Biology - Diversity Quiz

Hyphae

-fine branching tubes which make up body/mycelium of multicellular fungi -doesn't exist in unicellular fungi (ex. yeasts)

Fungus : Chytridomycota

-first fungi -mostly unicellular + aquatic -some multicellular -parasitic or saprobial -sexual -fungi w/ swimming spores → have flagella

Early Avascular Land Plants

-first lands plants = small + close to ground -limited by speed of diffusion to transfer water/dissolved substances thruout plant -early plants evolved to reproduce w/ embryos (seeds) -they lacked tubes that could transport materials over large distances -eventually evolved = vascular plants emerged

Red Algae

-first multicellular species on earth -most abundant in warm ocean water at shallow + deep depths -contain green pigment (CHLOROPHYLL) -also have red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN), is more sensitive to light waves deep in ocean -ex. seaweed

Protists : Cellular Slime Moulds

-form fake plasmodia: pseudoplasmodium -spend most of life as free living cells -when no food, produce spores that can survive harsh conditions

Animals : Mantle

-found in ALL molluscs -surrounds internal organs -secretes CACO₃ for shell

Animals : Muscular Foot

-found in ALL molluscs -used for movement

Animals : Notochord

-found in all Chordata -flexible, rod-shaped structure -extends length of body -used for attachment of movement muscles -forms in embryo

Animals : Dorsal Nerve Cord

-found in all Chordata -tube-shaped cord -extends along back of body -nerve cord eventually become brain + spinal cord -enclosed by skull + spiral column

Fungi Reproduction

-fungi use many reproductive strategies (some sexual, some asexual) 1. Budding (Asexual): smaller cell develops while attached to parent cell, smaller cell eventually pinches off 2. Fragmentation (Asexual): piece of mycelium breaks off→forms new individual 3. Sexual: reproduce sexually thru spores (single haploid reproductive cells)

Species

-group whose members can freely breed among themselves under natural conditions

Eukaryotes

-has nucleus (DNA), organelles, membrane -have cytoskeleton

Protists : Ciliates

-have cilia, used for locomotion + feeding -rigid outer covering (pellicle) for shape -2 nuclei -reproduce thru binary fission/conjugation -trichocyst for defense -Paramecium caudatum

Bacteria : Endospore

-in harsh conditions, some bacteria form thick-walled, dehydrated dormant cells = endospores (mummified bacterium) -hard, protective coating covering key parts -has layers of protective membranes -dormant = able to survive for years thru drought, heat, radiation -when conditions become favourable, comes to life, transforming from spore to cell

Fungus : Basidiomycota

-includes mushrooms + puffballs -sexual -fruiting bodies release spores = BASIODIOSPORES from specialized club-shaped hyphae = BASIDIA -most are decomposers -some form symbiotic relationships w/ plants

Viruses : Viroids

-just RNA (no capsid)

Fungus : Ascomycota

-largest group -form small finger like sacs = asci during sexual reproduction -includes mildew + unicellular yeast (reproduces asexually = budding) -eat by decomposing wood/bone -multicellular fungi are saprobial/parasitic -sexual reproduce thru fusion of 2 mating types to form spore-bearing asci

Animals : Arthropoda

-largest phylum -legs made of movable, jointed sections -segmented bodies -tissues + organs sx -has coelom -exoskeleton: made of protein + chitin, shed as animal grows, attachment site for muscles that move legs, resists drying out -ex. spiders

Protists : Euglenoids

-live in shallow, fresh water -have chloroplasts = photosynthesis -have flagella + absorb nutrients -autotrophic (sunlight) and heterotrophic (dark) -ex. euglena gracilis

Green Algae

-lives in freshwater, saltwater, sea ice, trees etc -unicellular + multicellular -all resemble plants -cell walls made of cellulose -store food as starch -has chlorophyll

Animals : Annelida

-long tube-like bodies → coelomates -divided into ringed segments (inside & outside) -distinct head -several organ systems + tissues -ex. earthworms

Brown Algae

-most complex; form underwater forests -provide food + shelter for marine animals, plants, protists -do NOT have true roots or leaves -have specialized tissues -have HOLDFAST (like roots) that anchor algae to surface -have STIPE (like stem) which extends from holdfast -from stipe grow flat, leaf-like photosynthetic BLADES

Kingdom : Fungi

-mostly eukaryotic (most multicellular) -decomposers, heterotrophs -no locomotion -cell wall of chitin -sexual/asexual

Protists : Dinoflagellates

-mostly phytoplankton -2 flagella = spinning motion -often glow in dark -reproduce quickly by mitosis -"Red tides/algal blooms" = when food abundant, reproduce very quickly (pop. explosion) + release toxin (turn water red) -ex. gonyaulaz catenella

Fungus : Zygomycota

-multicellular -most soil fungi (include food moulds) -many parasites of insects -reproduce asexually, but can use sexual reproduction in certain condition: 2 separate mycelia produce spores = Zygospores (diploid) that forms when 2 haploid hyphae combine + fuse nuclei together→thick wall develops (prevents drying out)→remains dormant till favourable conditions→then absorbs water + starts meiosis

Viruses

-not alive b/c don't have own CELLULAR organization or metabolism + do not grow larger and divide → make the host create new viruses -usually smaller than cells -ALL are infectious -classified based on size, shape, DNA, and host

Animals : Phylum Cnidaria

-one of oldest groups -TWO layers of cells -have muscle tissue + simple nervous tissue -can swim + capture prey → stinging tentacles on mouth -have gastrovascular cavity → digestion -radial body symmetry -ex. anemone

Protists : Flagellates

-one or more flagella -single, large nucleus -many parasites, some symbiotic (mutual) -transparent pellicle (rigid outer membrane) -reproduce thru binary fission/cyst formation -ex. giardia lamblia

Animals : Echinodermata

-radial symmetry -spiny endoskeleton→thin skin covering -marine animals -ex. sea stars

Protists : Sporozoans

-reproduce asexually using spores -immobile -parasitic -rigid pellicle -ex. plasmodium malariae

Seed-Producing Vascular Plants

-reproduction w/ seeds is useful to plants b/c: 1. allow sexual reproduction w/out water 2. provide protection for embryo 3. can survive very cold temp. 4. can be dispersed away from parent plant -2 groups: 1. Gymnosperms - have non-enclosed seeds + no flowers 2. Angiosperms - enclosed seeds in protective tissue + flowers

Taxonomy

-science of identifying and classifying all organisms -taxonomists classify both living and fossil species

Protists : Cercozoans

-single celled, no set body shape -move + eat by pseudopods (false feet) -feed by endocytosis (engulfing) -no pellicle (rigid outer covering) -ex. entamoeba histolytica

Protists : Water Moulds

-small, single celled organisms -white fuzz looking -most aquatic -some decomposers, some parasites = extend fungus like threads into host tissues, release digestive enzymes + absorb nutrients

Viruses : Shape and Size

-smallest of all living things -shapes: 1. Helical - consists of spiral/helix of about 2200 protein subunits (TMV) 2. Polyhedral - "many sides"; frequent cause of acute upper resp. tract infection (colds) 3. Envelope - one of RNA viruses; HIV attacks certain white bld cells, weakens immune sx (flu) 4. Complex - spaceship shape, distinct head and neck region (bacteriophages)

Animals : Coelom

-some have digestive tract + organs suspended in fluid-filled coelom -provides space for development + uspension of organs/organ systems -allows for longer digestive system -gives muscles structure to brace against -coelomates→animals w/ coelum: annelida, molluscs, arthropoda -acoelomates: phlatyhelminthes

Green Algae : Protist or Plant

-some scientists classify it in plant kingdom -others in protist -represents evolutionary link b/w protists & plants

Angiosperms : Fruits

-specialized structures for seed protection -attract animals to eat them, then excrete seeds in diff. location -adapted to sticking to fur -protective enclosures for seeds that dispersed thru water

Taxonomic Levels

-species grouped into taxonomic ranks/levels based on shared characteristics -each level called taxon -based on 3 criteria: 1. # of cells in organism 2. nucleus or no nucleus 3. mode of nutrition -drunk king philip came over from greece singing

Animals : Phylum Porifera

-sponges -live in marine/freshwater -asymmetrical body plan; no tissues; no organs -TWO layers of cell -sessile adults

Phylogeny

-study of evolutionary relationships b/w species -illustrated with phylogenetic tree -based on morphological, developmental structures, biochemical + gene sequence

Mycelium

-tangled mass of hyphae filaments used to absorb nutrients -tubes of cytoplasm w/ many nuclei

Animals : Nematoda

-tube w/in a tube -bilateral symmetry -2 openings -parasitic -ex. hookworm

Binomial Nomenclature

-two word short form given to each species -each species assigned a genus name + specific name -two words together form species name -1st word of name capitalized -2nd word lower case -both words capitalized/underlined

Hybridization

-uncommon in nature -crossbreeding of two diff. species -may not produce fertile offspring

Fungus : Characteristics

-unicellular/multicellular -all contain CHITIN in cell walls -heterotrophic + eukaryotes -saprobes/decomposers

Viruses : Lysogenic Cycle

-viral DNA is combined w/ host DNA and forms PROVIRUS (doesn't interfere w/ normal function) -viral DNA can replicate along w/ host cell's DNA for many gens. -virus is reactivated by stimulus (stress, UV light) -re-enters lytic cycle

Viruses : Reproduction

-viruses must invade living host to reproduce -2 ways, depending on type of virus: 1. Lytic Cycle 2. Lysogenic Cycle

Viruses : Vaccinations

-weakens parts of viruses -results in immune system "memory" -some viruses mutate so fast, vaccine development is challenging

Viruses : Lytic Cycle

1. Attachment to receptor site - proteins in tail of virus specifically fits structure of host's cell wall (specific virus-host infections) 2. Penetration - virus injects genetic material into host 3. Multiplication - produces copies of viral genetic material + protein capsids (transcription/duplication of host cell DNA ends) 4. Assembly - new viruses assembled 5. Lysis - release of new viruses that infect neighbouring cells

Bacteria : Endospore Formation

1. Bacterium senses habitat turning bad (scarce food/water, very high/low temps) 2. Chromosome copy made 3. Rubbery cell membrane surrounding bacterial cell fluid begins pinching inward around chromosome copy, until little cell in larger bacteria cell; little cell = "daughter cell"; bigger,original cell = "mother cell" 4. membrane of mother cell surround smaller cell (2 membrane layers surround daughter cell) + b/w 2 membranes thick wall forms (made of peptidoglycan)

Bacteria : Sexual Reproduction

1. Conjugation - 2 bacterial cells come together via protein bridges where plasmid (small rings of DNA) of one cell is transferred to another; cell that received plasmid has diff. DNA than before; may cause bacteria to develop trait that favour changing conditions 2. Transformation - occurs in unfavourable conditions; bacteria picks up DNA from envirionement (dead cell); if DNA from diff. species, called HORIZONTAL TRANSFER *in both ways, NEW DNA CREATED

Domain

1. Eukarya 2. Eubacteria 3. Archebacteria

Archaea : Groups

1. Methanogens - low O₂, anaerobic, convert chemical compounds to methane gas (swamps, marshes, digestive tract) 2. Halophiles - salt loving, highly saline environments, most aerobic (dead sea, foods preserved by salt) 3. Extreme Thermophiles - very hot temps., optimal temps 70-90°C (hot springs) 4. Psychrophiles - cold loving, optimal temps -10 to -20°C (antarctica, arctic oceans)

Phyla of Animals

1. Phylum Porifera: Pores (Holes) 2. Phylum Cnidaria: Sac-like/Hollow Gut 3. Platyhelminthes: Flatworms 4. Annelida: Segmented Worms 5. Nematoda: Round Worms 6. Mollusc/a: Soft Body 7. Echinodermata: Echinoderms (Spiny Skin) 8. Arthropoda: Arthropods (Jointed Legs) 9. Chordata: Vertebrates (Backbone)

Phylum Cnidaria : Two Body Forms

1. Poly: cylindrical form, attaches to surfaces, extends tentacles upward/outward waiting for prey (ex. coral) 2. Medusa: flattened, mouth-down form, not attached to surface, move passively w/ currents or actively w/ contractions (ex. jellyfish) -some cnidarians occur as one form or other; others change during life cycle

Classification of Animals

1. Presence or Absence of Backbone (Invertebrate/Vertebrae) 2. Levels of Organization 3. # of Body Layers (3 layers = Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm, except sponges) 4. Symmetry/Body Plans (radial, bilateral, asymmetrical = sponges) 5. Body Cavities (coelom) 6. Segmentation 7. Movement 8. Reproductive

Classification of Bacteria : Shape

1. Round = coccus/i 2. Rod-shaped = bacillus/i 3. Spiral = spirillium/i 4. Comma-shaped = vibris 5. Chains: (a) Round chain = streptococcus/i (b) Rod Chain = streptobacillus/i 6. Clusters: (a) round cluster = staphylococcus/i (b) rod cluster = staphylobacillus/i

Classification of Bacteria

1. Shape 2. Metabolism

Animals : Characteristics

1. eukaryotes, multicellular 2. no cell walls 3. heterotrophs 4. mobile (at least 1 stage of life) 5. reproduce sexually 6. produces embryo 7. aerobic → require O₂ for cellular respiration

Classification of Bacteria : Metabolism/Nutrition

1. most are heterotrophs: (a) Parasites (b) Saprobes 2. some are autotrophs: (a) photoautotrophs - obtain energy from sunlight (b) chemoautotrophs - obtain energy from chemical reactions

Parasites

absorb nutrients from living organism

Saprobes

decompose dead organic matter

Phylogenetics

determines evolutionary relatedness

Evolution of Plants

from green algae → vascular or nonvascular plants vascular → seed or no seed plants seed → conifers or flowering plants

Pathogens

infectious

Chemotroph

obtain energy from chemical reactions

Mutualistic

relationship that benefits both the bacteria and the host

Cladograms

shows how organisms related based on shared derived charactersitcs

Clade

smaller taxonomic group that includes SINGLE ancestor species and its DESCENDANTS

Bacteriophages

viruses that infect bacteria cells

Protists

-all eukaryotes (mostly unicellular) -all species that don't fit into other kingdoms -can be classified based on how get food: 1. Animal-like protists 2. Fungus-like protists 3. Plant-like protists

Fungus : Deuteromycota

-all fungi that reproduces asexually

Protists : Fungi-like

-all heterotrophic; most decomposers = absorb nutrients from dead/decaying matter -no chitin in cells -live in cool, damp habitats -most use pseudopods for mobility + reproduce thru spores -2 types: 1. Slime Moulds (a) Plasmodial (b) Cellular 2. Water Moulds

Difference Between Archaea and Bacteria

-archaea's cell walls and membranes have unique chemical makeup; most lack peptidoglycan -have genetic info making them diff. from bacteria -archaea are extremophiles & bacteria are mesophiles

Animals : Platyhelminthes

-are acoelomates (no body cavity) -THREE layers of cells -have tissues + simple nervous system -"head end" has eyespot -ex. tapeworms

Animals : Mollusc

-bilateral symmetry -THREE layers of cells -soft body protected by hard shell -has coelom + 2 body opening -body plan includes mantal membrane surrounding internal organs (full organ sx) -some have well-developed eyes -ex. snails

Bacteria : Asexual Reproduction

-binary fission -divide every 15-20 mins (favourable conditions) -exact replication made -individual bacterial mutation low, but b/c of high reproduction rate = overall mutations high -can become resistant quickly to threats

Vascular Tissues

-both enable plants to grow to great heights -tubs fortified w/ tough lignin -lignin present in roots to anchor larger plants + aid absorption 1. Phloem - transports sugars 2. Xylem - transports water/minerals

Relation b/w Green Algae & Plants

-both have chlorophyll a & b -both have cellulose cell walls -both store food as starch -have genetic similarities -use similar reproduction; sexual sporic reproduction

Protists : Diatoms

-called phytoplankton -single celled + exist in colonies -free floating aquatic organisms -important food source -rigid, "glass" cell wall of silica -mostly asexual reproduction

Protists : Plasmodial Slime Moulds

-cells fused together -begin life as amoeba-like cell -when aggregate, cells fuse to form structures w. many nuclei or plasmodia (true) -plasmodia= multi nucleated, large mass of protoplasm; moves and ingests food

Phyla of Fungi

-classified on how reproduce 1. Deuteromycota (asexual) 2. Chytridomycota 3. Zygomycota (asexual/sexual) 4. Ascomycota (sexual) 5. Basidiomycota (

Seed-Producing Vascular Plants : Gymnosperms

-cone bearing species -most evergreens perform photosynthesis year round -inhabit environments too dry, cold, hot for angiosperms -soft male cones produce POLLEN (gametophytes) -harder female cones produce EGGS (exposed on surface of cone scales) -wind carries pollen to fertilize eggs -ex. pines, redwood

Animals : Tube Feet

-echinodermata -small, muscular fluid filled tubes -end in structures similar to suction cups

Animals : Chordata

-endoskeleton of bones OR cartilages -developed organ systems -sexual reproduction -some aquatic or terrestrial -some tetrapods (two pairs of limbs) -ex. fish

Kingdom : Plantae

-eukaryote (multicellular) -autotrophs (photosynthesis) -no locomotion -sexual/asexual -cellulose based cell wall

Kingdom : Animalia

-eukaryote (multicellular) -heterotrophs -yes locomotion -sexual -no cell walls

Kingdom : Protista

-eukaryotic (most unicellular) -autotrophs, heterotrophs, decomposers -cilia, flagella, pseudopods -asexual/sexual -some motile

Viruses : Characteristics

-RNA or DNA surrounded by capsid (protein coat) -some have membrane but this comes from host cell → membrane attaches to virus as it leaves cell

Seedless Vascular Plants

-ability to transport nutrients thru specific tissues = height increased -form forest floor, include -don't use seed but have xylem + phloem 1. Whisk Ferns 2. Club Mosses 3. Horsetails 4. Ferns

Viruses : Prions

-abnormal proteins cause abnormalities in host's protein structure (mad cow disease)

Protists : Plant-like

-all contain chlorophyll in chloroplasts -green in colour -carry out photosynthesis

Kingdom : Archaebacteria

-"ancient bacteria" -prokaryotes (unicellular + NO NUCLEUS) -autotrophs, heterotrophs, decomposers -cilia, flagella -asexual (binary fission) -lives in extreme environments (volcanoes, low O2, high acidity)

Carl Linnaeus

-"father of taxonomy" -considered species as distinct types of living things grouped into categories called genera (genus) -he separated living organisms into two kingdoms: plantae and animalia -protista added when microscopes grew popular -fungi added when found yeast couldn't grow own food -monera (bacteria) split into eu + archae bacteria

Seed-Producing Vascular Plants : Angiosperms

-"flowering plants" -protect seeds in fruits -reproduce using flowers -also use pollen grain gametophytes to carry male gamete to egg (which is situated deep in flower) -ex. maples, grass

Kingdom : Eubacteria

-"true bacteria" -prokaryotes (unicellular + NO NUCLEUS) -autotrophs, heterotrophs, decomposers -cilia, flagella -cell wall of peptidoglycan -asexual

Taxonomic Levels : Kingdom

-6 kingdom system -each kingdom is broken down into similar groups -plantae, animalia, fungi, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria

Non-Vascular Plants

-Bryophytes -seedless, no roots -dependent on osmosis + diffusion to transport nutrients + waste -attach to ground w/ rhizoids + remain low to ground to absorb water on surface of ground -early terrestrial plants 1. Moss 2. Liverwort 3. Hornwort

Prokaryotes

-DNA -no nucleus, no organelles -have membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes -cell wall of peptidoglycan -all are bacteria -first cells

Multicellular Fungi : Structure

-HYPHAE filaments make up basic structure -MYCELIUM is continuation of hyphae but extends below ground for attachment -FRUITING BODY (also made of hyphae) produces spores

Protists : Animal-like

-Protozoans -ingest material from surroundings; heterotrophic -can be active "hunters" or passive "grazers" -4 groups: 1. Cercozoans 2. Ciliates 3. Flagellates 4. Sporozoans