Bio Exam

evidence for relationships between plants and chlorophytes

1. stomata that regulate gas exchange and water loss 2. spores that allow sexual reproduction 3. the same rosette cellulose-sythezising complex 4. peroxisomes with homogenous

When did Homo sapiens appear in the hominin evolutionary tree? Select one: 36,000 years ago 3 million years ago 11,500 years ago 6.5 million years ago 200,000 years ago

200,000 years ago

Approximately how many species of extant amniotes are there? Select one: 5,000 15,000 25,000

25,000

What are El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles?

3-7 year natural cycles

How old are the oldest fossils thought to have at least some human characteristics ( Sahelanthropus tchadensis)?

6.5 million years

Which of the following might stimulate migration? Select one: length of day seasonal temperature changes circadian rhythm availability of food All answers are correct.

All answers are correct.

Which characteristic is NOT shared by plants and both groups of green algae? a. green chlorophyll pigments b. flagellated sperm c. nuclei d. cytokinesis via a phragmoplast e. chloroplasts or chloroplast-like structures

D. cytokinesis via a phragmoplast

What does the position of the foramen magnum indicate about a hominid? Select one: It indicates the size of the brain. It indicates the size of the hominid. It indicates what type of food the hominid ate. It indicates whether the hominid is a modern human. It indicates whether the hominid walked upright.

It indicates whether the hominid walked upright.

which description of increases in brain size over evolutionary time is most accurate?

Stepwise increases in brain size are seen throughout hominin evolution.

A large geographical area containing a characteristic collection of naturally occurring plants and animals best defines..

a biome

Complete the following sentence: Many different populations of species living in the same geographical area are referred to as ...

a community

Complete the following sentence: Individuals of the same species that live in the same area are referred to as ...

a population

What benefit do endophytes provide for their plant hosts? Select one: a. Endophytes repel herbivorous insects. b. Endophytes provide the plant with water and soil nutrients. c. Endophytes break down the plant body. d. Endophytes provide sugar for the plant.

a. Endophytes repel herbivorous insects.

Which of the following statements explains the rain-shadow effect? Select one: a. Mountains force air to rise. Air cools and releases moisture as it rises. b. Temperatures are higher on one side on one side of a mountain. c. Mountains force air to rise. Air heats and absorbs moisture as it rises. d. None of the answers are correct.

a. Mountains force air to rise. Air cools and releases moisture as it rises.

Why do scientists think Amborella sits at the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree? Select one: a. Scientists think Amborella is basal because comparative analysis of its genome shows it diverged earlier than other angiosperms. b. Scientists think Amborella is basal because its regulatory genes are nearly identical to regulatory genes in other angiosperms. c. Scientists think Amborella is basal because scientists have not found any of its fossils. d. Scientists think Amborella is basal because analysis of its genome suggests that it was the first angiosperm species to evolve. e. All answers are correct.

a. Scientists think Amborella is basal because comparative analysis of its genome shows it diverged earlier than other angiosperms.

Which of the following best describes the formation of multiple fruits? Select one: a. They form from clusters of separate flowers. b. They form from parts of the flower other than the carpel. c. Numerous carpels each give rise to a fruitlet. d. They form from a single carpel. e. All of the answers are correct.

a. They form from clusters of separate flowers.

How were the earliest seed plants different from modern seed plants? Select one: a. They formed seeds in small cup-like structures on their leaves. b. They had a dominant sporophyte phase and reduced gametophytes. c. They had needles instead of leaves. d. They are photosynthetic gametophytes and non-photosynthetic sporophytes. e. They had flower-like structures that evolved into modern flowers.

a. They formed seeds in small cup-like structures on their leaves.

Complete the following sentence: The ancestral bilaterian was most likely... Select one: a. acoelomate. b. pseudocoelomate. c. coelomate. d. radially symmetric. e. None of the answers are correct.

a. acoelomate.

Which group of fungi includes yeasts that are used in alcoholic fermentation? Select one: a. ascomycotes b. zygomycotes c. glomeromycotes d. basidiomycetes e. chytridiomycotes

a. ascomycotes

What features of the genus Gnetum led to the now-discounted hypothesis that they were primitive angiosperms? Select one: a. broad leaves and flower-like structures b. broad leaves and cones c. needle-shaped leaves and flower-like structures d. no leaves and no roots e.no leaves and the production of chemicals that can function as human nasal decongestants

a. broad leaves and flower-like structures

Which of the following may be a contributing factor to a yeast infection? Select one: a. compromised immune function b. inhalation of Cryptococcus spores c. eating blue cheese d. ergotism e. None of the answers are correct.

a. compromised immune function

Which group of plants belongs to the oldest lineage of extant seed plants? Select one: a. cycads b. mosses c. ferns d. lilies e. pines

a. cycads

What morphological feature of chytrid fungi is unique from all other fungal groups? Select one: a. flagellated spores b. mycelium c. conidia d. karyogamy e. cells walls that contain chitin

a. flagellated spores

Which of the following does NOT occur during plasmogamy? Select one: a. fusion of nuclei b. fusion of opposite mating types c. fusion of parent hyphae d. fusion of cytoplasm e. fusion of two cells

a. fusion of nuclei

What life cycle phase dominates the life of a nonvascular plant? Select one: a. gametophyte b. archegonium c. gametophore d. sporophyte e. spore

a. gametophyte

Which group of fungi is known for symbiotic relationships with plants? Select one: a. glomeromycetes b. microsporidia c. zygomycetes d. chytrids e. basidiomycetes

a. glomeromycetes

After receiving a pheromone signal from an alternate mating type, what does the recipient fungi do? Select one: a. grow hyphae toward the signal source b. begin asexual reproductive cycle c. undergo plasmogamy with the closest neighboring hyphae d. propagate the signal e. release spores

a. grow hyphae toward the signal source

Endoderm develops into what part of an adult bilaterian? Select one: a. lining of the digestive system b. muscle c. nerves d. tissue surrounding the coelom e. skin

a. lining of the digestive system

Which of the following is an example of how circadian rhythms influence complex behaviors? Select one: a. monarch butterflies use the sunlight for migration b. a bird singing to alert other birds to the location of food c. a bat determining the position of its targeted prey d. Atlantic salmon swimming from ocean water to freshwater streams to lay their eggs e. None of the answers are correct.

a. monarch butterflies use the sunlight for migration

Which of the following characteristics is found in all fungi? Select one: a. nucleus b. mycelium c. flagella d. ascocarp e. chloroplast

a. nucleus

A researcher finds a floating embryo in a plankton sample with no trace of mesoderm. It develops into a larva that metamorphoses into an adult with an incomplete digestive system. When the researcher sequences its DNA, he expects to find that this organism is a(n) ___. Select one: a. sea anemone b. flatworm in phylum Platyhelminthes c. sea star d. sponge e. arthropod

a. sea anemone

In humans, what type of communication varies directly (scales) with the degree of aggressiveness intended? Select one: a. tactile b. chemical and visual c. visual d. tactile and visual e. chemical

a. tactile

What is the main function of mycelia in fungi? Select one: a. to increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients and moisture b. to increase the respiratory efficiency of fungi c. to help fungi affix themselves strongly to the substrata d. to help in propagation of the species e. None of the answers are correct.

a. to increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients and moisture

There are many examples from nature where one species is sometimes seen to engage in exceptionally unusual behaviors that benefit another species. For example, there are countless examples of females of one species raising offspring of other species. Which of the following best explains this apparently altruistic behavior?

aberrant behaviour

A coastal body of water partly surrounded by land with input from both sea and fresh water is called ___.

an estuary

Which statement correctly describes when a fungal spore will germinate after release? Select one: a. Fungal spores germinate shortly after landing in a new location. b. After landing, environmental conditions must be adequate for germination to occur. . c. Once the spores are released, a signal pathway begins the germination process that continues after the spores land. d. None of the answers are correct.

b. After landing, environmental conditions must be adequate for germination to occur. .

What is the difference between homosporous and heterosporous plants? Select one: a. Homosporous plants only produce microphylls, and heterosporous plants only produce megaphylls. b. Homosporous plants produce only a single type of spore as a result of meiosis; heterosporous plants produce two types of spores as a result of meiosis. c. Homosporous plants evolved from heterosporous ancestors. d. All nonvascular plants are heterosporous, while all vascular plants are homosporous. e. Homosporous plants can fertilize themselves, whereas heterosporous plants are unable to fertilize themselves.

b. Homosporous plants produce only a single type of spore as a result of meiosis; heterosporous plants produce two types of spores as a result of meiosis.

In what way does the trellis hypothesis of human migration differ from the out-of-Africa hypothesis? Select one: a. It hypothesizes that modern humans evolved in Europe. b. It hypothesizes that hominins interbred frequently for over 1 million years.

b. It hypothesizes that hominins interbred frequently for over 1 million years.

In zygomycotes, gametangia fuse, and a zygosporangium develops. Which of the following is a characteristic of the zygosporangium? Select one: a. It is heterotrophic. b. It is heterokaryotic. c. It releases pheromones. d. It produces ascospores. e. It is sensitive to environmental conditions.

b. It is heterokaryotic.

What is the significant economic role played by seedless vascular plants in many societies? Select one: a. Seedless vascular plants are a major source of food for many societies. b. Seedless vascular plants form the bulk of coal deposits, which can be used to generate power. c. Seedless vascular plants are often used to build housing and furniture. d. Seedless vascular plants play a major role in paper manufacturing. e. Seedless vascular plants stabilize soils in desert regions.

b. Seedless vascular plants form the bulk of coal deposits, which can be used to generate power.

Why is a tomato classified as a fruit while the fleshy part of an apple is not? Select one: a. The fleshy part of an apple grows from the flower. b. The fleshy part of an apple grows from the receptacle. c. The fleshy part of an apple grows from the ovary. d. The fleshy part of an apple grows from the ovules. e. The fleshy part of an apple grows from the sepals.

b. The fleshy part of an apple grows from the receptacle.

How did the evolution of needle-shaped leaves help conifers thrive and diversify in arid land environments? Select one: a. They do not require water for photosynthesis. b. They minimize the ratio of leaf volume to surface area. c. They do not require production of a waxy cuticle layer. d. They store water. e. All answers are correct.

b. They minimize the ratio of leaf volume to surface area.

Which is true of the earliest fossil angiosperms? Select one: a. They had semi-enclosed seeds. b. They were both aquatic and terrestrial. c. They resembled Amborella. d. They were woody. e. They were eudicots.

b. They were both aquatic and terrestrial.

Which of the following choices illustrates a fixed action pattern? Select one: a. a woodpecker pecking a tree b. a fish with red coloration on its abdomen entering attack mode when it sees a red fish c. a tiger marking its territory in the jungle d. a lion cub practicing hunting skills e. All answers are correct.

b. a fish with red coloration on its abdomen entering

Complete the following sentence: We can tell that plants are closely related to charophyte algae because they share... Select one: a. multicellular sporangia. b. a similar peroxisome composition. c. apical meristems. d. alternation of generations.

b. a similar peroxisome composition.

What group of fungi are known for producing many different kinds of conidia? Select one: a. basidiomycetes b. ascomycotes c. chytrids d. zygomycotes e. mycorrhizae

b. ascomycotes

In what structures will you find the gametophytes of seed plants? Select one: a. leaves b. flowers or cones c. roots d. stems e. spores

b. flowers or cones

Complete the following sentence: Mycorrhizae are mutualisms between... Select one: a. cyanobacteria and fungi. b. fungi and plant roots. c. leaf cutter ants and fungi. d. fungi and nematodes. e. fungi and plant leaves.

b. fungi and plant roots.

Complete the following sentence: All invertebrates... Select one: a. lack both a notochord and cephalization. b. lack a notochord. c. lack both a notochord and a coelom. d. possess a coelom. e. possess a coelom and are cephalized.

b. lack a notochord.

Which characteristic is shown by coenocytic fungi but not by other types of fungi? Select one: a. hyphae b. multiple nuclei within a cell membrane c. mycelia d. septa e. haustoria

b. multiple nuclei within a cell membrane

Which order of events is correct for the sexual reproduction cycle in most fungi? Select one: a. karyogamy → meiosis → plasmogamy b. plasmogamy → karyogamy → meiosis c. germination → plasmogamy → meiosis d. None of the answers are correct.

b. plasmogamy → karyogamy → meiosis

What is the purpose of the integuments in a seed plant? Select one: a. protecting the pollen during dispersal b. protecting the embryo from environmental influences c. signaling when conditions are good for germination d. enclosing the microsporangia e. nourishing a growing embryo

b. protecting the embryo from environmental influences

What direct benefit does a plant provide to a fungus when they are in a mutualistic relationship? Select one: a. help in sexual reproduction b. the provision of nutrients c. exposure to sunlight d. propagation of species

b. the provision of nutrients

By what mechanism is gymnosperm pollen usually carried from male pollen cones to the female ovule cones that contain the eggs? Select one: a. water b. wind . c. birds d. insects e. mammals

b. wind .

Which is a deuterostome? Select one: a. crab b. you c. snail d. coral e. sponge

b. you

A student wrote in an exam, "jawless fishes (hagfishes and lampreys) are the ancestor of gnathostomes." Why was that answer incorrect? Select one: a. Hagfishes and lampreys are extant species, so they are too young to be ancestors of gnathostomes. b. There were many species of agnathans, and an ancestor is a single individual, so "agnathans" cannot be an ancestor. c. Ancestors, in the sense that biologists use the term, are hypothetical species, not actual species, living or fossil.

c. Ancestors, in the sense that biologists use the term, are hypothetical species, not actual species, living or fossil.

Which of the following clades was recognized as part of the animal tree of life as a result of molecular studies that analyzed DNA sequences? Select one: a. Porifera b. Bilateral c. Ecdysozoa d. Deuterostomia e. Protostomia

c. Ecdysozoa

Which of the following best explains the mechanism of the greenhouse effect? Select one: a. Greenhouse gases absorb incoming solar radiation more effectively than other gases in the atmosphere and drive up global temperatures. b. Increased solar radiation heats up molecules known as greenhouse gases and raises them up high into the atmosphere so they cannot carry out their usual reactions with Earth's systems. c. Greenhouse gases form a layer in our atmosphere that lets solar radiation in but absorbs much of the heat energy given off by Earth's surface. d. Air pollution is putting a hole in the ozone layer, which is letting in more heat and causing global warming. e. All life on Earth undergoes respiration, which gives off heated greenhouse gases as a waste product. This heat is warming the planet.

c. Greenhouse gases form a layer in our atmosphere that lets solar radiation in but absorbs much of the heat energy given off by Earth's surface.

Brachiopods were traditionally thought to be deuterostomes because of their embryonic cleavage, but DNA sequencing studies revealed they were actually protostomes. How can these developmental and molecular studies be reconciled? Select one: a. Because developmental characters are more reliable, DNA sequences must have independently evolved to become similar in brachiopods and protostomes. b. Brachiopods are the "missing link" between protostomes and deuterostomes. c. The ancestral bilaterian must have had deuterostome-like development, which was inherited unchanged by the modern deuterostomes and the brachipods, but changed somewhere in the history of other protostomes. d. Brachiopods should be left out of animal phylogenies since including them causes these sorts of problems. e. None of the answers are correct.

c. The ancestral bilaterian must have had deuterostome-like development, which was inherited unchanged by the modern deuterostomes and the brachipods, but changed somewhere in the history of other protostomes.

In some species of birds, offspring may choose to stay in their parents' territory and help raise their younger full siblings (relatedness is 0.5) rather than setting off on their own to produce their own offspring. Which of the following satisfies Hamilton's rule in this system? Select one: a. The benefits of helping to raise the 2 siblings produced by the offspring's parents exceed the costs from not producing the one offspring it could produce if it went out alone. b. The benefits of helping to raise the 5 siblings produced by the offspring's parents exceed the costs from not producing the 3 offspring it could produce if it went out alone. c. The benefits of helping to raise the 3 siblings produced by its parents exceed the costs from not producing the 1 offspring it could produce if it went out alone.

c. The benefits of helping to raise the 3 siblings produced by its parents exceed the costs from not producing the 1 offspring it could produce if it went out alone.

Which characteristic is true about basidiocarps? Select one: a. They commonly infect amphibians. b. They develop directly into basidiospores. c. They are a structure found in basidiomycetes fungi. d. They commonly form mutualistic relationships with plants. e. They grow underground and decompose matter.

c. They are a structure found in basidiomycetes fungi.

Complete the following sentence: Fungal mycelia growth is the result of... Select one: a. an increase in the circumference of haustoria. b. an increase in the length of haustoria. c. an increase in the length of hyphae. d. an increase in the circumference of hyphae. the production of fruiting bodies.

c. an increase in the length of hyphae.

Which functional role of fungi best describes their ability to release mineral nutrients into an ecosystem for uptake by other organisms? Select one: a. as parasites b. as predators c. as decomposers d. as producers e. as mutualists

c. as decomposers

Which human pathogen closely related to fungi (or thought to possibly be a fungus) is responsible for causing a greater number of infections in amphibians? Select one: a. glomeromycotes b. microsporidia c. chytrids d. zygomycotes

c. chytrids

Which is the largest and most diverse group of existing gymnosperms? Select one: a. ginkgoes b. cycads c. conifers d. gnetophytes e. All answers are correct.

c. conifers

After which process or stage does a zygote form in a fungus? Select one: a. meiosis b. plasmogamy c. karyogamy d. germination e. asexual reproduction

c. karyogamy

Which structure of a pine is the immature male gametophyte? Select one: a. cone b. seed c. pollen grain d. the tree e. None of the answers are correct.

c. pollen grain

During what phase of its life cycle does a seedless vascular plant spend most of its life? Select one: a. sporocyte b. zygote c. sporophyte d. gametophyte e. gamete

c. sporophyte

Which of the following characteristics are cited as evidence for the evolutionary relationship between plants and charophytes? a. sporopollenin-coated spores or zygotes and walls that contain cellulose b. photosynthetic organelles and flagellated gametes c. sporopollenin-coated spores or zygotes and rings of cellulose-producing proteins d. lines of cellulose-producing proteins and similar enzymes in its peroxisomes e.walls that contain cellulose and photosynthetic organelles.

c. sporopollenin-coated spores or zygotes and rings of cellulose-producing proteins

Complete the following sentence: At the same time the Northern Hemisphere is experiencing summer, the Southern Hemisphere is experiencing winter; this difference is due to ... Select one: a. the greenhouse effect. b. albedo. c. the 23.5° tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the Sun. d. solar radiation strikes the Earth's surface at different angles.

c. the 23.5° tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the Sun.

Which of the following characteristics is common to all fungi? Select one: a. Fungi play a significant role in an ecosystem as decomposers. b. Fungi are able to produce their own food. c. Fungi cause diseases in plants and animals. d. Fungi use extracellular digestion to break down food molecules. e. Fungi participate in symbiotic relationships to obtain their food

d. Fungi use extracellular digestion to break down food molecules.

A well-known "trick" an octopus can do is to open clear jars with screw tops that contain a food reward such as a crab. Which of the following statements most likely describes this situation? Select one: a. It is an innate behavior. Invertebrates such as octopi have only limited forms of learning, and the behavior arises because jars are much like crevices that crabs hide in in nature. b. It is learned through operant conditioning. The octopus experiences a positive reward when it randomly opens the jar and then is conditioned to do so in the future. c. It is through associative learning that the octopus can perform this behavior. The octopus learns to associate the movement of its arms in a certain way that opens the jar with a food reward. d. It is learned through cognition. The octopus can see the crab inside the jar, explores it looking for a way in, and eventually figures out how to unscrew the lid and get the food.

d. It is learned through cognition. The octopus can see the crab inside the jar, explores it looking for a way in, and eventually figures out how to unscrew the lid and get the food.

Why wouldn't a scientist automatically place a photosynthetic organism into the same clade as land plants? Select one: a. Green algae aren't photosynthetic. b. Only plants perform true photosynthesis. c. The organism would also be required to have a cell wall made out of cellulose. d. Photosynthesis occurs in many other organisms. e. Only green photosynthetic organisms belong in the same clade as plants.

d. Photosynthesis occurs in many other organisms.

Which situation best demonstrates the use of echolocation? Select one: a. Atlantic salmon swimming from ocean water to freshwater streams to lay their eggs b. monarch butterflies' use of circadian rhythm c. a bird chirping to attract a mate to a particular location d. a bat determining the position of its targeted prey

d. a bat determining the position of its targeted prey

If an organism is confronted with performing a behavior that enhances the likelihood of survival of any of these family members, which choice would increase its inclusive fitness the least? Select one: a. a first cousin b. a sibling c. a parent d. a second cousin

d. a second cousin

Complete the following sentence: The most recent evidence supports the classification of angiosperms as... Select one: a. a subgroup of conifers. b. a sister group to cycads within the gymnosperm clade. c. a subgroup of gnetophytes. d. a sister group to the gymnosperm clade. e. None of these answers are correct.

d. a sister group to the gymnosperm clade.

Which of the following services does a plant provide to a fungus when they form a mutualism? Select one: a. exposure to sunlight b. a way to colonize new habitats c. the provision of key soil nutrients d. a source of carbohydrates

d. a source of carbohydrates

Considering only the cells involved in sexual reproduction, at what point during the sexual reproductive cycle can asexual reproduction occur? Select one: a. during the heterokaryon phase b. after plasmogamy c. after meiosis d. after spore release e. during karyogamy

d. after spore release

Many marine invertebrates, including barnacles (from phylum Arthropoda), tube worms (phylum Annelida), and crinoids (phylum Echinodermata), have appendages like pasta strainers that are used to filter feed. Such filter-feeding appendages are ___. Select one: a. an evolutionary response to life without a coelom b. homologous traits c. formed from the endoderm layer of the embryo d. analogous traits

d. analogous traits

Which order of structures and events correctly reflects the asexual life cycle of an ascomycote? Select one: a. asexual reproduction → basidiocarp → conidia b. sexual reproduction → conidia → basidiocarp c. spores → basidiocarp → ascocarp d. ascocarp → haploid spores → asexual reproduction e. basidiocarp → asexual reproduction → diploid cells

d. ascocarp → haploid spores → asexual reproduction

Fish in a fish tank will often move to the top of the water and act excited when certain actions are taken such as a person moving near the tank, opening its lid, tapping on the sides, etc. What form of learning is this? Select one: a. social learning b. operant conditioning c. habituation d. associative learning

d. associative learning

Which nitrogen-containing compound is found in both fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons? Select one: a. cutie b. cellulose c. lignin d. chitin e. starch

d. chitin

Complete the following sentence: A limitation of the flatworm body plan is... Select one: a. lack of cephalization. b. dependence on intracellular digestion. c. lack of mesoderm in their embryos. d. gas exchange occurs by diffusion.

d. gas exchange occurs by diffusion.

Complete the following sentence: Most fungal biomass exists as a long, thin filamentous structure called a... Select one: a. septum. b. mycorrhiza. c. haustorium. d. hypha(e). e. chitin.

d. hypha(e).

Which of the following terms refers to a fungal infection of an animal, such as athlete's foot? Select one: a. ergotism b. decomposition c. mycorrhizae d. mycosis e.mutualism

d. mycosis

What aspect of reproduction and development would a scientist examine most closely to classify an animal as a deuterostome? Select one: a. development of the archenteron b. first cleavage c. melting d. role of the blastopore after gastrulation e. fertilization

d. role of the blastopore after gastrulation

Different latitudes on the Earth receive varying amounts of solar energy. Which of the following is the reason? Select one: a. the greenhouse effect b. albedo c. the 23.5° tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the Sun d. solar radiation strikes the Earth's surface at different angles

d. solar radiation strikes the Earth's surface at different angles

Which stage of the plant life cycle is the dominant phase of seed plants? Select one: a. embryo b. female gametophyte c. male gametophyte d. sporophyte e. spore

d. sporophyte

Which of the following would NOT apply to freshwater wetlands? Select one: presence of hydrophytes accumulation of organic material low biological diversity drought resistant plants flowing water

drought resistant plants

Mosses have a thin cuticle that offers very little protection against dehydration. Why is this a beneficial trait for the moss? Select one: a. The absence of a cuticle makes it difficult for mosses to protect themselves from herbivorous animals. b. A thick cuticle is an adaptation to aquatic environments that was lost as the plant lineage evolved toward terrestrial plants. c. A thick cuticle prevents mosses from completely dehydrating during a drought. d. A thin cuticle gives mosses structural support in the absence of woody tissue. e. A thin cuticle allows mosses to absorb moisture from their environment.

e. A thin cuticle allows mosses to absorb moisture from their environment.

Which of the following groups include(s) species that show parental care for their young? Select one: a. fishes b. amphibians c. non-avian reptiles d. mammals and birds e. All answers are correct

e. All answers are correct

Greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere affect global temperatures. In addition to atmospheric chemistry, what other properties of Earth affect climate? Select one: a. tectonic plate movement b. volcanic activity c. land distribution d. water distribution e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

What benefits to humans can fungi provide? Select one: a. culinary uses b. pesticides c. brewing d. medicinal uses e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Which of the following can happen after a spore is released? Select one: a. The spore can germinate into new mycelia. b. The spore can become inactive. c. The spore can travel through the air or water. d. The spore can be transported to a new area on other organisms. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Which of the following correctly describes how invertebrates move? Select one: a. Arthropods, including insects, use jointed legs to walk. b. Some worms use wave-like contractions of muscles on alternate sides of the body to push against the fluid-filled coelom to move the animal forward. c. Bivalves use a muscular foot to burrow into sand. d. Cephalopods such as cuttlefish use fins for swimming. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Which of the following innovations gave gymnosperms a selective advantage over the nonvascular and seedless vascular plants during the Permian period? Select one: a. bark b. seeds c. needle-shaped leaves d. greatly reduced gametophyte stage e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

How can mutations in transcription factor genes lead to differences in the body form and physiology of adults? Select one: a. A mutant transcription factor gene could cause a structural gene to be expressed earlier than normal during embryonic development. b. A mutant transcription factor gene could cause a structural gene to be expressed later than normal during embryonic development. c. A mutant transcription factor gene could cause a structural gene to be expressed more strongly than normal during embryonic development. d. A mutant transcription factor gene could cause a structural gene to be expressed less strongly than normal during embryonic development. e. All of the answer choices are correct.

e. All of the answer choices are correct

How do microphylls differ from megaphylls? Select one: a. Microphylls are found only in seedless vascular plants, while megaphylls are found only in nonvascular plants. b. Microphylls are found only in nonvascular plants, while megaphylls are found only in seedless vascular plants. c. Microphylls are found on most living vascular plants; megaphylls were mostly found on the very tall seedless vascular plants that are now extinct. d. Microphylls are defined as all leaves less than 1 cm in length; megaphylls are defined as all leaves greater than 1 cm in length. e. Each microphyll has only a single vascular strand, while megaphylls have more than one vascular strand.

e. Each microphyll has only a single vascular strand, while megaphylls have more than one vascular strand.

The embryo of a particular animal has three germ layers. What else about this animal must be true? Select one: a. It is a protostome. b. It belongs to the Eumetazoa. c. The adult will have obvious anterior and posterior ends. d. The adult will be radially symmetrical. e. It belongs to Bilateria.

e. It belongs to Bilateria.

What feature of spike mosses prevents them from being classified as a true moss? Select one: a. Spike mosses look nothing like true mosses. b. Spike mosses reproduce using seeds, while true mosses reproduce using spores. c. Spike mosses are too tall to be classified as true mosses, which are defined as plants under 1 cm tall. d. Spike mosses produce flowers, so they cannot be classified as true mosses. e. Spike moss sporophytes contain true vascular tissue; true mosses are nonvascular plants that do not contain vascular tissue.

e. Spike moss sporophytes contain true vascular tissue; true mosses are nonvascular plants that do not contain vascular tissue.

Which of the following statements about ecological interactions is true? Select one: a. Plants can usually survive without interacting with other living things. b. Most organisms can survive without interacting with other living things. c. All organisms can survive without interacting with other living things. d. None of the answers are correct. e. Very few, if any, organisms can survive without interacting with other living things.

e. Very few, if any, organisms can survive without interacting with other living things.

Which of the following is not part of the moss gametophyte? Select one: a. protonemata b. gametophores c. gametangia d. rhizoids e. capsule

e. capsule

Which biogeochemical cycle is most directly influenced by the saprophytic action of fungi on cellulose and lignin? Select one: a. water cycle b. nitrogen cycle c. phosphorus cycle d. energy cycle e. carbon cycle

e. carbon cycle

Which of the following groups of non-plant organisms is most closely related to plants? Select one: a. cyanobacteria b. protists c. mosses d. chlorophyte algae e. charophyte algae

e. charophyte algae

Complete the following sentence: An animal that is radially symmetric with a coelom must be a(n)... Select one: a. sponge. b. arthropod. c. flatworm in phylum Platyhelminthes. d. cnidarian. e. echinoderm.

e. echinoderm.

Complete the following sentence: Animals can be distinguished from other eukaryotes because they... Select one: a. are heterotrophic. b. lack cell walls. c. are multicellular. d. are mobile at some stage in their life cycle. e. exhibit all of the traits listed in the other answer choices.

e. exhibit all of the traits listed in the other answer choices.

Which of the following is NOT a subclass of gymnosperms? Select one: a. cycads b. ginkgo c. gnetophytes d. conifers e. palms

e. palms

Which of the following is a characteristic of a nonvascular plant? Select one: a. complex root systems b. xylem and phloem c. flowering reproductive structures d. thick, waxy cuticle e. photosynthetic structures

e. photosynthetic structures

Which characteristic cannot be associated with budding? Select one: a. DNA replication b. asexual reproduction c. rapid growth d. mutation e. spore production

e. spore production

Which trait has not contributed to the dominance of angiosperms in many ecosystems? Select one: a. enclosed seeds b. more efficient vascular systems c. leaves that can conduct more efficient photosynthesis d. double fertilization and endosperm e. thick, desiccation-resistant leaves that persist year-round in temperate habitats

e. thick, desiccation-resistant leaves that persist year-round in temperate habitats

Which of the following trees is NOT an example of a seed plant? Select one: a. maple tree b. pine tree c. palm tree d. cottonwood tree e. tree fern

e. tree fern

Complete the following sentence: The transition between a desert and a grassland is referred to as a(n) ..

ecotone

what us the closest relatives to plants?

green algae charophytes

An owl is exposed to loud noise whenever it approaches a barn. At first the noise scares the owl away, but after long, repeated exposures to the same noise, eventually the owl approaches the barn even when the noise is present. What type of learning is this?

habituation

Eutrophic lake water typically has what characteristic? Select one: It is oligotrophic. It is temperate. It is shallow.

its shallow

The ___ is the zone near a lake's shoreline where light is abundant. Select one: limnetic aphotic profundal littoral

littoral

Where would you expect to find the limnetic zone of a lake?

open water

A caged mouse receives an unpleasant electric shock to its foot whenever it reaches for a red ball in the cage. The mouse eventually avoids the red ball, even in the absence of the electric stimulus. What type of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Which of the following is an abiotic factor of a biome? Select one: bacteria plants precipitation fungi animals

precipitation

What two factors are most important in determining the predominant vegetation of terrestrial biomes? Select one: precipitation and temperature precipitation and soil type temperature and altitude proximity to the Equator or the poles cloud cover and temperature

precipitation and temperature

The deepest zone in a large lake, below where the sunlight penetrates, is the ___. Select one: limnetic zone littoral zone profundal zone

profundal zone

Which of the following has the highest level of biodiversity? Select one: grassland taiga savanna rainforest

rainforest

Freshwater biomes can be distinguished from saltwater biomes by a number of characteristics. Which of the following is most likely to be observed in a freshwater biome? Select one: lack of inorganic nutrients large size presence of organic nutrients salinity of less than 0.05%

salinity of less than 0.05%

A female bird that maintains five separate nests with five different males at the same time is practicing what kind of sexual pattern?

simultaneous polyandry

A 3-year-old girl likes to follow her mother around the kitchen, imitating her actions as she mixes and pours pancake batter. What type of learning is this?

social learning

Chickadee birds exhibit a remarkable ability to remember the hiding locations of seeds they have hidden based on visual clues in the surrounding environment. What type of learning are chickadees using to remember seed locations?

spatial learning

Which biome has rich topsoil, many broad-leafed hardwood trees, 75-150 cm (29-59 inches) of precipitation annually, and warm summers and cold winters? Select one: temperate grasslands temperate rainforests temperate deciduous forests

temperate deciduous

What is the ultimate source of energy that drives climate?

the sun

Which statement best describes a stimulus-response chain? Select one: an innate response to a specific stimulus the use of the sun for directional navigation an action specific to reproduction when one stimulus triggers the occurrence of a second stimulus

when one stimulus triggers the occurrence of a second stimulus