AP Art History: Unit 5
Qorikancha (Golden Temple, Main Temple)
1440 CE Church and Convent of Santo Domingo, 1550-1650 CE Most important temple dedicated to the Sun God, Inti interior walls covered with sheets of gold Spanish colonists built the church on the stone foundation and walls demolished the temple, melted and confiscated the gold. The Inca stone walls are without mortar and still stand due to their sophisticated stone masonry
when was the beginning of the European invasions
1492 CE
Great Serpent Mound
Adams County, southern Ohio Mississippian (Eastern Woodlands) Culture c. 1070 CE E arthwork/effigy mound. Wotld's largest effigy sited in a meteor strike depression. Carbon-14 dating shows its first use c. 500-200 BCE and completion around 1070 CE. As with other continuously renovated indigenous American monuments, it has functioned for over a millennnium There are several astronomical correlations On solstices and equinoxes, dancing and singing rituals are performed on and around the Serpent Mound to celebrate earthly-celestial relationships and to reinforce human power relationships.
Ruler's feather headdress
Aztec probably for Motecuhzoma II (Montezuma II). 1428-1520 CE Feathers (quetzal and cotinga birds) and gold
What empire was the most powerful Mesoamerican kingdom of all time
Aztec of 1519
Chavín de Huántar Nose Ornament
Chavín style Cast Gold, ca. 500 - 200 BCE Nose ring with snake-headed whiskers, was worn by celebrants enacting a supernatural experience that takes a person to the divine .
Who defeated emperor Montezuma II
Cortes in 1520
What is black maize a characteristic of
Cuzco
Bandolier bag
Delaware tribe c.1850 hide, cotton cloth, silk ribbon, glass beads, wood yarn, metal cones functional AND high-status object worn by both sexes for important ceremonies and festive dances.
Sun Dance Ritual Scene
Eastern Shoshone Culture painted by Cotsiogo (aka Cadzi Cody) Wind River Reservation,Wyoming c.1890-1900 CE Elk hide, painted The figures are wearing ritual clothing including the cascading eagle feather headdress. The purpose of the event is to celebrate regeneration, natural harmony, and social cohesion. abstracted figures repetition of objects and figures The men who participate in this sacred, social ceremony have refrained from eating or drinking for many days. The Sun Dance is intended to honor the Creator Deity for the earth's bounty and to ensure that this bounty would be continued. eagle, buffalo, horses
Codex of Mendoza
Frontispiece pigment on paper 1541-42 Mexico City, New Spain (modern mexico) Convert indigenous populations to Christianity Work began on documenting cultures, languages, and religious practices Represents the legendary landing of the eagle on a cactus and the founding of Tenochtitlán in 1325 This indicated a blend of European and native New Spain (Mexico) pictorial forms The first Spanish Viceroy to arrive in Mexico City in 1535 was Don Antonio de Mendoza and he commissioned the manuscript This information was gathered and sent to Spain but was acquired by the French The codex is divided into 3 sections: Dynastic genealogy of Aztec rulers A tribute list An ethnographic study of Aztec cultural practices
Screen with Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene
Gonzales 1697 wood with inlay of mother-of-pearl Novohispanic Biombo is a free standing, foldable screen with scenes on both sides Biombo with shell inlay is called enconchado The battle scene is from a Turkish war after a Dutch print and considered an ideal propagandistic backdrop of habsbrug power Trade from Europe(Spain) through Mexico to Asia(Japan) contributed to the popularity of these screens The reverse side holds the hunting scene which has a little gruesomeness of it's own
City of Cuzco
Inca Peru 1440 High altitude Puma (Inca royal animal)
All-T'oqapu tunic
Inca Culture 1450-1540 CE Camelid fiber and cotton technically remarkable It was woven by the empire's most talented cloistered women, the Aclla.
City of Machu Picchu
Inca Culture Central Highlands, Peru 1450-1540 CE royal retreat for the first Inka ruler, Pachakuti. the Land of the Quarters typically organic Inka engineering, many buildings incorporating natural boulders into the walls and foundations.
Silver and gold maize cobs
Inca Culture/Peru c. 1400-1533 CE gold and silver alloy sheet metals/repouseé Inca royalty installed royal gardens maize plants, grass, dirt, butterflies, llamas, pigs, snakes, etc. These images resembled the actual items they intended to portray, unlike the usual Inca highly abstract forms.
What were the Incans known for?
Incas were known for textiles and masonry
Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo
Juan Rodriguez Juarez #1 in a series of caste paintings 1715 Mexico City, New Spain Caste paintings were unique to New Spain. They depict the results of racial mixing among Spaniards, Indians and Blacks in the viceroyalty There were 16 in the series These are not portraits but representative examples. As the series progresses, the skin gets darker and lower socioeconomically (Hierarchy of Scale) Reflects the viceroy's ideology Although they are rendered naturalistically they actually are ideologically meditated representations In time caste paintings began to include references to class, profession, character, locale, and income 2 forms: Chart(painted all in one canvas) 16 individual oil paintings The painting of the figures is naturalistic in the same manner that is current with European Oil painting The lovely hand gestures, head turns, and eye contact suggest familial relationships reflecting, again, the current European style of painting The clothing is of beautiful, rich colors, local textiles and the woman's huipi (a traditional indigenous garment) Additional designations of class were local clothing, toys, food, utensils, and animals.
Eagle Transformation Mask
Kwakwaka'wakw (aka Kwakiutl) Culture Northwest Coast of Canada, Vancouver Island Late 19th century CE wooden sculpture, feathers, paint, string Their transformation masks have dramatic moving parts that open, by pulling a string, to reveal a second mask within mask-wearing Shaman was infused with the power of the eagle, his dual nature being revealed as the bird 1st, in the outer mask, then human in the 2nd, inner mask.
What civilization Yaxchilian belongs to?
MAYA!!!!!
Yaxchilán
Maya Culture Chiapas, Mexico 725 CE Limestone The practice of bloodletting rituals was learned from the Olmecs thorn and rope through her tongue, letting blood flow into a basket Lintel 25/Structure 23 shows the Vision Serpent The hieroglyphic inscription runs backwards to indicate that she is on the Other Side, acting as a shaman
Structure 33, Yaxchilan
Mayan Culture (Late Classical Period, 600-900 CE) Chiapas, Mexico buildings dedicated to male rulers such as Shield Jaguar II and to their wives, Lady Xoc
Templo Mayor
Mexica/Aztec Culture The Great Temple Tenochititlán 1375-1520 CE stone honoring the patron god, Huitzilopochtli and the rain god, Tlaloc was the result of superimposition, a common practice in Mesoamerican architecture. Each successive ruler enlarged it to display his power. 2 temples for each god red/blue On the equinoxes, the sun rises between the red and blue temples The temple building symbolically embodied Coatepec, a mytho-historic snake-covered mountain. See snakes at the lower entries.
Coyolxauhqui Stone
Mexica/Aztec Culture Coyolxauhqui Stone c. 1469 CE The Aztec god, The sculpted body parts are arranged neatly on the disk in a sort of "spinning" motif. art in the service of the state ideology power of the Mexica over their enemies and the fate that must befall their foes. dreadful beauty
Portrait of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
Miguel Cabrera 1750 Mexico city, New Spain Intellectual nun Dressed in the habit of the Hieronumites (hermit sect) founded on the beliefs of St. Jerome, a hermitic Biblical scholar The nun is in her study with her books Compare this image of the Evangelists busy writing the gospels. Compare also with Marian iconography (images of the virgin Mary) and with local portraiture The audience for this celebrity image is learned and literate This period highlighted Novohispanic accomplishments This work is considered a colonial version of academic painting
Mesa Verde cliff dwellings
Montezuma County, Colorado Anasazi Culture 450-1300 CE. Sandstone blocks Buildings are NOT cut from live rock. The are built with sandstone blocks and held together and plastered with adobe mortar. Pueblo people A unity with nature with a key role of the social group. The construction included kivas (a semi-circular chamber, built wholly or partly underground). The kivas were used by male Pueblo Indians for religious rites. Rituals included feasting with visiting traders.
Chavín de Huántar Chavín
Northern highlands (near Lima, Peru) 900-200 BCE Stone architectural complex "Mother of Culture" of the Andean region. An early major pilgrimage site, temple complex, and settlement introduced shamanic content to the Central Andes features a massive, 3-story temple studded with tenon heads, a sunken courtyard with relief panels and plaza for rituals
3 major distinct cultures
Olmec (1st millennium BCE, Gulf Coast) Maya (1st millennium CE, Yucatan Peninsula) Mexica (aka Aztec) 1428—1521 CE ( The empire was dominated by the Mexica ethnic group)
Biombo
Painted screen It comes from the Japanese name byobu
Black-on-Black Vessel Ceramics
Puebloan Culture (Blackware) Maria Montoya Martinez and Julian Martinez Santa Fe, New Mexico c. 1939 C.E. inspired by the 2000 year old blackware ceramic sherds* (fragment pottery) neolithic puebloan
Kiva
Religious/church The circular form allowed all to participate equally, discouraging social hierarchy
What is the correlation (made by the college board) of the observatory at Machu Picchu
Stonehenge.
What was the bandoliers bag main purpose
The #1 PURPOSE of it was CEREMONIAL
Calendar Stone
The Aztecs sacrificed their conquered enemies by first cutting out their hearts. The bodies were then thrown down the temple stairs into the calendar stone The victors thus forced their foes to re-enact the horrible fate of the dismembered goddess. The face in the center is Tlaltecuhtli, the Devouring Earth
The bandolier bag was?
The Bandolier bag was functional and t
Olmec-style mask
The Mexica were conquerors, connoisseurs and collectors.
The Sacred Rock, Intihuatana
The Sacred Rock is rather flat and echoes the shape of the mountain that is behind it. Its name is "Intihauatana" which means the hitching post to the sun. On the equinoxes each year, it casts no shadow.
Machu Picchu Observatory
Windows record the summer solstice plaza for rituals, agricultural terraces, tombs and slightly modified stone outcrops that mimic the mountains beyond. The Inca were well known as astronomers The location of the observatory provided an unobstructed view of astronomical phenomenon. The Sun Dial, the Temple of the Sun and the Room of Three Windows were all constructed to observe celestial events. trapezoidal shapes
What did Maria Martinez and Julio Martinez explored?
complex ceramic coloration techniques of the past
What was the purpose of the center of the Calendar or Sun Stone
depict current and previous eras according to the culture to which it belonged
Relief sculpture
depicting jaguars covers the ruins of a stairway at Chavín de Huántar, Peru. Chavín de Huántar is believed to be the center of the Chavín culture, the earliest civilization of the Andes.
potlaches?
extravagant feast/dances with giveaways
Maize formed the basis for?
food and drink in the ancient Andes
what were these ceremonies intended to produce
hallucinations
Location meaning of Chavin de Huantar's Lazon Stele
heighten the spiritual drama of the viewers ritualized encounter with the Stele
What do the Lintels present
images of and writing about the elites.
Repousse
malleable metal sheet is shaped by hammering from the reverse side to create a design in low relief on the face side.
to who were precious metals reserved for?
nobles and royals exclusively these metals infused a life force into the maize itself as well as the into recreated precious metal plants and animals.
Lanzón Stela
principal deity of Chavín, an oracle with the power to speak (thanks to a hole in the roof of the chamber) a symbol of trade, fertility, dualism, and humankind's interaction with nature, or any combination of these. 15 feet tall obelisk, carved piece of white granite in a roughly lance-like shape. It depicts a human-feline hybrid with claws, writhing snakes for hair and eyebrows, fangs curved sideways in a smile (thus the nickname "Smiling God") and one arm raised while the other is lowered. Seen as a 15 foot carved feline-transforming shaman. The temple is built around the stele.
Cultural similarities of ancient Mesoamerica
similar calendars, pyramidal stepped structures, sites and buildings oriented in relation to sacred mountains and celestial phenomena, and highly valued green materials, such as jadeite and quetzal feathers
What did the church of Santa Domingo's intended function as a shrine influence?
the use of gold sheeting on the walls
Tenon-heads
these were once hung high on exterior walls at Chavín, encircling the temple . They are thought to represent stages of a drug-induced human-to-feline shamanic transformation
what are geometric motifs called
tokapu
Maize- Know that...
two sheets of metals used contribute to the artworks connection to the spiritual
Structure 40, Yaxchilan
typical Maya temple on a platform with corbeled interior rooms, post and lintel doorways and elaborately carved roofcombs. A series of relief carved (painted blue) lintels depict events in Shield Jaquar II (SJII) rule from Lady Xoc's point of view
Saqsa Waman
walls surrounding the temple the portion that represents the head of the puma had a carved throne, a large plaza for rituals and for viewing of troops.
