western civ 2 chapters 17-18

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

Christmas.

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland:

England

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

Francois Quesnay.

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction

accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia

became a highly centralized European state.

During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right

was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.

During the eighteenth century, Spain

was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V.

Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?

wheat.

The Austrian Empire under Joseph II

witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his

28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued

6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.

A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was

Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.

Deism is the belief that

God created the universe but does not actively run it

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of

James Cook.

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Louis XV's most famous mistress was

Madame de Pompadour.

The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was

Maria Theresa

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

Mary Wollstonecraft.

The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was

Methodism.

Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?

Mozart

The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of

Silesia.

Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities?

They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation.

For Rousseau, the "general will" was

a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

enormous impact of the publishing industry.

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was

gin.

As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France

lost Canada.

France in the eighteenth century

lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.

Catherine the Great of Russia

lowed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of

magazines for the general public.

Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to

members of the nobility.

The European peasantry in the eighteenth century

often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a

pocket borough.

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they

popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

power is divided between the three branches of government.

For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

private property

Isaac Newton and John Locke

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

religious intolerance.

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

Adam Smith believed that government

should not interfere in people's economic decisions.

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except

the end of typhus and smallpox.

The French philosophes mostly included people from

the nobility and the middle class.

A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was

the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility.