virtue/sacrifice defined a person independently of his wealth -The new emphasis on equality didn't extend to propertyless males, women, and nonwhites, -it undermined the tendency to believe that wealth or distinguished family background conferred a special claim to public office.

Joseph Bryant

A pro-british irouquios leader. -devastated the Pennsylvania and New York frontiers in 1778, killing about seven hundred settlers. -tuscoras and oneidas sided with John Sullivan to fight joseph bryant and the irouquis pples -Burned a MILLION bushels of the iroqouis's corn. Causing starvation Fighting continued in the west till 1782

The Federalist

A series of 85 newspaper essays penned by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. It defended the rights of political minorities against majority tyranny, and it prevented a stubborn minority from blocking well-considered measures that the majority believed necessary for the national interest. The Federalist's authors, had a twofold purpose: First, to defend the rights of political minorities against majority tyranny and, second, to prevent a stubborn minority from blocking well-considered measures that the majority believed necessary for the national interest. -Had little influence on voting in NY

Slaves and Native Americans During the War

Africans: -Prior to war, africans considered their own liberty more important than colonists independence from britan. -south carolina slaves took refuge in charles town -During war, 20,000 africans escaped owners!!! (mostly from southern and middle colonies) -1/3 of slaves that fled to the british were women, often w children -But most slaves, recaptured or died. Small minority achieved freedom. -Those freed, served later in the royal army -A group of several hundered slaves, infected with small pox, sent to britans enemy to help kill oponents. -slaves who remained behind faced biggest challenge. Less food mostly. -Less slave rebellions because of less slaves Native Americans: -Most NA's supported the british.Either from the begining or from being pressured. -Greatly divded up during war. -In the Ohio country, most indians resented settlers incrusions. -After Pontiac's War, Native Americans in the Great Lakes developed improved relations with British agents and now supported Britain's cause. -The iroqouis, creeks and cherokes were badly divided during war. -Joseph Brant=a native that supported the british -Centeral fire and onodoga. -Oneidas and Tuscaroras sided w rebels and against iroquis -Those who traded with the British supported Britain's cause, while those with ties to Spain advocated neutrality -Cherookes split between anti american millants and they avoided anglo americans -Native Americans in upper New England, easternmost Canada, and the Illinois and Wabash valleys were initially anti-British because of earlier ties with the French -overall most NAs sided w british. Coastal indians fought w patriots

Three Fifths Clause

Allowed three-fifths of all slaves to be counted for congressional representation and, thereby, in the Electoral College that selected the president.

Politics of this time

Americans feared centralized authority and lived in bitter memories of past royal governers Revolutionary leaders were usually republicans In establishing new political institutions, revolutionary Americans endeavored to guarantee liberty at the state level by minimizing executive power and by subjecting all officeholders to frequent scrutiny by voters. In turn, the new national government was subordinate, under the Articles of Confederation, to the thirteen states. challenges facing the Confederation made clear to many elites the need for more centralized authority at the national level as well. In keeping with colonial practice, eleven states established bicameral (two-chamber) legislatures. Nine of the thirteen states reduced property requirements slightly for voting, but none abolished such qualifications entirely. a minority of voters usually elected a majority of assemblymen Pennsylvania sought to avoid such outcomes by attempting to ensure election districts would be roughly equal in population. Penn also didn't even have a office for govener Pennsylvania and Georgia abolished the upper house altogether Americans jettisoned the British conception of a constitution as a body of customary arrangements and practices, insisting instead that constitutions were written compacts that defined and limited the powers of rulers. By 1784, all state constitutions included explicit bills of rights that outlined certain freedoms that lay beyond the control of any government. In most states, the governor became an elected official after 1776 all states scheduled annual elections except South Carolina, which held them every two years. Legislatures usually appointed judges and could reduce their salaries legislatures could impeach both judges and governors the constitutions gave governors little to do except chair councils that made militia appointments and supervised financial matters an elite-dominated convention in 1780 pushed through a constitution largely authored by John Adams. The document=property qualifications for voting and holding office, state senate districts that were apportioned according to property values, and a governor with considerable powers in making appointments and vetoing legislative measures. -The Massachusetts constitution signaled a general trend. John Dickson=Articles of Confederation

Battle of Yorktown

Cornwallis surrenders to George Washington. See more info under the "war in the south." Prior to this: six thousand British troops stood off eighty-eight hundred Americans and seventy-eight hundred French for three weeks before surrendering with military honors on October 19, 1781.

Newburgh Conspiracy and Robert Moris

Led by Robert Morris and Alexander Hamilton Morris always proposed that the states authorize the collection of a national import duty of 5 percent, which would finance the congressional budget and guarantee interest payments on the war debt. -Morris saw that the US needed sources dependent of the states to achieve a strong national government. In 1783, the two men secretly persuaded some army officers, then encamped at Newburgh, New York, to threaten a coup d'état unless the treasury obtained the taxation authority needed to raise their pay, which was months in arrears.

Nova Scotia and East and West Florida (independence NOT considered here)

Rebels never attempted to win over Nova Scotia and East and West Florida. -consisted of recent immigrants and British troops. -independence not considered in Britain's thirteen West Indian colonies, which were dominated by British absentee plantation owners

The Battle of Monmouth

The Battle of Monmouth ended the contest for the North. -Lead by Henry Clinton and the guys previously having felt defeated in valley forge

Revolution for Native Americans

The Revolution made no provision for Native Americans wishing to remain independent of the United States -They suffered worse than ANY GROUP during war -increased achohol consumption AFTER WAR: Native Americans experienced pressure to adopt white practices and assimilate white cultural norms in ways that would have long-term repercussions for women and for gender roles. Samson Occum and several hundred other disillusioned Christian Indians left New England in 1784.

Battle Of Saratoga

The Revolutions turning point. -France now believed americans could win war -Negotiated by Benjamin Franklin ^ -Franced signed up to help with war, and treaties of friendship/commerce -Americans' overwhelming numbers more than their skill had forced Burgoyne to surrender.

Revolution for African Americans and eventual freedom

The wartime situation of African Americans contradicted the ideals of equality and justice for which Americans were fighting. About a half million blacks—20 percent of the total population—inhabited the United States in 1776, all but about twenty-five thousand of whom were enslaved. Even those who were free could not vote, lived under curfews and other galling restrictions, and lacked the guarantees of equal justice held by the poorest white criminal. Free blacks could expect no more than grudging toleration, and few slaves had ever gained their freedom. MOST states offered some civil rights to free blacks, during and then after revolution. The revolution neither ended slavery nor brought back equality to free blacks, but it did began a process of which slavery might eventually become non-existant pressure from white southern politicians led Washington to ban blacks from serving on November 12, 1775, ironically just five days after Lord Dunmore's proclamation invited enslaved Virginians to join the British. -The arming of enslaved African Americans was more controversial among white patriots. -in the decade before the Revolution, American opposition to slavery had swelled, as resistance leaders compared the colonies' relationship with Britain to that between slaves and a master. By 1779, Quaker slave owners had freed 80 percent of their slaves. Between 1777 and 1784, Vermont, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut began phasing out slavery. New York did not do so until 1799, and New Jersey until 1804. the northern states took steps that weakened the institution, paving the way for its eventual demise. Most state abolition laws provided for gradual emancipation, typically declaring all children born of a slave woman after a certain date—often July 4—free. (They still had to work, without pay, for their mother's master up to age twenty-eight.) northern politicians did not press for decisive action against slavery in the South. (financial worries) all states except South Carolina and Georgia ended slave imports and all but North Carolina passed laws making it easy for masters to manumit (set free) slaves. most free blacks remained poor laborers, domestic servants, and tenant farmers. only earning 1/3 of whitemen Prince Hall=One of the most prominent free blacks to emerge during the Revolutionary period -Took a leading role among boston blacks, protesting slavery -He formed African American masonic lodge -^mvmnt that went into nothern cities and was important support for africans. -petitioned massachusates for freedom for blacks to return back to africa. Phillis Weatly=MOST RECOGNIZED african american. -enslaved boston poet -never was freed -inspired many during revolution

Treaty of Alliance

United States by signing treaties of friendship and commerce and of military alliance with the new nation.The second of these agreements, the Treaty of Alliance, solidified the bonds between the two countries, as they pledged that neither would agree to a peace treaty with the British without the other's involvement. -French join the patriots -Spain declares war against british, but only wants to side with french, not americans. -Dutch even joined in 1780, to fight beside french and patriots -

Financial Outcomes and the Economy

greatest challenge facing the Confederation was putting the nation back on sound financial footing -War had cost 160 mill -to fully finance war, goveners had to borrow abroad -By late 1780s, states had fallen behind 80 percent in providing the funds that Congress requested to operate the government/honor the national debt. -an economic depression gripped New England beginning in 1784 -New englanders faced high taxes -Overpopulation/high unemployment -famine stalked Europe, farmers in Pennsylvania and New York prospered from climbing export prices. -Recovery from the war finally showed in 1788 -Tobaco Farmers shifted to growing wheat -other farmers, hemp