World History 3201Public Exam Review

viet minh

Vietnamese nationalists who fought against the Japanese and French for Vietnam's independence

Evaluate the reaction of the Soviet Union to containment by referring to the Molotov Plan, Berlin Blockade/Airlift and formation of the Warsaw Pact.

The Soviet Union responded to the American policy of containment. They responded to the *Marshall Plan* with the *Molotov Plan* Plan to establish **West Germany** with the **Berlin Blockade** Formation of ***NATO*** with the ***Warsaw Pact***

Assess whether the Korean War provides a better example of American containment or United Nations peacemaking.

***OPINIONATED RESPONSE***

Given historical documents, explain the cause of the Suez Crisis.

The Suez crisis was caused due to Gamal Abdel Nasser's three main goals: 1. Create an independent (and eventually Industrialized) Egypt/Free Arab world from Western influence. 2. Hoped to unite all Arabs into one great Arab Movement 3. Destroy the newly formed state of Israel

Evaluate how new leaders and technological developments increased tension at Potsdam

.In August 1945 the United states ended WWII by dropping atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The atomic bomb became a source of tension for several reasons: 1) Truman had not told Stalin that the U.S. intended to drop these on Japan. 2) The U.S. refused to share the secret of how to make such a bomb. 3) Stalin was convinced the U.S. would use the bomb to win worldwide power. 4) Stalin ordered his scientists to develop an atomic bomb. The U.S. felt threatened by this.

nationalism

1. Sense of national consciousness that fosters loyalty to one's country 2. The nation-state (country) is regarded as key to the realization of the social, economic, and cultural aspirations of a people 3. Nationalism is characterized by a feeling of community among a people, based on common descent, language & religion

collectivization

: Stalin's plan to create an agricultural cooperative through consolidation of peasant villages into state-controlled collective farms, detrimental to the kulaks, eliminates private enterprise.

Marxism

: economic and political philosophy named for Karl Marx. Marx believed capitalism in its current form (1800's) was fundamentally corrupt. He said the workers (proletariat) would eventually rise up against the capitalists (those who control the means of production). He called them the bourgeoisie. Marxism has had a profound impact on contemporary culture. It was very appealing to workers because of the notion of equality and equal work and equal pay. It was incredibly frightening to upper classes. Modern communism is based on it and most modern socialist theories derive from it.

ultimatum

A final proposal of terms which when rejected, may end negotiations & result in war

African National congress

A nationalist group that emerged in South Africa in an attempt to combat racial discrimination, it's initial tactics were non-violence. This eventually changes as a result of the increasing use of violence by government forces to clamp down on the ANC's tactics.

Compare the role of each political leader in the Russian Revolution. • Alexander Kerensky • Leon Trotsky • Vladimir Lenin • Nicholas II

NICHOLAS II: He was poorly prepared for his role as Tsar. Nicholas and his government were out of touch with the Russian people and few steps were taken to meet the demands from them. He rejected most attempts at reform and distrusted advice from parliament (Duma). During the war he tried to rally the troops but could not. He even went to the front to personally lead his army. Not formally trained in the ways of the military, this proved to be a huge mistake. People now blamed him personally for the disastrous war effort. As a result of his poor leadership, there were riots, strikes, and mutinies among the people. They called for peace, land and bread. His actions or inactions alienated the people of Russia to a point where they had no other option but to revolt. Further aggravating this situation was the reluctance of the Czarina to express to her husband the growing unrest in the cities. ALEXANDER KERENSKY: He was an outspoken opponent of the Tsar's rule prior to the February (March) Revolution. He became one of the two leaders of the Provisional Government. Kerensky introduced some new reforms but did not agree to redistribute land to peasants and supported the continuation of the war. As a result, the people newer got behind the government. He also took command of the army, leading them to many defeats. He alienated generals to the point where they no longer wished to fight/follow his orders. These actions left the Provisional Government powerless and Russia ripe for revolution. He escaped the October (November) revolt, attempted to reorganize resistance to Lenin but failed and eventually fled Russia. LEON TROTSKY: He played a fundamental role in the Revolution of 1917, together with Lenin. A close associate of Lenin, he was chosen to lead the Petrograd Soviet. He was a brilliant organizer and helped Lenin plot the Bolshevik takeover of power. He played a particularly important role in building up the Red Army, without which the revolution would have been crushed. He continued to lead the Red Army against the forces opposing them in the time following the initial takeover of power. He was eventually exiled from The Soviet Union after the power struggle for control of the party after Lenin's death despite being Lenin's personal choice to succeed him. He constantly criticized Stalin's leadership which ultimately cost him his life. Stalin's henchmen assassinated Trotsky in Mexico in 1940. VLADIMIR LENIN: He formed the Bolshevik party in the early 1900's, by April 1917 they had relatively few members. However, Lenin skilfully built support for the party on his return to Russia (he had been exiled). He wrote articles calling upon reform and critizing the Provisional Government. He demanded an end to the war and demanded that peasants be allowed to "take over the entire land immediately." These demands gained him great support from the people in Russia. He, along with Trotsky, devised a plan for the takeover of the government. By Nov 1917 he led a relatively small group of exiles (with the help of workers, sailors, and soldiers) and engineered the first communist revolution in history.

Evaluate the political, economic and social impact of apartheid on race relations in South Africa.

Apartheid strengthened white rule by: -prohibiting non-whites to vote and mix with whites in any way -limiting the number of blacks who could live in urban areas where they could organize and rebel -creating black communities dependent on white businesses for work Education and health care for white South Africans rivalled the best examples in the Western World, the same education and health care for black South African was as poor as the poorest countries in the world.

Maginot Line

An elaborate set of defensive fortifications (fences, other obstacles) built by France along the French-German border. The purpose of which was to defend France from German invasion.

Explain how the stationing of the American Pacific fleet in Pearl Harbour and American economic sanctions against Japan strained Japanese-American relations prior to the attack on Pearl Harbour.

As a response to Japanese aggression in Asia, particularly in China, in the late 1930's the U.S made some significant moves to show their displeasure. In 1939 the United States imposed economic sanctions (stopped trading) which seriously affected Japanese industries that depended on American petroleum, steel, iron and industrial machinery. In 1940 Japan occupied part of Indochina. The United States warned Japan against further aggression and reinforced these warnings by stationing its Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In 1941 U.S. President Roosevelt imposed further economic sanctions on aviation fuel, iron and scrap metal. These actions seriously strained the relationship between both nations. Japan saw these actions as a direct threat to their security and economy. The Japanese refused to bow to U.S pressure and in July of 1941 they announced a new foreign policy. The Great East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere called for Japanese control of all resources in Southeast Asia and aimed to eliminate Western influence in the region. President Roosevelt responded by freezing Japanese assets in the U.S and terminated all trade between the two nations. As a result Japan faced an oil crisis as they only had one years worth of oil in reserve. The Japanese faced a tough choice; negotiate or fight. The Japanese felt that they had to take control of the situation and choose to fight war, but on their own terms. Almost immediately plans were formulated for an attack on Pearl harbour. Thus, the moves by the U.S to try to force the hand of the Japanese escalated tensions and deteriorated the relationship with the U.S.

Analyze how the following factors led to the decline of colonialism in the post-World War II period: • premises of the Atlantic Charter • colonial nationalist movements • cost of maintaining colonies • views towards colonialism by the United States and Soviet Union

Atlantic Charter: Signed off the coast of NL by W. Churchill and F.D. Roosevelt, this document is sometimes called a "blueprint for democracy." It promotes sovereignty and self-government for all nations. Keep in mind, it was signed in the darkest days of the Second World War. Things up to this point had been going far better for fascist forces. It was a document outlining reasons for nations of the world to fight fascism and other forces that challenge these principles. Some consider it a call for help, for a country like Great Britain it philosophical admits that practices like Imperialism/Colonialism are, at the very least, problematic. WW2 forced many Europeans to reconsider their views on this practice. Nationalist forces around the world saw the Atlantic Charter as an admission that democratic freedoms were very important to European nations now that their freedoms have been threatened. colonial nationalist Movements: remember the anecdote in class about bright young people from various colonies being sent to European and western schools to receive education and training. The goal was to "train" these people to help administer colonial rule. The irony was they saw the value and strength of democratic principles while living in these regions. On a more practical level, from these schools and as a result of the Second World War, they learned European military practices they would later use against their colonial masters. Cost of Maintaining Colonies: Britain more than any other nation realized maintaining "The Empire" was becoming less and less an attainable reality. The Second World War had cost them dearly. Their economy was barely afloat at home and Marshall Aid was not available to them as an ally of the US. An example of the tremendous desire for change was reflected in the decision of British voters to replace Winston Churchill as their Prime Minister with Clement Atlee. The notion to join together economically (EEU) was borne out of this realization that European hegemony was truly over. The First World War began this trend; the Second World War completed it. The new power structure rest with the superpowers of the new world order sometimes called a bi-polar world. Views towards colonialism by US and USSR: (See page 279 left side for detailed description) One of the few things these superpowers agreed on during the Cold War was decolonization. For different reasons both countries wanted an end put to this practice. For the US it was part philosophical, part practical. The US was a republic who rejected British rule almost 200 years earlier. Nationalism and self determination are fundamental American values. A US president (Wilson) was the first to use this latter phrase in the international community. Secondly, newly independent nations could provide raw materials and ready markets for the US, which did occur in many places. Some refer to this as simply a new form of strictly economic colonialism or neo-colonialism. For the USSR, they also had a revolution to remove what they felt was a corrupt power, more importantly though, most colonial powers were from the West and were members of NATO and friends of the US. Decolonization would be a destabilization of these powers and potentially diminish US influence in the world.

Identify the two main military alliances of World War II and list three key members of each.

Axis: Italy, Germany, Japan The allied powers: England, USSR, USA

Evaluate how the policies of the Provisional Government led to its downfall and the Bolshevik takeover by examining: • the continued war effort; and • the postponed land reform.

CONTINUED WAR EFFORT: -the people on the Russian homefront were suffering, as most of the well needed goods were going towards soldiers -people wanted russia to exit the war, but the provisional government refused to leave THE POSTPONED LAND REFORM: -the people were promised land reform, but the provisional government continuously postponed it. -this created anger and discontent of the people

Analyze the impact of Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech and Stalin's "two hostile camps" speech on the deterioration of Soviet-Western relations

Churchill had always distrusted Stalin and in March 1946 accepted an invitation from President Truman to visit the U.S . In his speech Churchill warned Americans of the Soviet threat and the need for an "association of English speaking peoples" acting outside of the U.N. to re-order the world. His speech convinced many Americans that Truman's "get tough" approach to the soviets was the right one. In Feb. 1946 Stalin gave a speech to voters in Moscow. In it he predicted that the unevenness of development in capitalist countries would result in a split of two hostile camps with war the inevitable result. He also warned that the future would not bring internal or external peace. In Washington Stalin's words were interpreted to mean that war with the West was inevitable.

Assess the impact of Gorbachev's reform on Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and the global community with reference to: • collapse of communism in Eastern Europe • re-unification of the two Germanys • end of the Cold War

Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe : Until 1985 the typical Soviet-American approach to international security was to talk about peace while continuing to increase their nuclear stockpile of weapons. Gorbachev changed this in 1985 with a series of peace initiatives : * He challenged the West to stop the arms race * At the U.N. he announced a reduction in Soviet armed forces, including a substantial number in Eastern Europe. * In 1988 the Soviets began withdrawing troops from Afghanistan. * Arms talks that began with U.S. in 1986 led to agreements to destroy intermediate & short range nuclear missiles. * In 1989 he had FREE elections in the Soviet Union. For the satellite states in Eastern Europe, events in the Soviet Union were came to mean the destruction of the communist system. Eager to seize the opportunity, countries in Eastern Europe began to claim their independence after 40 years of Soviet control. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland rejected communism and introduced democracy and capitalism. Romania*, Bulgaria* and Albania* retained communism. Yugoslavia* rejected communism but plunged into civil war. *Each of these countries have either changed to democracy and capitalism or are in the process. Re-Unification of Germany : The Berlin Wall symbolized the division of the world into opposing Cold War camps. On Nov.10 1989 the world watched as East and West Berliners using sledgehammers demolished this wall. This event more than any other signified the end of the Cold War.The division of Germany had always been a central issue of the Cold War. When Gorbachev withdrew Soviet support from the East German communist government, in 1985, hopes of reunification grew. East Germans demonstrated for reform and as discontent grew the hardline Communist leader was forced out of office for a more reform minded leader. This lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall.The leader of West Germany, Helmut Kohl, proposed unification if East Germany held free elections. The East German government was lukewarm in its response however realizing they could no longer maintain power, free elections were held the next year. The East German people voted for a government that supported reunification. In July 1990 Kohl met with Gorbachev to remove Soviet objections to German reunification (Germany agreed to pay 9.5 billion to remove Soviet troops). On Sept. 12 the four nations that divided Germany at the end of WWII signed a reunification treaty. East and West Germany were reunited on Oct. 3 1990. End Of The Cold War : The Soviet Union's withdrawal from Eastern Europe led to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. The reunification of Germany in 1990 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 ended the Cold War. It ended quietly rather than with nuclear holocaust as many had feared. However the new world order would bring new threats such as international terrorism.

viet cong

Communists in South Vietnam who opposed the Diem government.

Analyze the role of Germany in the formation of military alliances before World War I with reference to: • Dual Alliance 1879 • Triple Alliance 1882 • Reinsurance Treaty 1887

Dual alliance: -The Dual Alliance was a defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was created by treaty on 7 October 1879 as part of Bismarck's system of alliances to prevent/limit war. The two powers promised each other support in case of attack by Russia. Triple alliance: -formed by germany and austria-hungary over germany's fear of france (did not want a war on two fronts) Reinsurance Treaty: -Germany & Russia agree to remain neutral with each other if either state attacked by another country -Germany ensured France would not have Russia as an ally if France attacked Germany. -Kaiser Wilhelm II did not renew the treaty in 1890, (Schlieffen Plan and new railroads in Germany increased confidence of a Russian defeat) thus motivating Russia to look to France as an ally against future German attack

Assess how German and British attitudes toward war on the eve of World War I contributed to rivalry and conflict.

GERMANY: -War was supreme test of German nationalism & price a state must pay for superior culture -German culture threatened by Russian 'barbarians' -Germany wanted it's "time in the sun," they resented British Hegemony BRITIAN: -War to preserve a world with British dominance free from major global conflict (Pax Britannica), keep the status quo -Intolerable to allow Germany to become a world power

Assess the methods used by Mahatma Gandhi, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Nelson Mandella to promote nationalism and independence, and judge the effectiveness of each.

GHANDI: Passive Resistance—strikes, protests, hunger strikes, etc. Civil Disobedience—refusal to follow unfair laws *NON-VIOLENCE!!! The goal was to show the British how unfair they were, NOT WAGE WAR to gain independence. He knew Indians would never succeed militarily against the superior British. He advocated a peaceful approach even in the face of extreme violence (Amritsar massacre). If need be, the British must be embarrassed into submitting to the will of the people of India. NASSER: -played both sides -peacefully took control of the suez canal MANDELA: 1. Passive resistance—peaceful protest, hunger strikes, etc. 2. Civil Disobedience—refusal to obey Pass Laws, Apartheid Laws, etc. 3. Raise Awareness Internationally—appeal to UN, Black Americans, etc.

lebensraum

German goal of taking land in Europe to create mass living space for Germans. Went hand in hand with aggressive policy of population growth.

sudetenland

German speaking, northern (mountainous) region of Czechoslovakia that was given to Germany in the Munich Agreement.

Analyze Nazi policies toward Jews, gypsies, communists, homosexuals and religious minorities.

HOMOSEXUALS: - Nazi's believed homosexuality was promoted by the Jews to undermine the "master race". -They did not seek to kill the homosexuals; they attempted to terrorize them into sexual and social conformity. -Homosexuals were arrested and deported to concentration camps, where they were harshly treated and were used as guinea pigs for experiments. -Hitler's first action against them was to close down gay bars. Homosexuals were called a threat to the "disciplined masculinity" of Germany and "enemies of the state". -More than 100 000 were arrested, 50 000 served prison terms as convicted homosexuals, while others were institutionalized in mental hospitals and some were castrated. Between 5 and 15 thousand were imprisoned in concentration camps where they died from starvation, disease, beatings and murder. GYPSIES: -The gypsies were seen as social "subhuman beings", and members of a "lower race". -In 1937, they were forced into concentration camps, here they were worked to death as slave labourers in the camp quarry or in arms factories. They were tortured, shot and hanged. -Nazi's believed they were diseased. -As early as 1933 they were being forcibly sterilized by the Nazis to stop the spread of disease by reproduction. -In the 1940's , there were large scale round ups and Gypsy camps were purged through a program of liquidation (forced to dig own grave, then placed in gas chambers). From 1935 to the end of the war, 1.5 million were murdered. RELIGION: -Hitler and the Nazis felt that religious minority groups were a threat to them. Groups like the Jehovah's Witnesses were persecuted and banned from practicing. -They were arrested, sent to concentration camps, lost their jobs in both private and public areas and were denied unemployment, social welfare and pension. Children were taken from their parents and sent to orphanages, reform school and Nazi homes to be raised as Nazis. -In camps they wore purple triangles, many died of disease, hunger, exhaustion and at least 25% of them died. COMMUNISTS: -Hitler's initial tactic against the communist was to make people fear them. -Communists were portrayed as "evil" by Hitler in order to convince the people that Hitler was the only true safe option. Leaflets were created accusing communists of killing its citizens and burning their homes. Once in power, Hitler outlawed communism, making it illegal to practice in Germany. JEWS: -Nazi persecution of the Jewish people was forcibly promoted by Hitler. -In 1933 they were expelled from all government jobs, teaching and the practice of law and medicine. In 1935 the Nuremburg Laws legally defined the Jews as "non-citizens/stateless people." -Marriages of Jews were banned and Jewish shops were forced to close. Synagogues were shut down and Jewish property was confiscated. -Harsher treatment started after November 1938 when a Jewish youth murdered a German diplomat in Paris. On November 9th, 1938 Jewish communities were attacked, everything was burned, and people were beaten and murdered. -The Jews were forced to pay for all damages (caused by the Nazis). It was called the "night of broken glass' or Kristallnacht. -When the war started millions of Jews were rounded up, stripped of all possessions (even silver/gold fillings in teeth), sent to concentration camps, forced into ghettos, then ultimately to death camps, where 6 million eventually were killed.

Analyze the decisions reached at Potsdam regarding contentious issues relating to Poland and Germany.

It was agreed that all Nazi institutions would be dismantled and Nazi war criminals would be tried and punished. Reparations would be paid in machinery, the Soviets had the right to take what they wanted from the Eastern sector and 35% from the western sector. They could not agree on the future of Germany so the "temporary arrangement" to divide Germany and Berlin remained in effect.There was disagreement on the question of Poland. The West wanted to reinstate the London Poles while Stalin would only recognize the Lublin Poles who were already in place. The western powers finally backed down and accepted Soviet control of Poland. The disagreements at Yalta and Potsdam provided a glimpse into the Cold War to come. The American/West view was that Soviet control of Eastern Europe was temporary. The Soviet view was that Eastern Europe was now in its sphere of influence.

Analyze the challenges faced by the United Nations with reference to its: • structure • purposes and principles

It's purpose was to: (i) maintain international peace & settle disputes (ii) develop equal rights & national self determination (iii) solve social, economic & humanitarian problems Some of the basic principles of the United Nations were : (i) the equality of all members (ii) all members fulfill its UN obligations (ii) settle disputes peacefully (iv) refrain the use of force against any state (v) help the UN in any action it undertakes

Analyze the Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam War from the following perspectives: • causes • results

Korean War Causes : - Korea was to be reunited following a peace settlement but, as with Germany, the Cold war intervened and Korea remained divided. -Unable to get Soviet cooperation the United States turned the issue over to the UN where the General Assembly established a commission to oversee free elections and set up a unified independent government. -The Soviets held their own election and established North Korea (Communist). The Americans did the same and formed South Korea (Democratic). -Both Korean governments claimed to speak for all Korea as each leader wanted to unify the country under his rule. Neither country could gain admission into the UN because each was vetoed by the opposing superpower. -The North and the South became more deeply divided and increasingly hostile. War broke out in June 1950 when Northern forces crossed the 38th parallel and invaded the South. Korean War & Its Results : -At the UN the U.S introduced the Uniting for Peace Resolution demanding that the North withdraw -With the Soviets out the U.N. Security Council approved military action against the North. With U.S. leadership, the UN initiated its first major test of collective security. -Early in the war the North enjoyed success then the American led UN forces successfully counter attacked (see page 171). The American military leader wanted to pursue the North Koreans across the 38th parallel even into China but Truman not wanting WW III ordered him to halt as the UN resolution only gave them authority to restore South Korea. For the rest of the war the battle lines shifted back and forth as a stalemate developed. -In July1953 a truce was reached the country remained divided at the 38th parallel. -The Korean War demonstrated the United Nations' strength and limitations as a peacekeeping organization. It was involved in Korea because the U.S. decided it should be and the Soviets were not in a position to use its veto. Finally we saw how effective the U.N. could be when collective action is taken.

apartheid

Literally means separateness or "apart from one another," this was the racial policy introduced by the White South African regime that limited civil rights of non-white South Africans.

Describe the events and immediate outcome of the Russian Civil War.

MAJOR EVENTS -1918: Tsar and family put to death -1919: Red Army defeat white forces led by Admiral Kolchak -1919: British, French, American troops went home -1920: The last of the White Army was defeated in the Crimea -1921: Red Army pushes forces back to Poland The Reds were ultimately successful in defeating the Whites. The success was mainly due to the Red Army, which was brilliantly organized and led by Trotsky. The Red Army had the support of a large number of peasants and workers. In contrast, the Whites were disunited and disorganized and were not supported by the peasants who regarded the whites as the landlord class.

Examine the impact of new military technology on the nature of war during World War I: • machine guns • tanks • submarines • aircraft • gas

MACHINE GUNS: -Existed prior to war but not widely used -Automatic, belt-fed weapon that can fire hundreds of bullets per minute -Adopted by both sides on large scale for use in trenches -Made crossing No Man's Land very difficult without large scale casualties & contributed to stalemate on Western Front TANKS: -Developed by British using farm-tractor technology to break deadlock of trench warfare. -Treads allowed tanks to cross mud, shell-holes & trenches with protection of crew by armour & machine guns & small cannons mounted to fire at enemy -First used by British at Battle of Cambrai in 1916 as viewed as a 'war-winning' weapon that could break through German trenches, but not able to do so because of mechanical breakdown (they were not very reliable) SUBMARINES: -Developed before war but only Germany builds them in large numbers -Ability to attack underwater (stealth) or on surface primarily with torpedoes -Germany used U-Boats to try to defeat Britain through economic warfare by sinking merchant ships bringing supplies to Britain in belief that it would surrender due to starvation of population & inability to produce war supplies -Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare in 1915 resulted in sinking of Lusitania & threat of US entry in the war - Germany adopts restricted submarine warfare -cause of US entry into the war in 1917 when Germany again adopts unrestricted submarine warfare AIRCRAFT: -Developed before the war & both sides widely use aircraft in war -Used for scouting & photographing enemy trenches, for shooting down other aircraft (e.g. fighter planes) including Zeppelins & balloons. By end of war, Allies have large bombers that attack cities in Germany -Not a 'war-wining' weapon but useful. Pilots became the 'rock-stars' of the war (e.g. Red Baron) GAS: -Chemical warfare: first use (chlorine gas) by Germany at Battle of Ypres (1915) against French & Canadian troops. Gas, heavier than air, settled into trenches, but at times unreliable as wind could shift gas onto friendly soldiers -Initially believed to be a 'war-wining' weapon that would breakthrough trenches but each side quickly developed gas masks to protect their soldiers -Different types were developed that injured or killed: chlorine gas (caused damage to lungs/eyes & suffocation), phosgene gas (similar to chlorine but more dangerous) & mustard gas (liquid/vapour causing blisters internally/externally & blindness -Injured more soldiers than it killed. By 1917, both sides used gas warfare on large scale as most attacks contained bombardment by artillery shells filled with gas

16. Describe two domestic policies introduced by Mussolini and two introduced by Hitler to establish totalitarian states. • Mussolini • abolition of all political parties except the Fascist Party • censorship of the press • Hitler • abolition of all political parties except the Nazi Party • establishment of a secret police force (Gestapo) to purge government opposition

Mussolini and Hitler both wished to establish totalitarian regimes within their respective countries. To accomplish this both men introduced domestic policies which restricted freedoms of people/groups and concentrated power in themselves. Mussolini adopted several policies, two of which were the abolition of all political parties except the Fascist Party and the censorship of the press. When Mussolini took control of Italy he quickly removed all opposition political parties by outlawing them and stripping them of any power or influence. He made it illegal for any other political party to exist. Also, Mussolini took control of all press venues within Italy. He ensured that no negative or damaging new items made it into the newspapers or radio broadcasts. Only stories which showed the government and Mussolini in a positive light made it to the public. Those who disobeyed or broke from the rules were severely punished. Hitler also introduced similar totalitarian policies to gain control of his country. Hitler also banned all political parties except the Nazi party. Once he had earned the most seats in parliament and became Chancellor, other political parties were outlawed and disbanded. Those who were opposed to the normal extinction of their parties were dealt with by another of Hitler's domestic policies, the Gestapo. The Gestapo were Hitler's secret police force. Their original purpose was to purge Germany of any political opposition to the government. This police force took whatever actions were necessary to remove anyone who spoke out, wrote or took action against Hitler.

Assess the economic and social impact of the New Economic Policy and Five-Year Plans.

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: To combat the poor economy and ease tension, Lenin introduced the NEP (new economic policy). He realized that the communist revolution was threatened and he had to create incentives for workers and farmers to work more efficiently. Most of the policies under war communism were repeated and new policies, capitalist policies, were introduced. UNDER THE NEP: -Some of the ownership of small industry was permitted -Farmers could sell excess produce for profit -Rights of private ownership were reinstated -Some foreign investment was allowed THE POLICIES RESULTED IN: -Industrial production increased -Russian standard of living increased -Made the new government more acceptable to the people FIVE YEAR PLANS When Joseph Stalin came to power he decided that the NEP was no longer serving his needs. He felt the ideas of NEP ran contrary to the ideas of socialism. The idea of individual profit and lack of central control troubled him greatly. As a result, he developed 5 year plans which called for rapid industrialization of the economy and a restructuring of the agricultural industry under state control. He feared Russia would fall behind the world powers (USA, Britain, France, etc). So he introduced the policies of Industrialization and Collectivism. INDUSTRIALIZATION Heavy industry (building steel mills, electric power stations, oil refineries, etc) became the focus of Stalin during this time. Stalin knew many regions of the USSR were backward and they needed armaments (war weapons) to define the country and they were behind other countries in development. He believed successes could serve as useful propaganda for communism and that an industrialized nation meant a strong nation. Industrialization resulted in huge increases in production, between 1927-1937 in the areas of electricity (up 5 - 36 000 mkw), coal (up 35 - 128 m tonnes), steel (up 4 - 18 tonnes) and oil production tripled. Many achievements were made including; new cities, dam/hydroelectric plants, transportation and communications. Also, there were improvements in education and medicine. However, the cost of this success was great and the system was poorly organized (inefficient, duplication of effort, waste). The quality of goods was often poor, costly projects served no purpose as they became show pieces. Finally, there was tremendous sacrifice in human terms; slave labour, no human rights, labour camps, many accidents and deaths and people were punished severely if they failed to meet production goals. COLLECTIVISM Stalin believed that agriculture in his country was operating in a "backward" fashion, (no machinery, too small, inefficient, mainly subsistence in nature) that food was needed for workers in towns, the NEP was not working, cash crops were needed and the Kulaks had to go (not communist, had private wealth). He ordered all peasants to give up their land and farm animals and form collective farms (large government enterprises where peasants were supposed to be paid for the work they did). Goals of collectivism; - Increase food production by introducing machinery - Give government control over farm production - Free people from farming to go to work in industry - Extend socialism to the countryside Most peasants opposed collectivism; the stiffest resistance came from the Kulaks. They protested by destroying livestock and crops. Stalin responded harshly as millions were eliminated (10 -20 million) by execution or they were sent to forced labour camps in Siberia. There were some successes; more modern methods by 1937, 97 million tonnes of cash crops, 17 million peasants moved to towns and complete communist control. However, in the beginning farm production fell and there was a famine which led to widespread starvation. It was not a perfect system but Stalin achieved his goals. (Stalin did not want the Kulaks to have any power)

nuremburg laws

Nazi legislation in 1935 that reduced all Jewish people in Germany to second-class citizens.

Predict what impact the Versailles Treaty might have on Germany and European stability during the post-war period.

POLITIACALLY: -Weimar Republic forced to sign Treaty in 1919 or face Allied invasion of Germany & as a result Germans associated their new democratic government with the humiliating treaty -Weimar government referred to as "November Criminals" (armistice was signed in Nov 1918) & its politicians accused of 'stabbing German army in the back' -Weimar Republic's association with Versailles Treaty used against it by its right-wing enemies (Hitler, etc.) as justification to overthrow government -Attempts at Armed Overthrowing of German government: -Kapp Putsch (1920) - attempt by right-wing government officials & army officers to replace government & re-establish monarchy under Kaiser or family member -Beer Hall Putsch (1923) - attempt by Hitler & Nazi Party to establish a Nazi government in Germany ECONOMICALLY: -Germany could not afford to pay reparations of US $28.8 billion -Germany economically exhausted by the war & regions that could make money such as Saar coalfields were occupied by Allied armies -By 1923, Germany fell behind in reparation payments. In response French & Belgian troops invaded Germany's industrial 'heartland' the Ruhr & seized raw material (coal, iron ore) & factories to use German production of goods & steel. This act caused much resentment & production delays by German workers -To deal with economic problems the German government printed so much money to pay its bills that its money became worthless (hyperinflation) -1924-1929 Weimar Republic receives loan from U.S. & reparation payments are lowered (US Dawes Plan). However, unemployment remains a serious problem & stock market crash of 1929 (start of Great Depression) results in withdrawal of U.S money which devastates German economy

Self-Determination

Phrase first used by Woodrow Wilson. Wilson said Imperialism was one of the reasons for the tensions in the world prior to The First World War. He suggests countries/colonies should enjoy a greater level of independence or autonomy thus reducing tensions in Europe. Wilson's ideas were lost on Post WW1 Europe, but they were gaining increasing popularity in the post WW2 world.

Assess how the re-emergence of nationalism, ethnic diversity and religious differences have created conflict in: • former Yugoslavi • Rwanda • India-Pakistan

RWANDA: Rwanda is 85% Hutu and 15% Tutsi. Since the 1600's Tutsi hereditary kings ruled Rwanda. In 1959 the majority Hutu tribe overthrew the Tutsi monarchy and became independent in 1962.In 1973 there was a revolution and the new constitution limited the presidency to Hutus. Approximately 150,000 Tutsi were forced into exile. These exiles formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and invaded Rwanda in 1990. A peace agreement was signed in 1993. The UN went in to Rwanda to supervise the implementation of this treaty however events would soon overwhelm the UN. In 1994 the assassination of the Hutu president of Rwanda unleashed widespread chaos and death. Over a 13 week period the Hutu-dominated army killed more than 800 000 Tutsis. It became clear that extremist Hutus intended a genocide of the Tutsi population. FORMER YUGOSLAVIA:Yugoslavia was a country made up of various religious and ethnic groups. The collapse of the Soviet Union triggered the breakup of Yugoslavia into competing ethnic and political groups. In June 1991two regions in Yugoslavia, Croatia and Slovenia declared themselves independent. The Serbian - dominated Yugoslav army attempted to prevent the independence of these regions. Fighting raged throughout 1991 resulting in the deaths of thousands. When the province of Bosnia-Herzegovina planned to become independent the Serbs became determined to prevent their separation.The population of Bosnia was 44% Muslim, 31% Serbian and 17% Croatian, the remainder being other ethnic groups. The Muslims and Croats voted in favour of independence in 1992. Serbia, unwilling to see the largest group of Serbs outside Serbia become a minority, within a new country, launched a full scale assault on Bosnia in an attempt to eliminate all Muslims and Croats. People were driven out of their homes, and houses were burned down to prevent the return Muslims or Croats. This policy of forcing ethnic groups out of a region became known as ethnic cleansing.Violence continued in Yugoslavia in 1998 when the province of Kosovo protested Sebia's control of them. Civil war broke out with Serbian forces killing thousands of Albanians who were the largest ethnic group in Kosovo. There was international intervention in 1999 when it became clear that the Serbs were implementing a policy of ethnic cleansing. INDIA-PAKISTAN: Pakistan and India have always disagreed over India's control of Kashmir. In the 1980's Muslim militants in Kashmir have pushed for separation. India accused Pakistan of supporting the campaign while Pakistan claims the Muslim Kashmiris were simply demanding self-determination.By 1990 the situation deteriorated as hundreds of thousands of Muslims took part in demonstrations. Indian troops fled into the region with the result being rising civilian casualties. As well Indian and Pakistani troops skirmished along the border. The future of Kashmir remains a source of friction between India and Pakistan.

sphere-of-influence

Refers to a major power's domination over a geographic area.

kulaks

Russian peasants who became prosperous farmers of mid-size farms as a result of agrarian reforms in 1906 who were "eliminated" in 1929 by Stalin because of their opposition to collectivisation.

Analyze the role of recent UN peacemaking efforts in Somalia and Bosnia - Herzegovina.

SOMOLIA: Famine spread throughout Somalia and 300,000 to 500,000 people died. Thousands fled to Mogadishu but the warlords controlled the food (supplied by UN) only giving it to people who supported them. These warlords also opposed the idea of UN military forces entering the country.Despite the best efforts of groups like UNICEF and Red Cross food destined for famine victims continued to be looted and used by those engaged on the civil war. By June 1992, 6 million faced starvation. In 1992, with Operation Restore Hope, the UN authorized the use of military force to ensure food reached the people of Somalia. In December a U.S. led operation arrived in Somalia which put UN soldiers in direct confrontation with the warring factions. In 1993 18 U.S. soldiers were killed and dragged through the streets of Mogadishu. As a result the UN mission in Somalia changed from humanitarian aid to demobilizing warring factions. Thousands died in clashes including dozens of peacekeepers. The UN was unable to maintain a cease fire, and so the mission ended in failure. UN troops were withdrawn in March 1995.* By 2000 the UN had set up a Transitional National Government to draw a constitution and hold elections. BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINIA: The population of Bosnia was 44% Muslim, 31% Serbian and 17% Croatian, the remainder being other ethnic groups. The Muslims and Croats voted in favour of independence in 1992. Serbia, unwilling to see the largest group of Serbs outside Serbia become a minority, within a new country, launched a full scale assault on Bosnia in an attempt to eliminate all Muslims and Croats. People were driven out of their homes, and houses were burned down to prevent the return Muslims or Croats. This policy of forcing ethnic groups out of a region became known as ethnic cleansing.The situation in the former Yugoslavia soon attracted world attention and intervention. The UN demanded an end to the violence but was ignored. The UN imposed harsh economic sanctions against Serbia and sent UN peacekeeping forces to Bosnia to protect the airport to protect relief shipments. However these forces did not have the ability to impose peace. Fighting continued throughout 1992 and by 1993 Serbia was expelled from the UN. UN peacekeeping forces were now threatened. Finally the U.S. was able to convince NATO to intervene militarily. In the end the region became a confusing mix of NATO peacemaking and UN peacekeeping- both failed to provide a lasting peace.*The Serbs would be defeated in 1999 by NATO when they invaded Kosovo.

battle of marne 1914

SUMMARY Allied (French) & British armies vs. German armies approaching Paris (Western Front) near Marne River. German armies defeated & retreat, IMPACT Paris is saved & Schlieffen Plan has failed. War of movement (marching) ends & static warfare (e.g. trench warfare) adopted by end of Oct

battle of marne 1918

SUMMARY: Large scale Allied attacks led by tanks vs. German armies on Western Front. Defeated last attempt of Germany to win the war (its March 1918 Spring Offensives) with over 100,000 men killed or wounded on each side IMPACT: Allies now had initiative on Western Front & their strength (US, British & French armies) outnumbered German armies. Started the '100 Days' of battles as Allies forced German armies to retreat due to constant defeat - Germany forced to request armistice by Nov 1918

battle of Tannenberg

SUMMARY: One German army vs. two Russia armies on Eastern Front invading East Prussia (Germany) in order to help France. Through Russian incompetence, both of its armies are defeated (200,000 men killed or wounded) IMPACT: Immediate Russian threat to Germany is removed. Exposed the poor training & equipment of the Russian army

Colonialism

Similar to Imperialism (3 G's) a social, political and economic relationship between the dominating power (colonial power) and the subordinate nation (colony) that greatly benefitted the colonial power. The term implies the power arrangement has evolved to colonial status, i.e it has existed for some time and the structures supporting the colonial relationship have been generally accepted and there is no longer competition from other European powers.

Analyze the social, economic and political impact World War I had on canada • social (change in the status of women) • economic (e.g., stimulation of Canadian industry) • political (greater Canadian role in international relations)

Social: women were viewed differently, as they contributed to society while the men were away. economic: the canadian industry was simulated from all of the bullets/army supplise needed political: canada proved that it was strong and qualified

Star Wars

Strategic Defence Initiative , U.S. plan to destroy Soviet satellites and missiles while in flight.

Summarize the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

TERRITORIAL: -Alsace-Lorraine returned to France -Belgium, Poland & new state Czechoslovakia to receive German territory -Poland re-established as a county with access to Baltic Sea (Polish corridor to Danzig) -German city of Danzig now a free city controlled by LON -Germany loses all overseas colonies to LON which grants them as mandates to Britain, France & Japan -Germany loses control of its Saar coal mines to France for 15 years -Allied troops to occupy German Rhineland for 15 years MILITARY: -German army reduced to 100,000 men -Germany forbidden to have air-force, tanks or poison gas -German dreadnoughts handed over to Allies, U-boats forbidden -Germany forbidden to have heavy (strong) border defences -East bank of Rhineland to be demilitarized (e.g German army not to be present) WAR GUILT: -Germany accepts responsibility for causing WWI REPARATIONS: -Germany to pay over US $28 billion mainly to France & Belgium for damage/loss in war

Analyze how terrorist attacks such as those on the World Trade Centre and suicide bombings in Israel have posed threats to world peace and security.

Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and suicide bombings in Israel have threatened world peace. Though it can be argued that the terrorists are freedom fighters to many in their region, there is no doubt that their actions and the response of the U.S. and Israel have threatened world peace.To demonstrate the threat of terrorism to world peace we need only focus on the World Trade Center attack. Following this attack political leaders around the world supported the U.S. when it declared "war on terrorism". Once Osama Bin Laden and his terrorist organization al-Queda were identified, many nations aided the U.S. attack on Afghanistan when this nation protected al-Queda. Though this war was quickly won there had been a threat to world peace.The threat to world peace resulting from these attacks unfortunately has increased. U.S. President Bush feels that other nations such as Iraq support terrorism. As a result Bush has ignored the UN and invaded Iraq. Though the U.S. quickly defeated Iraq's dictator it seems that terrorism in the region has increased. Many argue that the war in Iraq has created more terrorists who will commit more acts of terrorism. Who knows where this will end. Obviously it is clear to say that terrorism and the responses to it threaten world peace.

Analyze the impact of discontent in pre-revolutionary Russia by considering the: • autocratic government of Tsar Nicholas II; • plight of peasants and factory workers; • political reform demands by Liberals and Marxists; • impact of Russo-Japanese War and ww1 • influence of Grigori Rasputin.

THE AUTOCRATIC GOVERNMENT OF TSAR NICHOLAS II: -Autocracy is defined as government in which the ruler has unlimited power and authority. -In Russia, Nicholas II was an autocrat who stood high above his subjects. He stated, "I shall maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father". -Nicholas carried out policies like censorship and Russification (force people of different ethnic backgrounds to use Russian language and religion). -The heavy handed rule of Nicholas outraged the peasantry, as they were the ones who suffered the most under his rule. Labour unrest and strong opposition from many groups within Russia began demanding reforms and a constitutional government. People could no longer deal with the autocratic government/ruler of the country PLIGHT OF PEASANTS AND FACTORY WORKERS: -The peasants were the bulk of Russian citizenry but they were kept, legally and socially segregated from the other social groups in Russian society. They felt worthless within their own country. They held no land or rights, living conditions were poor, and they were treated like slaves. -They were a repressed group without a voice but started to identify with their local area and not "Mother Russia". -Their plight spawned a revolution that was driven by the desire to improve their lives. -The factory worker faced oppressive working conditions and had no rights or union representation. -wanted civil liberties and representation in government. Their desire drove them to become organized into councils of workers (Soviets) to represent and fight for their cause. The oppressive conditions also turned this group against the ruling power to a point where they were willing to protest and openly oppose the Tsar. POLITIACAL REFORM DEMANDS OF LIBERALS AND MARXISTS: -The liberals, middle class people, were the most moderate of opposition groups. Their aim was to introduce parliamentary democracy to Russia. Their actions were peaceful, not revolutionary. -This group did achieve some success but only with the help of the actions of the more revolutionary peasants and workers. -successes were short lived -The Marxist's aim was to remove the Tsar and the autocracy and replace them with small councils to represent the ordinary people and control the means of production. This group was divided into the Bolsheviks (wanted violent revolution under the guidance of a small elite group lead by one man - Lenin) and the Mensheviks (wanted a revolution through democratic means and not under the control of one man). -Many of these people were persecuted, deported to Siberia or forced into exile (like Lenin) and would not play their part until much later in the revolution. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR AND WW1: -War with Japan in 1905 was to help Nicholas II. He hoped that victory would grow support for him and ease discontent at home. -a series of defeats dissolved support at home and made his government more unpopular. He was being pressured to grant concessions to reformers to try to ease tensions. At the same time workers protested for reforms and the 1905 Revolution occurred. (short lived) -WW1 turned out to be disastrous for the Tsar and a focal point for the Russian people in their cry for revolution. By 1916 Russia was suffering great defeats and Tsar took c ommand, he then became identified as the cause of the defeats. -At home the war effort was resulting in food shortages. People were protesting the war and against the lack of action over food shortages. People had had enough, they could not stomach the fact of fighting a war while people at home were starving and millions of men were dying on the front lines. The Tsar was to blame for it all and they wanted it to end. INFLUENCE OF GRIGORI RASPUTIN: -As the Tsar was on the front lines he left the Tsarina in control at home. However, she was under the influence of a peasant holy man named Rasputin. He gained the confidence of the Tsarina by helping her son curing his haemophilia

containment

The defensive American foreign policy developed in 1947 to contain the spread of communism through economic and technical assistance to threatened countries. The policy later included military force.

Assess how the quest for nuclear capability by Iraq and North Korea have affected global security

The end of the Cold War brought hope for global relationships that did not depend on military threats the accompanying quest for weapons of mass destruction (WMD) did. Throughout the 1990's many treaties were signed eliminating or reducing WMD.Unfortunately such treaties could not solve the existence of nuclear weapons technology and the desire of some countries to develop them. Some nations, Iraq, North Korea and Iran began to shopping to buy materials and expertise to establish nuclear arsenals. These countries justified the development of their own nuclear weapons because countries such as the U.S, Russia and China had theirs. Some people feel the threat of nuclear war has increased because of the desire of more countries to develop nuclear arsenals. They may be right. Following the attack on the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, 2001 President Bush said that the countries of Iraq, Iran and North Korea formed an "axis of evil" that promoted terrorism and possessed weapons of mass destruction. As result of this thinking the U.S. declared war on Iraq in 2003. Though the U.S toppled Iraq's leader, Saddam Hussein, it seems that terrorist activity in this region of the world has only escalated. Thus making the world a more dangerous place.

Analyze the impact of perestroika and glasnost on the economic and social conditions in the Soviet Union.

The introduction of perestroika resulted in dissatisfaction and frustration. Without government subsidies food and consumer goods became more expensive which was unpopular with people. By 1990 little headway had been made in establishing a freer market as hard line communists resisted change which was unpopular with people who wanted change. Inflation, strikes led to poor working and living conditions and political instability in the Soviet Union by 1991. As the Soviet economy worsened so did social conditions: crime swept the country, health care unraveled, infant mortality rates rose and life expectancy declined, pollution levels created health hazards, alcoholism became the third most common cause of death. Gorbachev introduced another reform - glasnost : a policy of openness and increased freedom that removed censorship. It was hoped that by opening communication it would lead to a better society.Glasnost resulted in Gorbachev's fall from power. With the freedom glasnost provided people who felt Gorbachev was not moving fast enough to bring changes to the USSR began to criticize him. At the same time old hard line communists opposed Gorbachev feeling he had already gone to far with reforms. Eventually these two different views would bring events to a climax in the Soviet Union that would result in Gorbachev's fall from power and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Thus ending the Cold War.

Indian Independence Act

The partitioning of India and the creation of separate, independent states of India (primarily Hindu) and Pakistan and East Pakistan (primarily Muslim). East Pakistan was renamed Bangladesh in 1971.

cold war

The period following WWII,1945 to 1990, when increasing diplomatic and political tension between the West / United States and the East / Soviet Union created the constant threat of war.

phony war

The period of time from October 1939 to April 1940 when there was a lull in the fighting (no major battles-encounters).

détente

The relaxation of of international tensions, specifically between the Soviets and Americans in the 1970's.

veto

The right to reject a proposal or forbid an action

Explain how the European Union has moved toward greater economic integration with reference to: • common currency • trade policy

The two world wars in the first half of the 20th century left Europe ravaged. The new nuclear arms race and nationalism still divided Europe.European leaders, such as Winston Churchill felt European countries should set aside old differences and strengthen the ties of European countries economically and politically. The idea was that if Europe was integrated economically it would reduce nationalism. Beginning in 1949 European nations began establishing trade agreements to increase European cooperation. Since 1949 different trade agreements and organizations have united Europe into an economic zone now referred to as the European Union. As of April 19, 2004 this union includes 25 European countries united in common economic and humanitarian goals.The most symbolic part of this Union is a new currency The Euro which it is hoped all countries will use in the future. The Euro is symbolic of the new unity of Europe.

Analyze how the policy of containment was reflected in the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan and the formation of NATO.

Truman Doctrine : In March 1947 President Truman called on the U.S to resist communism throughout the world. He stated, ... it must be the policy of the U.S to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation... our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid... free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms...Truman's speech was designed to get support for an American pledge of hundreds of millions of dollars to prevent the spread of communism in Europe. Greece was in the middle of a civil war in which rebel forces, including communists were attempting to overthrow the pro-western government. The policy of fighting communism around the world became known as the Truman Doctrine. American aid would be given to a number of regimes, including right wing dictatorships, in an effort to block communism. Thus the U.S. committed itself to sacrificing money and lives to stop the spread of communism. Marshall Plan : In 1947 Western Europe was in the midst of a postwar depression. Unemployment and social unrest were a concern to the U.S. If western European countries were to remain free of Soviet influence they would have to regain their economic and political strength. In June 1947 the Marshall Plan was announced. The plan offered aid to all countries (even those in the Soviet bloc) devastated by the war. Countries accepting aid would have to open their economic records to the U.S. The Soviets even explored it till they concluded it was an extension of the Truman Doctrine. Between 1948 - 1952, 16 European countries accepted over 13 billion in aid. As a result industrial growth flourished in Western Europe which resulted in economic and political stability. One other benefit/goal was that the U.S. economy enjoyed unprecedented growth in the 1950's.Wealthy European countries would not turn to communism. NATO : In April 1949 was established, led by the United States it brought 12 countries together to counter the perceived threat from the Soviet bloc countries. An attack on one country would be an attack against all.NATO indicated the West's intent to meet Soviet expansion with collective resistance.

uniting for peace resolution

U.N. resolution that gave the General assembly power to deal with issues of international aggression if the security Council is deadlocked.

Examine how each of the following posed a problem for the Weimar Republic and contributed to Hitler's rise to power: • Treaty of Versailles • economic difficulties • fear of communism by the middle class and business leaders

Two days prior to the end of WW1, Germany became a republic and the new government held its first assembly in the town of Weimar. From the start this new government faced problems, most importantly the problems resulting from the Treaty of Versailles, economic difficulties, and threats from opposition communist parties. Upon signing the Treaty of Versailles, the government was immediately discredited and many Germans felt they had been, "stabbed in the back", by those in the Weimar Government. People were upset over the "war guilt" clause feeling their national pride was wounded. Also, the reparations and restrictions on the military (severely weakened), in their eyes, reduced their country to nothing and left them open and vulnerable. The republic faced severe economic difficulties resulting from the treaty, which resulted in severe hardships for the people. The country had to pay massive reparations, forcing them to print more money. This in turn led to the devaluation of the Mark and hyperinflation. For the German people money became worthless, food prices soared and people lost their savings. The arrival of the Great Depression increased this level of hardship. Everyone in Germany blamed the Weimar Government as discontent among them swelled. As a result of these problems another arose, the government was faced with the growing popularity of the communist. People wanted to get rid of the Weimar government, rebellion was in the air. As in Italy the business class feared this and wanted to crush the communist. By the late 20's the communists had become a strong political force which caused difficulties for the Weimar on 2 fronts ( pressure from business to deal with them and growing power of communist coming from the lower classes)

Analyze each of the following challenges facing former Soviet republics: • political reform • economic stability • ethnic relations

Until 1985 the typical Soviet-American approach to international security was to talk about peace while continuing to increase their nuclear stockpile of weapons. Gorbachev changed this in 1985 with a series of peace initiatives : * He challenged the West to stop the arms race * At the U.N. he announced a reduction in Soviet armed forces, including a substantial number in Eastern Europe. * In 1988 the Soviets began withdrawing troops from Afghanistan. * Arms talks that began with U.S. in 1986 led to agreements to destroy intermediate & short range nuclear missiles. * In 1989 he had FREE elections in the Soviet Union. For the satellite states in Eastern Europe, events in the Soviet Union were came to mean the destruction of the communist system. Eager to seize the opportunity, countries in Eastern Europe began to claim their independence after 40 years of Soviet control. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland rejected communism and introduced democracy and capitalism. Romania*, Bulgaria* and Albania* retained communism. Yugoslavia* rejected communism but plunged into civil war. *Each of these countries have either changed to democracy and capitalism or are in the process.

Assess the early success of Germany in the first year of World War II.

When war started in September of 1939 with the invasion of Poland it signalled the beginning of a string of successes for the German armed forces in Europe. The success was due primarily to the battle tactics employed by the Germans. Poland was attacked by the Germans and was defeated within 4 weeks. The Germans suffered just 8000 casualties while the British and French (who came to help) had barely fired a shot. The Germans had achieved this success in Poland through Blitzkreig. The principle behind this strategy was that the best way to defeat an enemy is to throw a massive assault against the enemy's weakest point and cut them off from all supplies and communication. This was achieved by; 1) Enemy headquarters and communications were bombed by artillery and bombers. Parachutists dropped behind enemy lines to cause panic. 2) Tanks and infantry punch a hole in the weakest part of the enemy frontline encircling enemy strong points. 3) Troops following up cut the enemy off from reinforcements thus forcing surrender. After the end of the campaign in Poland the war entered a period of relative inactivity known as the Phoney War. This ended when Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France in May. Denmark fell immediately, Norway, with the help of the Allies continued to resist until June. Holland lasted one week and Belgium three weeks. In France, the Germans swept thorough, driving a wedge between the bulk of the French army along the Maginot Line and Allied forces in Belgium. The Germans pushed for the sea forcing the British and French into retreat. The Germans encircled the troops pinning them down on the beaches of Dunkirk and France was very quickly forced to surrender on June 22nd, 1940. The new tactics combined with the unpreparedness of countries to handle an attack enabled Hitler to basically walk through Europe and conquer each territory he desired. Countries had neither the troops nor the materials to effectively defend their nations.

Describe two reasons the United States joined the Allied Powers in 1917.

ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM (Jan 1917): -Angered/turned American public opinion from neutrality to entering war on Allied side RESUMPTION OF UNRESTRICTED WARFARE (Feb, 1917): -Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare as it hoped to cut off supplies to Britain & force it to surrender before the U.S. could mobilize & send armies to France -In Feb & Mar, several U.S. ships were sunk & on Apr 6, 1917 the U.S. declared war on Germany

mein kampf

a book dedicated by Hitler to his deputy, Rudolf Hess, during their imprisonment in a Bavarian fortress for attempting the 1923 Munich Beer Hall Putch, part autobiography, part political philosophy, the book presents Hitler's ideas of German expansion, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, and formed the blueprint for the racist ideology of National Socialism.

petrograd soviets

a council of workers, soldiers, and intellectuals formed by Russian revolutionaries in the city of Petrograd (led by Trotsky). They undermine the power of the Provisional government.

terrorism

a method of aggression that uses violence to create fear in an attempt to gain some goal; usually political.

kristallnacht

the November 9th, 1938 attack by German Nazis on Jewish communities across Germany; also known as, "the night of broken glass", the violence marked an escalation in the Nazi plan of Jewish persecution.

ethnic cleansing

the displacement or murder of one ethnic group by another.

human rights

the freedom granted to all people protecting them from unlawful arrest, torture, or execution.

anti-semitism

form of prejudice against the Jewish people that ranged from apathy to violent hatred and murder.

munich beer hall putch

occurred in 1923 as Hitler attempted to overthrow the Weimar government and establish a right wing nationalistic one in its place.

arms proliferation

the spread of dangerous arms/weapons throughout the world. This is seen as dangerous as it is feared dictators/terrorists would be more willing to use such weapons.

Anschluss

the unification of Germany and Austria

Analyze the League of Nation's effectiveness in dealing with threats to world peace with reference to: • Japanese occupation of Manchuria 1931-1932 • Italian invasion of Ethiopia 1935 • German rearmament 1935 • German occupation of the Rhineland 1936 • Japanese all-out war against China 1937

***IT WAS NOT EFFECTIVE, IT FAILED MISERABLY*** JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF MANCHURIA 1931: - Japan invaded Chinese province of Manchuria to obtain natural resources - League launched investigation and recommended Japan withdraw - League condemned Japan but they were not willing to act - Japan withdrew from the League in 1933 - Proved the League could not enforce its authority and showed that a major power could get away with using force. ITALIAN INVASION OF ETHIOPIA: - Invaded in 1935, Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie appealed to League for help - League did 2 things: 1) condemned the attack 2) League members were ordered to impose sanctions against Italy. - Sanctions failed (not all countries followed order of the League) - League involvement proved disastrous; sanctions were a half-hearted measure - Showed unwillingness of League to intervene and damaged credibility beyond repair GERMAN REARMAMENT OF 1935 - Treaty of Versailles had imposed restrictions on German military - In 1930's Hitler became aware of the weakness of the League and started to rearm - The League once again condemned Hitler's actions, but took no steps against him. GERMAN OCCUPATION OF THE RHINELAND 1936: - March 1936 Hitler ordered army into Rhineland and reclaim it for Germany - This was a direct violation of the Treaty - The League did not make any move to oppose Germany and Hitler took over the Rhineland JAPANESE ALL-OUT WAR WITH CHINA 1937 - Japan launched full attack on China and within a short while, occupied all of China - League protested/condemned Japan but took no action - By this time, the credibility of the League had been severely damaged and had become powerless to act

Describe the impact of the following key battles on the outcome of World War II: • Dunkirk evacuation • Battle of Britain • Operation Barbarossa • Battle of El Alamein • Battle of Stalingrad • Battle of the Atlantic • Battles of Midway and Coral Sea • Normandy invasion (D-Day)

(A) Dunkirk Evacuation In May of 1940 German troops had forced British (BEF) and French forces into a narrow beachhead around Dunkirk in Northern France. With nowhere to hide these forces faced certain doom at the hands of the German army. However, an order given by German Field Marshal Gerd Von Rundstedt to halt his tanks, later validated by Hitler, gave the troops sufficient time to evacuate by sea. There are various theories that we discussed in class as to why this order was given. What is significant is that over a period of 9 days approximately 340 000 British French and Belgian soldiers were rescued by a variety of ships from Britain. While these men abandoned all their equipment on the continent they escaped with their lives. Sometimes referred to as The Miracle at Dunkirk this event was seen as both a major defeat and a major achievement. It was a defeat in that the battle for France was lost and an achievement because the troops had been saved to fight again. Here is a great resource we used in class: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_fall_france_campaign.shtml (B) Battle of Britain: See above (C) Operation Barbarossa On June 22nd, 1941, Germany sent more than 3 million troops into Russia. The Soviet army had 2.9 million troops on the western border and outnumbered the Germans by two to one in tanks and by two or three to one in aircraft. German success Hitler and his generals had agreed that their main problem was to lock the Soviet army in battle and defeat it before it could escape into the depths of the country. To Hitler, the land and resources of the Ukraine and the oil of the Caucasus were most important. German plans indicated a victory in about ten weeks, which was significant because the Russian summer was the ideal time for fighting in the USSR. Russia was doing exactly what the German generals had wanted, sacrificing enormous numbers of troops and weapons to defend Moscow. Hitler, however, was not satisfied, and over the generals' protests, he ordered Army Group Center to divert the bulk of its armour to the north and south to help the other two army groups attacking Stalingrad and Leningrad, thereby stopping the advance toward Moscow. The delay was significant, it was now into fall and the weather was turning and neither the men nor the machines were outfitted for extreme cold. On December 5 the generals commanding the spearhead armies reported that they were stopped: The tanks and trucks were freezing up, and the troops were losing their will to fight. The Russian troops, better prepared for the weather, made a counterattack and started to drive the Germans back. The German Generals wanted to retreat but Hitler refused them. As a result many thousands of Germans were captured and the threat to Moscow was somewhat reduced. However, the damage to the German army was irreversible and the 2 front war was taking its toll on Germany resources, as many vehicles and weapons were lost. (D) Battle of El Alamein http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_el_alamein.shtml Italian forces and the Nazi Afrika Korps entered Egypt in a drive for the Suez Canal in June 1942 under the command of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. The British 8th Army held fast at El Alamein, about 60 miles southwest of Alexandria. On October 23 British infantry cut through the Axis lines in a bayonet charge that opened the way for an armored breakthrough. The attack forced the Axis back 1,300 miles across the desert. El Alamein saw the Allies successfully repel the German advance across the region. The battle was significant because it allowed the Allies to control the Suez Canal and the supply lines to India. More importantly the Allies now had a staging area from which they could launch an attack on continental Europe. (E) Battle of Stalingrad The Russian city of Stalingrad was attacked by the Germans in the summer of 1942. The battle became one of the bloodiest in history as both combatants adopted a policy of no surrender and no retreat. On July 28 Stalin issued his most famous order of the war, "Not a step back!" While threatening severe punishment for defeatists, he called on the troops to fight a "patriotic" war for Russia. The Russian generals Zhuchov and Vasilyevsky proposed to wear the enemy down by locking its troops in a bloody fight for the city while they assembled the means for a counterattack. The Germans, forced to use troops from its allies to support their own troops, came under Russian attacks in November of 1942. By January of 1943 the German 6th Army was surrounded on three sides and were told by Hitler that they could not attempt to breakout. By January 31st, German General Paulus was forced to surrender. While this was not Germany's first defeat it would be one of the most important and one from which it would never recover. The Germans were forced back to approximately the same position they had started from in the 1942 summer offensive. The high tide of Nazi conquest in Asia had now begun to change and it would never flow back again. Hitler's ambitions in Russia had be thwarted and the Germans were now forced to adopt a more defensive stance for the remainder of the war. (F) The Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign of WW II running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945 (height of fighting 1940-43). The battle pitted German U-boats and other warships of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) and Allied convoys (merchant ships and navies of Britain and Canada aided by forces of the US). As Britain was an island nation, it depended heavily on supplies being shipped overseas. The Germans hoped to strangle Britain by cutting off supplies Britain needed to continue fighting the war and supplies to feed the people living there. The Germans effectively used the U-boats to inflict high losses in convoys travelling the Atlantic. German Admiral Karl Donitz adopted the use of "Wolf Pack" tactics in hunting these convoys. In addition to subs the Germans made extensive use of "surface raiders", larger ships that attacked convoys on the surface. These were successful and used frequently until mid 1941 when the famous German battleship and raider, Bismark, was intercepted and sunk. Her sinking and the advent of long range search aircraft virtually neutralized surface raiders. Advances in technology and increases in Allied resources eventually allowed the Allies to defeat the Germans and win the Battle of the Atlantic. The Germans had failed to strangle the flow of supplies to Britain and as a result Britain was able to provide necessary supplies to its population. Of even greater significance, the Allies were successful in continuing the massive build up of troops and supplies needed for the invasion of France (D-Day). In contrast, if Germany had been successful the British would have been forced to surrender, D-Day would not have happened, and the outcome of the war could have been quite different. (G) Battle of Midway and Battle of Coral Sea These two battles were fought in the Pacific between America and the Japanese Empire and were critically important to the direction of the war in the Pacific Theatre. The Battle of the Coral Sea was the first fleet action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other. As well it was the first naval battle in history in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon each other. The Japanese were attempting to strengthen their position in the South Pacific and the Americans wanted to halt any advancement they hoped to make. The battle was fought between carrier aircraft crews flying bomber and torpedo planes. In the end both sides suffered losses, with the Japanese winning a slight tactical victory (sunk more ships). However, in strategic terms the Americans were victorious because the Japanese invasion was stopped in New Guinea. Of significance was the fact that this battle marked for the first time that a Japanese invasion force had been turned back without achieving its objective. Morale was lifted as the Americans realized that the Japanese were not unbeatable. Also, because damage to two of the Japanese aircraft carriers prevented them from participating in the Battle of Midway, which took place the next month, both sides now had virtually the same number of aircraft and contributed significantly to the U.S victory in that battle. The Battle of Midway is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of the Pacific War. The Japanese hoped that this battle would eliminate U.S naval power in the Pacific. The Japanese wanted to lure the remaining American aircraft carriers into a trap destroy them and them occupy the Midway Atoll as a part of an overall plan to extend their defensive perimeter and a jumping area for further offensive action in the Pacific. However, the Japanese underestimated the Americans. The American code breakers determined the date and location of the attack and set up an ambush of their own. During the battle 4 Japanese aircraft carriers and a heavy cruiser were sunk in exchange for 1 American aircraft carrier and a destroyer. The loss of four large fleet carriers, and over 40% of the carriers' highly trained aircraft mechanics and technicians, plus the essential flight-deck crews and armourers, and the loss of organizational knowledge embodied by such highly trained crew, were heavy blows to the Japanese carrier fleet. Japan was never really ever to recover fully from Midway, while the Americans continued to grow stronger. The balance of naval power in the Pacific had shifted in favour of the Americans with the Battle of Midway. Military historian John Keegan called the battle, "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare." (H) Normandy Invasion (D-Day) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_d_day.shtml On June 6th, 1944 troops from Britain, America and Canada landed on the beaches of Normandy, France. The Normandy invasion began with overnight parachute and glider landings, massive air attacks, naval bombardments, early morning amphibious landings on five beaches codenamed Juno, Gold, Omaha, Utah, and Sword and during the evening the remaining elements of the parachute divisions landed. The events which occurred that day and thereafter constituted the most famous and significant battle of WW II. Allied forces faced heavy resistance from the Germans but they were able to establish a foothold on the beachheads. Hitler believed that this was not the main area of attack and did not mount a massive counterattack. Allied air superiority limited German troop movement to the area and in a few days the Allies were firmly established in the area. By the end of the month the Allies had landed almost a million men and a significant amount of supplies (vehicles, armour, etc). This battle was seen as the beginning of the end of the war. The Allies had established a toehold on the western shores of Europe with the success at Normandy. It was significant in that the Allies had brought the war to the Germans. For the first time in almost four years the Allies were back in France and they had pushed the Germans back from their stronghold along the French coast. In a larger strategic sense, the successful Allied landing in France was a psychological blow to the German occupation of Europe. It called into question the German Army's ability to control western Europe, dramatically increased partisan activity against enemy occupation, and heartened the spirits of all those fighting against Nazi tyranny. The balance of power on the continent, already weakened by Soviet offensives into Poland, was decisively tipped into Allied favour.

Analyze French and British objectives at the Paris Peace Conference.

***FRENCH OBJECTIVES***: -RETURN of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany to France -RUIN Germany so that it can never threaten France again -REVENGE on Germany for its war damages (human casualties & destruction of cities, towns, villages, factories, mines, railways & farm fields) in NE France due to German occupation -REPARATIONS payments from Germany as compensation for war damages ***BRITISH OBJECTIVES***: -Control the Sea: Britain with its large empire wanted to control the sea, thus German navy to be reduced (its dreadnoughts & U-Boats removed) -Contain Bolshevism (Communism): Britain feared growth of communism & did not want to treat Germany too harshly that it had defeated its own communist revolution in early 1919. Germany could serve as a 'buffer' to contain Russian communism -Elimination of German Colonies: colonies in African/Asia to be taken over by Britain & France. Germany would lose its overseas empire -Control of British Colonies: Britain would not allow peoples in its colonies to decide their own future

Evaluate the effectiveness of appeasement in containing the territorial expansion of Nazism

***IT WAS NOT EFFECTIVE*** When Hitler expanded his control of various parts of Europe he was appeased for various reasons. From 1935 until 1939 Hitler had been appeased. During the time of appeasement Hitler had gained a significant amount of territory (Saarland, Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia) without firing a shot. It can be argued that appeasement allowed Hitler to expand further and at a faster rate than he could ever have wished. Appeasement can therefore be deemed a complete and utter failure when it came to preventing the territorial expansion of Germany.

Draw conclusions about whether or not the Treaty of Versailles was a just peace treaty.

***IT WAS NOT*** -conditions were way too harsh -mainly focused on germany, even though they were not the only offenders -much more was taken than what was needed -terms put germany under a terrible economic strain, much higher than what was diserved

Analyze how the American entry into World War I and the Russian withdrawal from World War I affected the Allied war effort and the war's outcome.

***US ENTRY*** RUSSIA AS A MAJOR ALLIES POWER: -Fresh supply of soldiers: 10,000 men entering France per day by Aug 1918 & army of 2 million men in France by Nov 1918 CHANGE IN MORALE: -'Boosted' morale of Allied countries disheartened after 3 years of fighting with no real success against Germany -Weakened morale of Central Powers now fighting the strongest economy in the world ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY: -Allied access to world's largest industrial economy & large population to aid war effort -US supplies Allies with huge amounts of food, ammunition, & other war material US MILITARY: -Access to a large and growing U.S. Navy & Army (4 million strong by end of war) -PRESSURE ON GERMANY: -Forced Germany to launch its great March 1918 Offensive on Western Front with aim of destroying British armies & win war prior to arrival of large American armies in France. Offensive failed with Germany 'using up' its last reserves of soldiers CHANGE OF INITIATIVE IN FAVOUR OF ALLIES: -By Aug 1918, Allies have initiative on Western Front & attack German armies continuously forcing them back & resulting in Germany negotiating armistice in Nov 1918 ***IMPACT OF RUSSIAN WITHDRAWL*** SURRENDER OF RUSSIA: Russian peace with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Mar 1918) was a devastating blow to the Allies as Russia out of the war IMPACTS: -Germany could relieve its food shortages by using agricultural products from Russia (e.g. Ukraine farming region given to Germany by Russia under the treaty) -Germany would now concentrate its forces against France & Britain by moving armies from Eastern to Western Front (no longer a two front war). These armies would be used in the March Offensive, 1918

Assess the issue of responsibility for the outbreak of WW1

***completely opinionated*** GERMANY: -had imperialistic goals and attempted to achieves these through militaristic foreign policy. The goals and policy adopted by Germany created a threat to surrounding countries in turn creating tension and conflict. - If these incentives were not adopted by Germany then the threat of invasion or attack would not have been evident in europe thus being a key factor in the out break of WW1. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: -its militaristic foreign policy adopted to control countries with in it's empire and countries they wished to conquer. -foreign policy towards the control over Serbian nationalistic uprising against Austrian-Hungrian rule within Serbia as they put in place the policy to "Crush Serbia to the ground". FRANCE AND RUSSIA: -alliances and militaristic policy. In 1894 France and Russia signed the Franco-Russia alliances, this created tension with europe as neighbouring countries saw this as a threat in part creating hostility between other alliances and creating a divide with in europe. BRITIAN: -Britain kept refusing to form an alliance with the Germans -The Naval race, Britain had 12 gunboats 'HMS Dreadnought' which made them the most powerful navy on the planet, when Germany made gunboats (dont know how many to be precise but it was less) they saw Germany as a threat -Britain was not forced to join the war, they joined to 'protect' Belgium when they could have protected them selves

Economic rivalry (imperialism)

-Britain bragged "The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire." Germany longed for its "time in the sun." Main competition between Britain & Germany as its later industrialization allowed it to catch up & surpass Britain & France by 1900, (e.g. Germany produced twice as much steel as Britain by 1914) -German strength resulted from its later industrialization (thus newer factories), strong scientific education system, abundant raw resources & large population/high birthrate

armistice

-Ceasefire between opposing sides in a conflict -Refers to ceasefire between Allied & Central Powers on Nov 11, 1918 at 11 am (e.g. Remembrance Day)

Analyze reasons for German expansion during the late 1930s.

-In Hitler's vision, a great Germany meant an expanded Germany and new territory was to be obtained through conquest. (Pride/Nationalism/action-oriented)) -Hitler also wanted Germany to be economically self-sufficient. To obtain rich agricultural land and other valuable natural resources, Germany would have to expand into Eastern Europe. (Natural Resources) -Hitler adopted an aggressive policy encouraging population growth, but in order to accommodate the increase Germany needed to increase its physical size. More "living space" was needed and the only way to achieve this was through the acquisition of territory. (Lebensraum) -Another reason behind Hitler's expansion of Germany was the "need" to free Germans who were being oppressed in other lands. (Sudeten Germans in Czechoslovakia and Germans east of the hated Polish Corridor) -A long-standing dream of Hitler's was the union of Germany with Austria. He wanted to annex Austria so that he and his fellow Austrians would be officially German. (Anschluss) -Hitler felt Germany had to regain its place in Europe and restore its pride as a country. The expansion was a prelude to what would soon follow in WW II. (Avenge the terms of the Treaty of Versailles/Nationalism)

Explain how trench warfare contributed to a stalemate on the Western Front.

-Infantry tactics had not yet been adjusted to overcome or even accomodate the machine gun. Therefore, soldiers on both sides were repeatedly and senselessly ordered to run at machine gun emplacements without much hope of overcoming them. -In addition to advanced guns, both sides used chemical warfare, especially mustard gas, which caused blistering of skin and mucous membrane. Therefore, anyone who breathed in mustard gas died a horrible death of their lungs choking up blood. -The trenches flooded with water, sewage and dead people and animals. Disease spread quickly. Wounds festered and killed soldiers who today would survive at a much greater rate. Sickness killed as many soldiers as weapons did, if not more, in WWI.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

-Peace treaty between Germany & Russia (communist government led by Lenin) -Germany now in one-front war as Russia out of war & enables Germany to move its armies from Eastern Front to Western Front to concentrate on British & French

zimmerman telegram

-Secret telegram sent by German government to its ambassador in Mexico in Jan 1917 requesting Mexican alliance & attack against US in Feb 1917 -Germany would support Mexican territorial control of Texas, New Mexico, etc. at end of war when Central Powers were victorious -Attempt to 'play upon' Mexican resentment of loss of territory to American in Mexican-American War (1846) -Telegram intercepted, decoded & released to American government & public by Britain -Telegram angered American public & government & when coupled with Germany's initiation of unrestricted submarine warfare (Feb 1917) would bring America entry in the war of the Allied side

pan-germanism

Hitler's goal of uniting all German speaking people under one border.

Using historical documents explain how each of the following factors was a major cause of the Great Depression: • over-production and over-expansion by businesses • consumer overspending with credit during the Roaring Twenties • impact of high tariffs on international trade • too many purchases of stocks on credit

1) Over Production and Over Expansion by Business: The good economic times of the 1920's resulted in businesses expanding quickly in order to meet market demands. However, by the late 20's they were running out of customers (ex: everyone who wanted a fridge had one) and the market became saturated. There was a growing surplus of manufactured goods resulting in high inventories (not being able to sell products). This meant companies had a high debt, folded and laid off workers. All of this weakened the economy. 2) Consumer Overspending With Credit During the 20's: In the late 1920's people were being urged to buy everything on credit. Companies wanted to sell their products faster so having people buy things on credit was the answer. People bought fridges, stoves and furniture using credit by placing a small down payment and then paying the rest over time. The problem with this was that by the late 20's people owed a lot of money. Payments on their purchases were due and the people did not have enough money to pay for it all. In the end people lost these things and companies lost money, severely hurting the economy. 3) Impact of High Tariffs On International Trade: High tariffs between nations created barriers to trade. As each nation faced and economic downturn, it rushed to raise trade barriers to protect its own industries and workers. As a result of these tariffs, economic growth was strangled, stalling the economy magnifying the problem. 4) Too Many Purchases of Stock on Credit: As U.S industry boomed, company shares went up. Millions of people were encouraged to buy shares based on confidence that prices would continue to rise (speculation). Many people (speculators) bought shares on the margin, meaning they only paid 10% of the full price and paid the rest from profits on the stock. However, when money became scarce, people needed their cash so they sold their stock. As people sold their shares, confidence in the stock market fell, resulting in a great dip in prices. People did not have enough money to pay for the stocks they bought (10% payment) because they were not receiving full price for the stock. Thus the market crashed.

colony

1. A territory controlled by another state for use of resources, military advantage or prestige. In 1900, most of Africa & Asia was divided into colonies by European states & US 2. Imperialistic countries sought to control other regions of the world which became their colonies

Analyze reasons for expansion of the major imperial powers at the turn of the twentieth century.

1. Economic: (Gold) a) Most common explanation b) States motivated to dominate others by need to expand their economies, to acquire raw materials & additional sources of labour, or to find outlets for surplus capital & markets for surplus 2. Political: (Glory) States motivated to expand by desire for power, prestige, security, & diplomatic advantages (e.g. Britain & France race to seize colonies in Africa) Remember the term Hegemony, all countries wanted it. 3. Ideological /Moral: (God) a) Political, cultural, or religious beliefs force states into imperialism as a "missionary activity" (e.g. make other people into good Christians & bring civilization/progress to 'savage'/undeveloped colonies) b) Britain's colonial empire existed in part by the idea that it was the "white man's burden" to civilize "backward" peoples c) People in major European states & US believed in inherent superiority of their national cultures over each other & non-white states

Schlieffen Plan

1. German war plan designed to defeat France & Russia by concentrating on quick defeat of France as it was believed Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize its armies before it could threaten eastern Germany 2. German armies would invade neutral Belgium (avoiding strong French defences) & quickly capture Paris thus defeating France in less than 6 weeks 3. Once France defeated, German armies using railroad would move to eastern Germany to defend against Russian mobilization 4. Plan failed due to lack of German troops, resistance of British Expeditionary Force (army), poor German logistics & French counter-attack at First Battle of the Marne (1914)

triple entente

1. Military alliance between France, Russia & Britain 2. Created in response to rising power of Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy (the Triple Alliance).

triple alliance

1. Military alliance initiated by Germany that united Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy 2. Its purpose was to isolate France in the event of war

military alliances

1. Military alliances: members would come to aid of other alliance members if attacked by a state from outside that alliance. Germany's aim until 1890 was to isolate France from having any other allies; it also feared French revenge for the loss of Alsace-Lorraine and defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. 2. Dual Alliance (1879): Germany & Austria-Hungary 3. Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy: -Germany - fear of France -Austria-Hungary - fear of Russia -Italy - fear of France 4. Reinsurance Treaty (1887): -Germany & Russia agree to remain neutral with each other if either state attacked by another country -Germany ensured France would not have Russia as an ally if France attacked Germany. -Kaiser Wilhelm II did not renew the treaty in 1890, (Schlieffen Plan and new railroads in Germany increased confidence of a Russian defeat) thus motivating Russia to look to France as an ally against future German attack 5. Dual Entente (1894): France & Russia vs. Germany 6. Triple Entente (1907): France, Russia & Britain: -France: fear of attack from Germany -Russia: fear of attack from Germany and/or Austria-Hungary -Britain: suspends Splendid Isolationism/fear of Germany (due to Naval Race)

Summarize Wilson's Fourteen Points

1. No more secret agreements between countries. Diplomacy shall be open to the world. 2. International seas shall be free to navigate during peace and war. 3. There shall be free trade between the countries who accept the peace. 4. There shall be a worldwide reduction in weapons and armies by all countries. 5. Colonial claims over land and regions will be fair. Russia will be allowed to determine its own form of government. All German troops will leave Russian soil. 6. German troops will evacuate Belgium and Belgium will be an independent country. 7. France will regain all territory including the disputed land of Alsace-Lorraine. 8. The borders of Italy will be established such that all Italians will be within the country of Italy. 9. Austria-Hungary will be allowed to continue to be an independent country. 10. The Central Powers will evacuate Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania leaving them as independent countries. 11. The Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire will have their own country. 12. Other nationalities under the Ottoman rule will also have security. 13. Poland shall be an independent country. 14. A League of Nations will be formed that protects the independence of all countries no matter how big or small.

arms race

1. Result of nationalism & economic rivalry among the countries 2. Germany wanted to increase its naval power to equal Britain's navy - resulting in a naval arms race: -In 1900 British navy was twice as large as any other navy -In 1898, Germany started large scale naval building program to create a navy equal in size to that of Britain, remember our computer story and when to buy one, Germany availed of the latest and best technology -Britain feared a large German navy as it would threaten its sea communications & trade with its empire -In response, Britain built a larger & newer navy around a new type of battleship - the dreadnought (1906) which made all other warships obsolete resulting in the Dreadnought Race with Germany

Blitzrieg

A German term for "lightning war". The use of swift massive strikes from the air coupled with rapid tank invasions on the ground. It was designed to quickly defeat the enemy.

Kamikazes

A Japanese pilot who performed suicidal missions by crashing their aircraft, loaded with explosives into an enemy target, especially a ship.

Using historical documents explain Marx's ideas on: • the relations between social classes; • work and economic value; • the bourgeoisie; and • the proletariat.

A) RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL CLASSES: -Marx viewed the structure of society in relation to its major classes and the struggle between them as the force for change. A class is defined by the ownership of property. Such ownership allows a person with power to exclude others from the property and to use it for personal purposes -Class is thus determined by property, not by income or status. Each class has its interests and are in opposition with each other. Thus they will be in conflict. The division between classes will widen and the condition of the exploited worker will deteriorate so badly that social structure collapses; the class struggle is transformed into a proletarian (workers) revolution. The workers success in this revolution will eliminate the basis for class division in property through public ownership of the means of production (socialism). WORK AND ECONOMIC VALUE: -According to Marx's theory, the more labour or labour time goes into an object, the more it is worth. Marx defined value as, "consumed labour time" and stated "all goods, considered economically, are only the product of labour and cost nothing except labour." -Here is an example of how the labour theory of value works; a worker in a factory is given $30 worth of material and after working 3 hours, producing a good and using $10 worth of fuel to run a machine, he creates a product which is sold for $100. -According to Marx, the labour and only the labour of the worker increased the value of the natural materials to $100. The worker is justly entitled to a $60 payment, or $20 per hour. -If the worker is employed by a factory owner who pays him only $5 per hour, according to Marx the $5/hr factory owner receives is simply a rip-off. The factory owner has done nothing to earn the money and the $5/hr he receives is "surplus value", representing exploitation of the worker. Even the tools which the factory owner provided were, according to Marx, necessarily produced by other workers. According to this theory, all profits are the rightful earnings of the workers, and when they are kept from the workers by the capitalists, workers are simply being robbed. On the basis of this theory, Marx called for the elimination of profits, for workers to seize factories and for the overthrow of the "tyranny" of capitalism. BOURGEOISIE -The bourgeoisie or those who, "own the means of production", and employ the proletariat (workers). Means of production is basically anything that generates wealth, natural resources, tools, equipment etc.. PROLETARIAT -The proletariat (working class) are, "those individuals who sell their labour and do not own the means of production", whom he believed were responsible for creating wealth of a society (they physically build things like bridges, furniture, etc

Describe the tragedy of war with reference to each: • The Holocaust • Allied bombing of Dresden • Japanese treatment of prisoners of war

A) THE HOLOCAUST -It had become a policy of Nazi's to eliminate all Jews form Europe. It began in the 1930's when Jews were stripped of their right, possessions and forced to live in concentration camps and urban ghettos. -In January 1942, Hitler gave orders to apply "the final solution of the Jewish question", the systematic extermination of the Jews under German control. -At first, firing squads carried out mass murders. Later on other techniques were used. Jews were transported by railway cattle cars and trucks from all over Nazi occupied Europe to death camps such as Triblinka, Auschwitz, Belsen, Dachau, and Buchenwald. At these camps, those who would work were spared the gas chamber temporarily. As more arrived at these camps great numbers were herded daily into gas chambers to their deaths. -By 1945, six million Jews had been murdered in the death camps. Over 65% of the Jewish population of Europe had been eliminated. The Nazis had carried out genocide, the deliberate extermination of a group of people. ALLIED BOMBING OF DRESDEN: -The massive Allied bombing of the German city of Dresden in February 1945 resulted in nearly 100 000 civilian deaths. The city was a railway distribution centre overcrowded with refugees and was of little strategic value in the war. The strategy behind the bombing of the German cities was to break civilian morale. C) JAPANESE TREATMENTOF PRISONERS OF WAR: -The Japanese believed that surrender was dishonourable. Those who surrendered were held in contempt. The Japanese also wanted to dispel the myth of white superiority. These two factors led to harsh treatment of Allied prisoners (poor living conditions and forced labour). -In the Philippines, 70 000 soldiers were forced to march 100 km under a blazing tropical sun with almost no food or water. Only 54 000 survived the march. Prisoners of war held by the Japanese were basically used as slaves and it is estimated that 130 000 POW's died building the Burma-Siam railway.

Describe the policy of appeasement as it is related to German expansion and identify two reasons why Britain and France were prepared to follow this policy

APPEASEMENT: trying to calm international tensions by giving in or making concessions. When Hitler violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles by rearming and occupying the Rhineland the European powers chose to leave him alone. When he moved in on Czechoslovakia he was offered a deal which gave him what he wanted. The policy was used in the hope of keeping the peace and satisfying the desires of Germany. Hitler saw the policy as a sign of weakness. Every time Hitler made a move of aggression, he was appeased. Realizing nobody was prepared to forcibly oppose him; Hitler became more confident with every success. MEMORIES OF WORLD WAR 1: Britain and France were extremely reluctant to fight due to the psychological trauma resulting from having witnessed the deaths of vast numbers of young people in WW I. 2) THE FLAWS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES: The Treaty of Versailles imposed many restrictions on Germany's internal affairs, which were later on, widely viewed by the Allied nations as being unfair to Germany. THE COMMUNIST THREAT: Conservative politicians had to worry not only about the threat posed by Hitler's Germany, but also about the threat posed by the Stalinist Soviet Union TO BUY TIME AND PREPARE: In the mid 1930's, appeasement gave Britain and France time to prepare for a war. During the depression years nobody kept up military spending and were therefore not ready to fight any type of war. The years of appeasement gave the Allies some time to increase their armed forces and begin production of wartime materials and weapons.

Judge whether or not the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan was justified.

ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING THE USE OF THE A-BOMB INCLUDE: -The number of American causalities would be minimized by using the bomb while a conventional invasion would lead to as many as ½ million causalities. -The Pacific war to that point saw stiff Japanese resistance and an aversion to surrender as battles were literally fought to the last soldier. An attack on mainland Japan would only magnify these traits in Japanese soldiers/people. -The Japanese still had two million troops and 5000 kamikaze aircraft available to use during a conventional attack. -The bombs were seen as a cheaper way of ending the war, as it would end much quicker. -Some saw it as a way of getting back (revenge) at the Japanese for attacking Pearl Harbour. -Dropping the bombs would have a secondary effect of intimidating the Soviet Union, hoping to slow and deter their territorial aspirations. -The use of the bomb would show the world America's strength and that they had virtually not weaknesses. ARGUMENTS CONDEMNING THE USE OF THE A-BOMB INCLUDED: -Conventional bombing of Japanese cities would sufficiently reduced Japanese strength to a point where an invasion by armed forces could occur. -The U.S could begin a comprehensive blockade of Japan and have the USSR invade Japanese forces in China. As a result there would have been low number causalities for U.S forces. The Japanese population would suffer from shortages of food, medicine, and essential supplies. -The surrender terms could have been changed from unconditional to conditional surrender. It would have allowed the Japanese leaders to save face and not fear humiliation. -The two cities were of limited military value and civilians outnumbered military personnel in Hiroshima 6 to 1 -Others argued that the bombs were used for political rather than military reasons. The bomb would intimidate the USSR and deter them from taking a hard line at the peace negotiations at Potsdam. -Some felt that the bombings were racially motivated, arguing that the atomic force would never have been used on a European city and that they were "only Japs". -The biggest reason for not dropping the bomb was the impact it would have on civilians. There would be many thousands of innocent people that would die on impact, many more would suffer and eventually die due to radiation, burns/poisoning and many would die years afterwards and birth defects would be common.

Analyze how the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and "war communism" enabled Lenin to consolidate power in Russia

As soon as he gained power in Russia, Lenin decided he had to get Russia out of the war. He signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This treaty resulted in Russia giving up major concessions to Germany in exchange for peace. Taking the country out of the war Lenin removed some of the threats that were facing him. Also, it gave him the opportunity to consolidate Bolshevik control and defeat the opposition. Another factor which aided Lenin concerned supplying his forces. To gain control and win the war, he had to try and control all aspects of the economy. He decided to do the following things; - Factories were nationalized - Military discipline in factories - Strikes were made illegal - Surplus food was handed over to the government - Rationing was introduced These actions brought things under direct control of the new government. Lenin now had the country in his hands. The measures he had taken did not produce a well rounded economy but it did succeed in meeting the immediate and minimal needs of the Communist State during the civil war period. War Communism introduced an element of system and order into the general picture or unmanageable chaos. Lenin achieved the control and stability he desperately needed.

Draw conclusions about how differing interpretations of the Yalta agreements between the Soviet Union and the West might pose future tension over Germany and Eastern Europe.

At Yalta Roosevelt proposed a global approach to world peace. He proposed a co-operative undertaking, with China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Britain acting as international enforcers in their own spheres of influence. The Soviets conveniently interpreted this plan to mean that they would police Eastern Europe, thereby effectively establishing their much-desired sphere of influence. Also there was an agreement between both sides that free elections would be held in the Eastern European states. Roosevelt and Churchill believed that this promise by Stalin was very significant. In reality when Stalin left Yalta he believed that Soviet domination in Eastern Europe would not be challenged. As a result the Yalta conference concluded with both sides coming to agreements that were interpreted much differently. Because of these differing interpretations future discussions between both sides was bound to be filled with misunderstanding and inevitably lead to increasing tensions.

Explain why Britain and France ended appeasement with Hitler's demands on Poland

At the Munich Conference Hitler had fooled Britain and France by making a deal for the Sudetenland, then disregarding the agreement just 6 months later and taking the remainder of Czechoslovakia. As a result they no longer trusted Hitler. Convinced that Hitler would not negotiate in good faith, Britain and France guaranteed the integrity of Polish territory against German aggression. Both of these countries had come to realize that a stand had to be taken against Germany and end appeasement. With Hitler determined to attack Poland, Europe was on the brink of war in late summer 1939.

Analyze the methods Stalin used to exercise control over the Soviet people.

FIRST PURGES: 1930-1933 targeted anyone who opposed industrialization and the Kulaks who opposed collectivism. GREAT PURGES: -Political Opponents 1934 - Kirov, rival of Stalin, was murdered. Stalin believed to have ordered it. He used it as an opportunity to arrest thousands of his opponents. -1934-1939 - Political opponents were put on "show trials" where they pleaded guilty to impossible charges of treason -In the army (1937) the Commander-In -Chief of the Red Army and 7 leading generals were shot. In 1938-39 all the Admirals and ½ the Army's officers were executed or imprisoned. -The church religious leaders were imprisoned and churches were closed down. -Stalin enforced Russification on ethnic groups all over the Soviet Union. -Ordinary people were denounced, arrested, sent to the Gulag (system of labour camps), 20 million Russians died. People lived in fear. Those who were loyal to Stalin received the best jobs, houses, holidays, etc. CULT OF STALIN Picture of Stalin as "The Father of Communism" - Pictures, statues, etc, were erected showing Stalin in a favourable light -He was given continuous praise and applause in publications -Mothers taught their children that Stalin was "the wisest man of the age" -History books and photographs were changed to make Stalin look good

Nationalism

FRANCE: -Wanted revenge for 1871 loss of provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany & desire to regain control over coal/iron ore in this region -After 1871, created large overseas empire with colonies in Africa & Asia in order to emphasize national pride & prestige GERMANY: -Desire to be a world empire like Britain -Growing economic nationalism & strength as strongest economy in Europe (e.g. coal & iron ore, etc.) -Frustrated by inability to attain colonies in Africa/Asia & believed Britain & France conspired to prevent Germany from gaining colonies -Pride in strength & ability of its army (best in Europe) AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: -Too many nationalities & ethnic nationalism 'tearing' country apart as different nationalities wanted independence -Empire was in decay as industrialization was not widespread -Feared rise of Serbia & its nationalism & desire to create 'Greater' Serbia that included Austrian controlled Bosnia-Herzegovina RUSSIA: -Believed in pan-Slavism - all Slavic peoples (Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, etc.) should work together & be led by Russia -Wanted to increase its role in the Balkans at expense of Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire (e.g. desired control of Constantinople & access to Mediterranean Sea from Black Sea) BRITIAN: -Great pride in its empire/Royal Navy (largest in the world) which was seen as the greatest in the world -Belief that its noble destiny was to maintain world peace (e.g. Pax Britannia/peace of Britain) -Suspicious of German & Japanese desires for territory & military/economic power -Followed policy of 'Splendid Isolation' from 1815-1914 as it tried to avoid any conflict in Europe & instead concentrated on its empire

Atlantic Charter

In 1941 U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill announced the Atlantic Charter, which set forth Allied goals for World War II and the postwar period. The two nations pledged to respect "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live" and promised a free world without war, after the final destruction of Nazi tyranny.

new deal

In response to the Great Depression, in his first 100 days, Franklin D. Roosevelt acted quickly to restore the people's faith in their government by reforming banks, cutting spending and repealing prohibition. His subsequent, "alphabet agencies" like the civilian conservation corps and the Tennessee Valley Authority gave many Americans a chance for a job and relief from starvation.

Draw conclusions about the impact of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on the outbreak of World War I in terms of: • Serbian nationalism • Austro-Hungarian /Serbian relations • German government's response • Russian mobilization

NATIONALISM & AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN/SERBIAN RELATIONS: -Serbian nationalism & desire to increase its territory (Greater Serbia) caused tension in the Balkans region -Austria-Hungary viewed Serbia as a threat to its traditional influence over the Balkans & believed Serbia wanted to gain control of Bosnia-Herzegovina (because it contained a large population of ethnic Serbs) -Austria-Hungary also feared Serbia's close ties to Russia -Serbian aggression in the Balkans also angered the Ottoman Empire which had lost territory to Serbia GERMAN GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE: -Issue of 'blank cheque' to Austria-Hungary viewed as necessary as it was Germany's key ally -German government believed failure to support Austria-Hungary against Serbian would result in humiliation & further weakening of Austria-Hungary - it could possibly destroy the Dual Alliance RUSSIAN MOBILIZATION: -Its mobilization on Jul 29 in support of Serbian vs. Austria-Hungary forced Germany to mobilize its armies in response -Germany mobilized to ensure its armies were ready before those of Russian & France as Germany feared a 'two front' war -Russian mobilization initiated Germany's only war plan - the Schieffen Plan, which 'dragged' other nations into the war

Analyze documents to compare Winston Churchill's views on appeasement with those of Neville Chamberlain.

NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN: -warned that an aggressive stance toward Germany would destroy the possibility of future negotiations. -believed in avoiding conflict by any means necessary. -arranged at the Munich Conference for the Czechoslovakian territory of Sudetenland to be given to Hitler to appease the Germans. -Chamberlain believed that the conference in Munich had shown that appeasement achieved the purpose of avoiding war WINSTON CHURCHILL: -He believed that appeasement would not be the answer to an aggressive Hitler. -he felt that England had been given an opportunity to make a stand but did not and had achieved nothing. -Chamberlain had predicted that appeasement only created a situation where Hitler would continue to take what he wanted, not stopped him and Britain would eventually have to stand up if Hitler was to be stopped.

Explain the purpose for creating the League of Nations.

PURPOSE: League established in 1919 as international organization to maintain world peace & security in attempt to avoid/minimize future conflict & world wars LEAGUE'S POWER: Limited to moral sanction (e.g. international criticism of a country); economic sanction (e.g. keeping a country from attaining key economic resources such as oil, minerals, food or investment capital); & collective security (e.g. League states would combine to use force against aggressor nation)

imperialism

Policy by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend & maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples

Nuremberg Trials

Public trials of former Nazi leaders at the end of World War II. The charges included waging aggressive war and crimes against humanity.

battle of the Somme

SUMMARY: Large-scale British attack vs. German trenches along Somme River (Western Front) to help take 'pressure' off French being attacked by Germany at Verdun. Attack fails with over 60,000 casualties (20,000 killed) on first day of battle (worst day ever for British Army). In all over 600,000 men killed or wounded on each side IMPACT: Illustrated great strength of trenches & machine guns & artillery used in defence. Exposed the futility of attacking across No Man's Land & that there would not be any great victories in trench warfare

beaumont hamel

SUMMARY: Part of Battle of the Somme, but refers to portion of battle where The Royal Newfoundland Regiment fought. Greatest loss of any British unit as regiment destroyed before it even reached No Man's Land (684 out 752 men killed or wounded - 91% casualties!) IMPACT: Colony of Newfoundland in sorrow as most families had lost relatives or friends. Exposed difficulty of attack against defended trenches

Describe how each of the following factors contributed to American military success over Japan. • size of American fleet • more advanced technology and greater industrial strength

The great arbiter of the Pacific war had been American industrial power, which produced a mighty war machine. Out of this production had come the Pacific fleet, a potent force that could overcome the vast reaches of the Pacific upon which the Japanese had depended so heavily as a defensive advantage. The decisive combat element of the fleet was the fast carrier task force, which carried the war deep into Japanese territory and supported advances far beyond the range of land - based aircraft. Land - based air power also played a decisive role. When carriers were not available to support offensives, it was land based aviation that measured the distance of each forward move. Also they proved important in providing close support for ground operations, while aerial supply operations and troop movements contributed greatly to the success of the Allied campaign. Japan had hoped that the attack at Pearl Harbor would be the first step in developing an empire in Asia, however the U.S. quickly recovered. Within a year American industry had all the damaged vessels back in service fighting against the Japanese. The size of the American fleet and the number of personnel, combined with more advanced technology and a faster rate of production, helped the Americans drive the Japanese from their possessions in the Pacific. In the final analysis, Japan lost because the country did not have the means to fight a total war against the combination of industrial, air, naval, and human resources represented by the United States and its Allies. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of the Japanese fleet at the outbreak of the war, put his finger on the fatal weakness of the Japanese concept of the war when he stated, "It is not enough that we should take Guam and the Philippines, or even Hawaii and San Francisco. We should have to march into Washington and sign the treaty in the White House." This the Japanese could never do, and because they could not, they had to lose the war.

Describe the general agreements made at Yalta regarding the political future of Germany and Eastern Europe with reference to: • the division of Germany • free elections in Eastern Europe

The key issue was the future of Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. Soviet troops occupied most of the region and Stalin was determined that the Eastern Europe countries of Poland Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania have pro-Soviet governments. He wanted control of these countries as a buffer zone to protect Russia from invasion. When Soviet troops freed Poland from Germany Stalin installed a pro Soviet government called Lublin Poles. Roosevelt and Churchill were reluctant to allow Poland to fall under Soviet control; Britain had entered WW II to guarantee Poland's independence. When Germany conquered Poland, a government in exile was formed in London called the London Poles. Poland would be a test case for the future of all Eastern Europe.

draw cinclusions about how the American entry into world War II affected the war's outcome.

The war machine that was the U.S had a significant impact on the Allied victory in WW II. Upon entry into WW II, in December 1941, the U.S immediately began working with the Allies to defeat the Axis forces. Even though the United States was attacked by Japan they did not focus all of their efforts on the war in the Pacific. They worked with their allies in helping them to defeat the Germans in Europe. The U.S becomes a key component in the Allied Coalition and makes extraordinary contributions to the overall war effort. The Americans contribute greatly to the war by supplying their allies with military goods needed for victory. Military equipment of all types is produced by the United States on a grand scale. By 1944 the U.S production of military goods doubles that of the Axis powers. Among the military weapons produced by the U.S is the A-Bomb, which becomes a symbol of U.S superiority over all enemies. Also, the U.S contributes greatly to the war by drastically increasing the Allies overall strength through its sizable fighting force. The number of armed forces personnel the U.S has at its disposal becomes vital to the overall Allied war effort. The Americans develop the capacity to fight two wars simultaneously and in the process become arguably the most potent armed force the world had ever seen. With such contributions the American influence on the outcome of WW II cannot be denied. Their entry was critical to Allied victory in Europe over the Germans. At the same time, their vast industrial and human resources allowed them to maintain and eventually overcome the Japanese in the Pacific.

Analyze two reasons why Britain was able to survive the Battle of Britain.

There are three main reasons for the British success including human factors (RAF, resolve of British people, strong leadership) and technological factors (radar). The RAF attacked the German planes with skill and daring. They were greatly outnumbered (4 to 1) but were successful in out shooting the Germans (2 to 1 Winston Churchill summed up the importance of the RAF when he said. "Never in the field of human conflict, was so much owed by so many to so few." The resolve and determination of the people of Britain enabled the country to survive the devastation they faced day in and day out. The people withstood bombings, homelessness, hunger, and separation. Instead of giving up they became more determined each time they faced challenges, taking pride in their country and keeping Britain alive. British leadership was also a key factor in its survival during the Battle. Prime Minister Churchill was an inspirational leader who guided his people throughout this time. In his speeches he focused the attention of his people on the goal at hand and always evoked a sense of duty. The two main technological advances that led to British success were the development of radar and Ultra. The invention of radar gave the British a tremendous advantage during the Battle of Britain. The radar could detect the approaching of German bombers/fighters (from where, how many, what speed, etc). The element of surprise was eliminated and the British had enough time to prepare their defences and give people warning and time to take shelter. For a broader view of the battle see the following article by Bruce Robinson

enabling act

This act was passed in March, 1935 and gave Hitler the power to pass laws without the consent of the Reichstag (parliament) or president for 4 years. Hitler used his powers to eradicate all political opposition, guaranteeing that the Enabling Act would continue indefinitely, thus making Hitler dictator for life.

Compare and contrast the nature of the war on the Eastern and Western Fronts

WESTERN FRONTS: -By Oct 1914, Allies & Central Powers had dug a line of trenches from North Sea to Swiss frontier -Both sides faced each other across No Man's Land & tragic stalemate developed -Trenches remained virtually stationary in spite of the massive battles fought because armies could not break through as defenders using thousands of machine-guns & artillery along with multiple lines of trenches slowed & stopped any attacks -Both sides suffered huge losses (dead & wounded) in the millions in a war of attrition -Until spring 1918, both sides remained in the same positions established in 1914 EASTERN FRONTS: -This front was much more mobile as there were large-scale battles (e.g. Tannenberg, 1914) with considerable movement & huge casualties -Trench system was not nearly as strong & German forces won tremendous victories against Russian forces -Within the first two months of the war Russia had lost initiative & two armies against Germany -Russian soldiers frequently ran out of weapons/ammunition & had to fight with pitchforks & swords Constant defeats led to a shifting front line & eventually Russia's withdrawal from war

bolsheviks

a group who split from the original Russian socialist movement in 1903. The Bolsheviks (meaning majority) would develop into a small, tightly organized, revolutionary Marxist group led by Vladimir Lenin. In November, 1917, they took control of a chaotic Russia and gained full control after a civil war. They renamed themselves the Communist party of the Soviet Union.

Analyze the origins of World War I with reference to nationalism, economic rivalry (imperialism), arms race and military alliances.

see cards about Nationalism, Imperialism, arms race, and military alliances

march on rome

the means by which Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922; a government crisis and threat of civil war enabled him to demand the formation of a fascist government to restore order. On October 24, 1922 Mussolini was invited to come to Rome to take power. The march was a propaganda myth as Mussolini traveled overnight by train from Milan to Rome, where he formed a government on October 20th. Some 20 000 fascist Black Shirts were also transported to the city where they marched in a ceremonial parade October 30th.

stalin purges

the removal of suspected enemies from the Communist Party and the Soviet Union by Stalin. Between 1935 and 1938, an estimated 11 million people were sent to labour camps (gulags) or were executed in the purge known as the Great Terror.

weimar republic

the ruling government in Germany directly after WW1, refers to a state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; formed in city of Weimar; forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles.

gestapo

the secret police of Nazi Germany that was notorious for brutality and terrorist methods.

provisional government

the temporary government established in Russian after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II; led by Alexander Kerensky. (It made two major mistakes, stayed in the war and postponed much needed reform.

October/November Revolution

was a political revolution, it involved a coup on the night of October 25/26 (Nov 6/7). Bolshevik workers and sailors seized the government buildings and the Winter Palace in Petrograd. The leaders of this revolution were Lenin and Trotsky.

February/March Revolution

was widely supported (popular) and arose because of food and fuel shortages, continuing repression by the Tsarist government and military incompetence in WW1. Riots broke out in Petrograd (St Petersburg today), which led to the abduction of Tsar Nicholas II and the formation of a provisional government, made up of liberals and a few social democrats.

Create a time line of the major steps to war between June 28 - August 4, 1914

• 1908: Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia & Herzegovina (e.g. making it part of its empire) from the Ottoman Empire • 1912: formation of Balkan League by Serbia & defeat of Ottoman Empire/reduction of Turkish influence in Balkan Region • 1913: Serbia wins Second Balkan War & doubles its territory • June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne) assassinated by member of Serbian Black Hand terrorist group. Austria-Hungary uses death as excuse to reduce Serbian influence in Balkans. Due to its Dual Alliance, Germany issues 'blank cheque' (pledge to support Austria-Hungarian action against Serbia) • July 23, 1914: Austria-Hungary sends 48 hour ultimatum to Serbia demanding it end all nationalist hatred towards Austria-Hungary, punish Black Hand, & allow Austrian police, etc. into Serbia to crush Black Hand. Serbia looks to Russia - Balkan Region is a 'powder keg' about to explode • Russia demands Serbia's independence be guaranteed. France supports Russia due its alliance • Serbia refuses ultimatum & mobilizes its army • July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary mobilizes its army & declares war on Serbia • July 29, 1914: Russia begins to mobilize its army • July 30, 1914: Germany sends Russia ultimatum to halt mobilization • August 1, 1914: Germany declares war on Russia & France mobilizes its army in support of Russia • August 2, 1914: Germany invades neutral Belgium as part of Schlieffen Plan • August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France & Britain issues ultimatum to Germany to stop its invasion of Belgium • August 4, 1914: Britain declares war on Germany