US History Final Chapters 15-17
When the Civil War broke out, President Lincoln did not want to make the war about ending slavery because he
Doubted he had the right to do anything about slavery under the Constitution
The Compromise of 1877 essentially
Ended reconstruction
General Lee's surrender to General Grant
Ended the war because the troops didn't want to continue without their leader
Jefferson Davis's objective as president of the newly formed Confederate States of America was to
Establish the Confederacy as a permanent, independent republic
The Chinese Exclusion Act
Eventually led to a sharp decline in the Chinese population in the American West
During the Civil War, the "twenty-Negro law" angered many poor white Southerners because it
Exempted one, usually wealthy, white man from military service if they owned twenty or more slaves
The slaves that remained on the plantations used the chaos of the war to
Expand control over their lives by negotiating with the mistresses of the plantation for better working conditions
Freedman in the occupied Confederate state were very unhappy that the new labor regime imposed by the Union military during the Civil War
Failed to outlaw whipping
By the end of the Indian Wars, the Native American population in the United States had
Fallen to as little as 250,000 from a high of at least 15 million before Europeans arrived
The introduction of ironclad ships into the Civil War
Helped the South for a while but the advantage didn't last after the Union introduced their own ironclad ship
The 15th Amendment prohibited states from denying the right to vote on the basis of
Race
After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri chose to
Remain loyal to the Union
Repeated
Repeated
___________ opposed Andrew Johnson's plans for reconstruction because they felt he was trying to bring back white rule in the South
Republicans
The Wade-Davis bill differed from Lincoln's plan for reconstruction by
Requiring that at least half the voters in a former rebel state take the loyalty oath before reconstruction could begin
During reconstruction, Southern Black Codes
Restricted freedmen's economic and civil rights
In the Slaughterhouse cases and US v Cruikshank, the Supreme Court
Restricted the ability of the federal government to protect individuals from discrimination by other individuals
With a majority in Congress during the war, Republicans passed legislation that helped the Northern economy through
Restructuring the U.S. banking, monetary, and tax systems
President Lincoln's efforts to quiet opposition to the war
Resulted in the arrest and imprisonment of many Democrats
President Johnson shocked reformers when he instructed military and government officials to
Return all confiscated and abandoned land to pardoned ex-Confederates
Following emancipation, many ex-slaves sought to
Reunite family members that had been sold
The easiest way to get rich in the silver mines was
Selling shares in your mine on the stock market
The system under which farmers rented small pieces of land and paid for it with a portion of their crops was known as
Sharecropping
The Civil War brought an end to slavery legally and because
Slaves ran away in large numbers as it became harder to discipline slaves while the white men were away at war
The border states of Missouri and Kentucky barely voted to stay with the Union but
Small bands of guerilla fighters terrorized Northern sympathizers throughout the war
When the Civil War ended, President Lincoln was confident that
The burdens of the post-war period would be as hard as the burdens of the war
At the end of the Civil War
The dominance of the federal government was established
Why did hundreds of thousands of Americans migrate to the West after the Civil War?
To own their own land
What was the goal of the Wade-Davis Bill?
To punish the South
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlawed racial discrimination in
Transportation, public accommodations, and juries
Supreme Court decisions after the Civil War largely
Undermined reconstruction
The Ghost Dance was
Was a religious ritual that was supposed to rid the Native Americans of the whites
The siege of Vicksburg was
Was an important Union victory that secured the Mississippi River
The Treaty of Fort Laramie
Was violated by the U.S. when gold was discovered in the Black Hills
The wealth produced in the Nevada silver mines
Went mostly to speculators who sold shares in mines from San Francisco and other cities
In western mining communities, labor unions
Were able to obtain better wages and health care for their members
Most appointees to territorial governments
Were being rewarded for their political support of party candidates
The Battle of Bull Run was significant because it
Demonstrated that the Civil War would not be short or easy
Shows like William Cody's Wild West Show
Described the West in mythical terms and often did not accurately portray history
As the Republicans took control of the state governments in the South, they focused on
Public education, care for orphans, and prison reform
General William Tecumseh Sherman summed up the U.S. government's policy toward Native Americans when he stated
"Remove all to a safe place and then reduce them to a helpless condition"
The Homestead Act promised
160 acres to any man or woman who agreed to live on the land for 5 years
Geronimo was
A Sioux warrior who defeated the U.S. Army on the Great Plains
The Ku Klux Klan became a paramilitary organization, but it began as
A social club for Confederate veterans
When General Sherman marched across Georgia to the sea, he intended to
Destroy the will of the Southern people and leave nothing behind for the Confederate army to use
President Johnson's response to the 14th Amendment was to
Advise Southerners to reject the amendment
Who made up the majority of the Republican Party in the South after the end of the Civil War?
African Americans
At the Battle of Shiloh, General Ulysses S. Grant used the tactic of
All out warfare that led to the loss of many soldiers on both sides
Typically the Northerners saw secession as
An attack on the best government on earth
Although the Chinese were considered to be hard workers, prejudice kept them from working
As servants
Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation
Because he saw emancipation as a military necessity
President Lincoln decided not to abandon Fort Sumter because he
Believed that abandoning it would violate his inaugural promise to defend federal property
The buffalo herds were killed off by
Both irresponsible hunters and buffalo hunters hired by the railroads
The Dawes Allotment Act
Broke up the reservation system and gave up to 160 acres of land to individual Native Americans
The Union blockade of the Confederate states made it necessary for the Confederate government to
Build its own industrial sector
Large southern landowners complained that the army's solution from slave labor to paid labor would not work because it
Did not allow for the use of physical punishment
The impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
Caused Johnson to reach a truce with Congress
The largest ethnic group in the mining communities of the American West was the
Chinese
The Civil War officially began when
Confederates fired on troops sent to resupply Fort Sumter
In attempting to establish a plan of Reconstruction near the end of the war
Congress and Lincoln disagreed as to who had authority to plan Reconstruction
In the Compromise of 1877
Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal funds for the South and the removal of Union troops
The term "Exodusters" refers to
Freed African Americans who left the South to settle in the West
When Lincoln said that, "If General McClellan doesn't want to use the army I would like to borrow it", he was expressing his
Frustration that McClellan had a large, well-trained army and wouldn't use to attack the Confederate army
President Lincoln's reconstruction plan, the 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, offered
Full pardons to ex-rebels who would renounce secession and accept the abolition of slavery
The Homestead Act
Gave land in the West to people would then be loyal to the Union
To encourage the construction of railroads after the Civil War, state and federal governments
Gave railroad companies millions of acres of land
The 14th Amendment dealt with voting rights for blacks by
Giving Congress the right to reduce a state's representation if the state refused to give all black adult males the right to vote
For Native Americans, the discovery of silver on the Comstock
Had a disastrous impact on their land and the bison they lived on
Homesteaders often found that the best land in the West
Had been snatched up by speculators
At the end of the first year of the Civil War, fighting in the East
Had reached a stalemate
After Grant was elected President
He formed an administration that was known for corruption
Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1866 extraordinary?
It made discrimination in state laws illegal
Congress took the first steps towards emancipation when it passed the first Confiscation Act
Labeled slaves as contraband of war
When comparing the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, it can be said that
Lincoln had little political or military experience but was a masterful leader, while Davis brought much experience but was an ineffective leader
The invention of barbed wire revolutionized the cattle industry by
Making it possible for ranchers to fence in their herds
Thousands of women volunteered to serve as nurses during the Civil War, however
Many men doubted they could handle the job as they thought women were too delicate to handle so much disease and injury
Towards the end of reconstruction, the goals of reconstruction had been
Mostly abandoned by Northerners
The federal government's policy towards territorial governments in the West can best be described as
Neglectful
Clara Barton was best known for her efforts during the Civil War as a
Nurse on and off the battlefield
To make emancipation more acceptable to white Northerners, President Lincoln initially
Offered to deport African Americans out of the country
The Democrats' strategy to defeat the Republicans included
Playing on people's racial prejudices, blaming Republicans for the South's economic problems, and terrorizing people into voting Democratic
When the Civil War began, most Northerners saw it as an opportunity to
Preserve the Union and uphold the Constitution
The Civil War ended slavery, but the Reconstruction failed to
Protect civil rights for freedmen
Redeemers were
Southern Democrats who wanted to overthrow Republican governments in the South
Abraham Lincoln's first goal when he took office as president was to
Stop secession from spreading to the Upper South states
Black Codes were an attempt to
Subordinate blacks to whites
Southerners expected that Britain and perhaps France would ally with the confederacy to avoid having their
Supply of cotton interrupted
Initially Confederates used King Cotton diplomacy, a strategy based on the belief
That cotton starved countries in Europe would enter the war on the side of the Confederates and break the Union blockade
In the Presidential election of 1876
The Democratic candidate won the popular vote but fell one electoral vote short
When it came to supplying the Confederate troops
The South had fewer resources than the North and its lack of infrastructure made delivering the supplies very difficult
The Comstock Lode was
The richest vein of silver ore ever found on the American Continent
In the months before the end of the war, Confederate troops were demoralized because
The years of fighting, lack of supplies, and concern for their families had taken its toll
Southerners believed that they had a real chance of winning the Civil War because
They believed that withholding cotton would wreck the Northern economy and bring England and France into the war as allies
States in the Upper South that seceded from the Union after the Battle of Fort Sumter did so because
They couldn't see themselves fighting against fellow Southerners
While the Northern economy grew during the war, Northern workers found that
They had more control over their wages and working conditions because labor was in short supply
Some ex-slaves left the churches where they were forced to worship with their slave owners and joined predominately black churches because
They wanted freedom to worship without whites watching over them
White Southerners from all classes of society enlisted to fight against the North because
They wanted to preserve their Southern way of life and keep slaves subordinate to whites
When northern farmers took up arms in the Civil War, their domestic tasks were taken over by
Women
The voting rights provision of the 14th Amendment was a major disappointment to
Women who wanted the right to vote
Ex-slaves believed that ownership of land
Would give them the same ability to earn an income as white workers