Boat Exam Lesson 4
Types of Aids to Nav
ATONs encompass a wide range of floating and fixed objects (fixed meaning attached to the bottom or shore), and consist primarily of: Buoys - floating objects that are anchored to the bottom. Their distinctive shapes and colors indicate their purpose and how to navigate around them. Beacons -Which are structures that are permanently fixed to the sea-bed or land. They range from structures such as light houses, to single-pile poles. Most beacons have lateral or non-lateral aids attached to them. Lighted beacons are called "LIGHTS", unlighted beacons are "DAYBEACONS". Both Buoys and Beacons may have lights attached, and may have a sound making device such as a gong, bell or horn. Both Buoys and Beacons may be called "marks".CAUTION - Do not count on floating aids to always maintain their precise charted positions, or unerringly display their characteristics. The Coast Guard works constantly to keep aids on station and functioning properly, but sometimes circumstances can cause them to get displaced causing unreliability. Only use floating aids for use as a navigation fix when you cannot see a fixed point of reference.
Docking - Single Screw
All boats handle differently when docking. There are significant differences between three separate types of boats: single-engine, keel-equipped powerboats and sailboats; single-engine planing hulls of moderate draft powered by a single outboard or sterndrive; and keel-less powerboats driven by twin engines, whether inboards, outboards, or sterndrives.If you are routinely experiencing frustration and anxiety when entering slips or tying up to docks, the very first step is to give yourself a break: handling a boat - any boat - in tight quarters is difficult, particularly if you've got an audience and especially if you have to deal with wind and/or current.As you're going into a docking situation, it's better to relax and admit to yourself that you're probably going to make a mistake. That step in itself should help you calm down and, more importantly, slow down. Only good can come of your being more deliberate and more forgiving of yourself and your crew.
Setting an Anchor
Anchoring can be accomplished quickly and easily by following a few simple steps. Check your chart for bottom characteristics and to determine that you are anchoring in a safe and allowable place and avoid anchoring in narrow channels or areas with a great deal of boat traffic. Remember that other boats will often have different requirements for anchor rode length--larger or taller boats frequently need a great deal of rode. So keep in mind a possible swing of 360 degrees if wind shifts or current changes. Secure the end of the anchor line to a bow cleat. Make sure the line is ready to run free once tossed overboard and be certain it's not wrapped around a body part, like your leg. Head into the wind or current. Reduce speed and reverse the engine. When the boat starts to make a slight sternway through the water, lower - do not throw - the anchor. Communication between the skipper and crew is key. After you've let about a third of your line out, tug the anchor line to see how firmly it's set, and then continue to release the rode. Once you let out an appropriate amount of scope, make sure the line is properly tied off on the bow cleat. Never, ever anchor from the stern. Even if anchoring only in designated anchoring areas, it is always prudent to have the appropriate signal such as an all-around white light on to notify other boats that you are anchored at night. During the day you must display a ball shape which is sized according to the size of your boat. You should never anchor from the stern of your boat. Your engine, and the bulk of the boat's weight rest here. Stern anchoring is the most likely way to swamp or flood your boat. Staying PutIt's a good idea to take two immediate bearings. Select two items, one off each beam, that form a natural range and watch for any changes in their relationship. You can check these later to determine if you're boat is dragging anchor.
The overtaking situation
Any vessel overtaking any other vessel must keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. The overtaking is always the give-way vessel and the vessel being overtaken is always the stand-on vessel.This rule applies even if the overtaking vessel is propelled by wind, oars, or rubber band paddlewheel.A vessel is deemed to be overtaking when approaching another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft (behind) her beam. This is the angle in which the overtaking vessel will be able to see the stern light of the other vessel.At night, the overtaking vessel will see only the white stern light of the vessel being overtaken. If you see either side light, it is a crossing situation
Operating In A Narrow Channel
First and foremost, you have to avoid larger vessels that can only travel in a channel. Even if your vessel is operating under the rules otherwise, you must give way to a boat that could potentially run aground or get into a collision if they left the channel.Try to operate on the edge of the channel towards the starboard side. Be extra cautious if you come to a bend in the waterway and can't see traffic coming towards you. You may sound one prolonged blast as a warning to traffic headed your way.When operating in a narrow channel or fairway, downbound vessels (vessels going downstream) have priority when passing through bridges and other narrow areas. The downbound vessel shall propose the manner and place of passage and shall initiate the maneuvering signals between itself and any upbound vessel.
Naval Vessel Protection Zones
As a boater, you may be placed in a situation that may put you in legal jeopardy, if not at risk of injury or worse.NAVAL VESSEL PROTECTION ZONESOne thing you must contend with if you boat in certain areas of the country are Naval Vessel Protection Zones. These zones are designed to prevent attacks against our Navy by placing restrictions on how closely you may come to a naval vessel.The requirements are:You may not approach within 100 yards of any U.S. naval vessel. Sometimes this is an impossible thing to accomplish. If you need to pass within 100 yards of a U.S. naval vessel in order to ensure a safe passage in accordance with the Navigation Rules, you must contact the U.S. naval vessel or the Coast Guard escort vessel on your VHF radio. (Channel 16)You must operate at minimum speed within 500 yards of any U.S. naval vessel. You must proceed as directed by the vessels' commanding officer, or the official patrol.Violations of the Naval Vessel Protection Zone are a felony offense, punishable by up to 6 years in prison and/or up to $250,000 in fines. And don't forget, both the Navy and the Coast Guard are authorized to use deadly force to protect themselves...For more information on security zones go to the USCG website at www.uscgboating.org
Rules of the road
Boating on a crowded waterway can be intimidating - especially for new boaters. The good news is that there are rules to govern the action of each vessel. Unfortunately, many vessel operators do not know the rules!The Rules state that every vessel shall use all available means to determine if a risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt, err on the side of caution and manuever to avoid a collision. One of the primary Navigation Rules is that you must do anything to avoid immediate danger or a collision, even if that means breaking a Rule. It is your responsibility as the ship's captain to be aware of your surroundings at all times, and to operate your vessel in a safe manner.In addition to the Rules, you have other responsibilities as the captain - for the safety of everyone aboard your vessel and those with whom you share the water. You should always watch your boat's noise, avoid disturbing wildlife and sea grasses, and look out for the safety and well-being of other boaters by giving a hand to those in need. Before departing, remember your safety briefing. Create a float plan and give it to a relative or friend. Always operate at a safe, controlled speed for the situation in which you are boating, and any legally mandated speed requirements that there may be, such as a slow/no wake zone. Control your wake (the disturbed water left behind your boat as it moves through the water). You are responsible for your wake and any property damage or personal injury that it causes. Avoid careless, reckless or negligent boat operations, such as operating too closely to other vessels or jumping another boat's wake.
Dayboards and Safe Water Marks
Dayboards - These diamond shaped marks are used to help the vessel operator determine location on a nautical map. When you see a dayboard and find the corresponding mark on the chart, you know your precise location. They may be lettered and may be lit with a white light. Their color reflects that of nearby lateral marks.Safe Water Marks - Also known as Mid-Channel Buoys, these marks are used to mark fairways, mid-channels, and offshore approach points. They have unobstructed water on all sides. These marks may be lettered and may be lit with a white light. They may also have a red top mark.
Line And Gear
Depending upon the size and type of your boat, and where you anchor--your choices for an anchor line are either an all-rope anchor rode, a combination of rope and chain, or all chain.The best all around line for anchoring is three-strand twisted nylon. Three-strand line can absorb shock and the constant tugging associated with anchoring much better than braided line or chain alone. Chain may also be used, especially in anchorages that are primarily rock or coral, which may cut a nylon line. A length of chain should be used between the anchor and a longer length of line. The chain will add weight to set your anchor without making it too heavy to lift manually, while serving to exert a horizontal pull on the anchor to set it.Nylon Three-Strand line is the leading choice for use as an anchoring line. Lines generally come in a "soft" or "medium" lay. Soft lines are generally softer to the touch, and loosely woven. These aren't as good as medium or hard lines for anchoring as they are more prone to unraveling and chafing. Tightly wrapped lines are the best choice for anchoring. Lines that have been treated with a wax-like coating are available. These lines resist water/salt absorption. To help keep your lines in good shape, clean them from time to time by soaking them in soapy water. Never use bleach as it can break down the line.Chain may be used instead of nylon line for anchoring. Chain has several benefits, including added weight, chafe and wear resistance, and high strength. It also lowers the angle of pull on the anchor, which helps it to set more firmly into the bottom. Chain is generally found made of galvanized steel, though you can find stainless steel and vinyl coated chain, which is designed to be non-marring to your deck.As the saying goes, a chain is only as strong as it's weakest link...make sure that your anchor and line are attached to each other with adequate gear. Some lines come with plastic thimbles or eyes--but metal, either marine-grade stainless steel or hot-dipped galvanized steel, is best. Swivels and shackles should be inspected regularly for wear, and to ensure that the connections are tight and functional.
Landing Without Injury
Five Rules for Avoiding Docking InjuriesRule # 1. Before each docking maneuver, make sure everyone understands what he or she will be doing. You should be aware of where your crew is and what each member is doing at all times.Rule #2. Don't encourage your crew to make Olympian leaps onto the dock. This is one of the most common types of accidents. Whenever possible, hand docklines to someone on the dock or wait until the boat is safely alongside before stepping ashore.Rule #3. Keep fingers and limbs inside the boat! As a boat gets close to a dock, passengers tend to gravitate toward the rail and drape fingers, legs and arms over the side of the boat. If the boat suddenly swings into a dock or piling, the consequences can be painful.Rule #4. Make sure everyone else that is not assigned to a task is seated or has something to hold onto. A sudden bump or a quick shift into reverse can send people toppling.Rule #5. It might sound obvious, but don't use bodies to stop the boat.Too often, people think they can stop a boat by pushing off with hands or feet. Slow down and use fenders and have them ready before you approach the dock. Larger boats carry great momentum.
Docking
For many people, docking their boat is one of the most trying experiences to be had on the water. Attempting to tie up to a busy fuel dock on a windy weekend day can test anyone's piloting skills.The things you need to notice when you are about to dock is where you intend to tie up, where other boats are, what the wind is doing, and to a lesser extent what the current is doing. Look and see how much room you have to maneuver your vessel around the area you intend to dock. Docking next to a long open pier is usually going to be easier than backing into a narrow slip in a confined marina. Prior to your docking manuever you should see if other boats are leaving or entering the area you need to turn. How other boats are tied up or moving about in close quarters can greatly alter your intended steering and docking and require you to change your plan. Current can also affect your docking in a similar fashion to wind, and in some areas can preclude you from docking at all in low water. Consult your tide tables, especially when traveling in new waters. At all times, maintain no more than steerage speeds and try and have some crew ready with lines to tie off immediately. Using your lines to assist in docking can save a great deal of time and energy. Lines can be used to pivot a boat around a piling or even a fender to help bring either end of your boat to the dock. Let the lines do the work!Knowing which way the wind is blowing can greatly aid your docking. When coming alongside a pier with the wind in your face, head in at a steep angle to the pier and turn sharply at the last moment to avoid being blown out by the wind. If the wind is at your stern, come into the dock at a narrow angle and let the wind do the work of pushing your boat up against the dock.
Intracoastal Waterway
For the sea buoys that indicate channels off the coast of the United States and for the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW), red is on the right (shore side) when proceeding clockwise around the U. S. from the East Coast to the Gulf Coast, or proceeding North along the West Coast.ICW marks are further identified by a small yellow reflector at the bottom of the mark. The same port and starboard marks will look like the markers above.
Your Role In Keeping Our Waterway's Safe And Secure
Here are a few things to keep in mind while out on the water:Keep your distance from all military, cruise line, or commercial shipping. In addition to the Naval Security Zone requirements, you may also not operate your vessel near certain commercial vessels. It's best just to avoid all commercial vessels if possible.Observe and avoid all security zones and commercial port operations. Areas that have a large marine facilities including military, commercial/cruise, or petroleum facilities should be avoided. There are also restrictions near most dams, power plants and other facilities located near water.Don't stop or anchor beneath bridges or in shipping channels. If you do, you can expect to be asked to move and/or be boarded by law enforcement officials.Keep a sharp eye out for things that are out of the ordinary. You are asked to report all activities that seem suspicious to the local authorities. To report suspicious activity, call the National Response Center at 877-24WATCH. If there is immediate danger to life or property, call 911 or the U.S. Coast Guard on Channel 16. Do not approach or challenge those acting in a suspicious manner.Wear your life jacket. Wearing your life jacket, and operating in accordance with the Rules of the Road and other boating regulations will ease the burden on the Coast Guard and other law enforcement personnel.
Docking Techniques
Here is an example scenario of using your dock lines to get your boat to do what you want it to do, in conjunction with rudder and throttle control.You are heading for a fuel dock to get some gas. The problem is, you have to place your boat between two boats that are already tied up. And, to complicate matters, there's a slight breeze blowing directly off the dock.The dock attendant is on hand and looking nervous because you won't have much clearance fore and aft. Don't worry! Ask one of your crew to throw him a line that is already cleated at the bow. As the dock attendant grabs your line, ask him to attach it to a piling just aft of the boat in front of the space into which you must fit.Now, with the line secured at the dock and your wheel turned hard toward the dock (to starboard in this example), just put your boat in reverse gear, at idle speed.Your boat will start drifting sideways, into the allotted space. If you're working against current or wind and your progress is too slow, just advance the throttle slightly. You can also make small adjustments in your approach angle and speed by turning the wheel slowly one way or the other.
Isolated Danger Marks and Ranges
Isolated Danger Marks - These indicate a danger which may be passed on all sides. They are usually located or moored near danger. They should not be approached closely without special caution. They may be lit and they may be lettered.Ranges - pairs of unlit or lit fixed aids that when observed in line show the pilot to be on the centerline of a channel.Ranges are a PAIR of aids to navigation. When the day boards and/or lights appear to be in line with each other, it assists the vessel operator in maintaining a safe course within the navigable channel.
Making a bad situation worse
Judgment: In skills tests, impaired boat operators all reported that they were better operators while intoxicated than sober, despite instrument readings that documented their reduced performance. Alcohol and drugs both reduce inhibitions, causing normally cautious people to try stunts or enter high-risk situations a sober person would avoid.ALCOHOL ONLY MAKES YOU THINK YOU ARE PERFORMING BETTER ... AND DRAMATICALLY INCREASES YOUR REACTION TIME:Alcohol dramatically INCREASES your reaction time, that is to say, it takes more time for you to react because you are slower to react to situations that may occur very quickly on the water. Alcohol severely diminishes your ability to react to multiple signals at once. It takes longer to receive information from your eyes, ears and other senses, and still more time to react. When peripheral vision, focus and depth perception are impaired by alcohol, you can't correctly judge speed and distance, or track moving objects. Reduced night vision and the inability to distinguish red from green make the intoxicated night boater an even greater hazard.
Common Myths About Alcohol
MYTH: Beer is less intoxicating than wine or distilled liquor.FACT: One 12-oz. beer contains the same amount of alcohol as 5 ounces of 12% wine or 1-1/2 oz. of 80 proof liquor.MYTH: Diluting hard liquor slows the absorption rates.FACT: Diluting an alcoholic beverage with water or fruit juice slows absorption. Mixing alcohol with a carbonated beverage increases absorption and intoxicates you more quickly.MYTH: A cold shower, coffee, physical activity or fresh air will sober you up.FACT: Cold showers and coffee will only produce a clean, wide-awake drunk. Only your liver can detoxify alcohol. For each drink you consume, it takes approximately two hours to sober up.MYTH: A shot of brandy or whiskey will warm you up.FACT: In moderate amounts, alcohol dilates the small blood vessels close to the skin, giving a deceptive "glow" of warmth. However, the dilated blood vessels reduce your body's ability to guard against heat loss.MYTH: You cannot receive a ticket if you are under the influence of prescribed drugs.FACT: Operating a vessel while under the influence of prescription drugs will make you just as liable.MYTH: Alcohol is a stimulant.FACT: Alcohol is a depressant. It is absorbed directly into the blood stream through the stomach. As blood circulates through your brain, the alcohol depresses body functions and learned restrictions on social behavior. Judgment, balance, vision and reaction time are affected almost immediately.
Mooring buoys and Special Marks
Mooring Buoys - These come in two different shapes; spherical and cylindrical. Both have white bodies with a solid blue horizontal band on the center of the buoy. Mooring buoys may have a white reflector, or a white light attached to them. Mooring buoys are the only buoys to which you may legally tie your boat.They are generally placed in marked anchorage areas, and you must take caution if you are traveling near these areas. Check your state boating laws for particular operating restrictions in anchorage areas.Special Marks - These marks are yellow in color and have no lateral significance (meaning they don't tell you which side of the channel or river you may be on). These marks are used to mark a special feature or area. These include area limits for anchorages, fishing grounds, dredging/spoil areas, pipelines, jetties and military exercise areas. These buoys may be lit and if they are it will be a fixed or flashing yellow light. Shape varies but usually follows the shape of the navigation buoys that it is positioned near.
Boat And PWC Speed Limits
New YorkBoat speed limits are regulated by law for certain areas and conditions. When no speed limit is posted you should operate your boat so that it will not endanger others or cause injury, damage, or unnecessary inconvenience. You must operate at a safe speed such that you can always bring your vessel to a safe stop and you should always keep a proper lookout. "Slow-no-wake-speed" is a generally a speed at which you are able to maintain steering and producing minimum wake. White buoys or signs with red or orange markings will indicate posted speed limits and no wake zones. You are responsible for your wake and you must not cause damage with the wake of your vessel. In New York State, vessel speed is generally limited to 5 mph when within 100 feet of the shore, a dock, pier, raft, float, or anchored boat. On some specific bodies of water the 5 mph limit has been extended to 200 feet, and there may also be a 45 mph daytime limit and a 25 mph nighttime limit. Certain bodies of water may have also have horsepower and other engine restrictions. If uncertain, be sure to check with your local authorities before you go.
Reckless & Negligent Operation
New YorkEvery operator of a vessel shall at all times navigate the same in a careful and prudent manner in such a way as not to unreasonably interfere with the free and proper use of the waters of the state or unreasonably endanger any vessel or person.Vessels operating within 100 the shore, a dock, pier, raft, float or an anchored or moored vessel at a speed exceeding five miles per hour, unless for the purpose to assist a water-skier to take off or land.No person shall operate a vessel at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and having regard to the actual and potential hazards then existing.Reckless operation is prohibited; specifically no person shall operate or manipulate a device for towing a person or be towed in a reckless or negligent manner so as to endanger the life, limb, or property of any person.Below are some actions that may be considered reckless operation in New York. To speed in no-wake zones. To weave through congested waterway traffic. To operate under the influence of alcohol or drugs. To operate at night without proper navigation lights To operate at excessive speeds for prevailing conditions. To operate a boat within an area clearly marked as restricted. To allow passengers to ride on the bow section of a boat not designed for passengers while underway. To operate any boat beyond its safe carrying capacity of passengers or cargo taking into consideration weather and operating conditions. To operate at more than 5 miles per hour when within 100 feet of the shoreline, a dock, pier, raft, float or anchored boat. Some areas may be more restrictive. To maneuver such that your vessel or another vessel must abruptly swerve or abruptly cut speed to avoid collision, or to operate such that your vessel collides with another vessel, object or person. Additional laws that apply to personal watercraft (PWC):A personal watercraft is considered a Class "A" motorboat and must follow the same laws and regulations as above. Below are some other laws that apply to specifically to PWCs in New York: PWC operators must not maneuver in a way that unreasonably or unnecessarily endangers life, limb, or property. The following are considered reckless operation of a PWC in New York: Carrying more passengers than recommended by the manufacturer Wake jumping too close to other vessels Weaving through congested traffic Last minute swerving to avoid a collision It is illegal to operate a PWC within 500 feet of a designated swim area. PWCs may not be operated between the hours of sunset and sunrise and at other times of restricted visibility. An after market light kit does not allow for legal nighttime operation. If equipped, the operator of a PWC must attach the engine cut-off lanyard to their person, their clothing or PFD during operation. PWCs must also have the following equipment aboard or installed during operation: Horn/Whistle - capable of a two-second blast, audible for a ½ mile. Visual Distress Signal - a fluorescent orange flag (1 foot square) or other appropriate U.S. Coast Guard approved visual distress signaling device.
Officer Authority & Compliance
New YorkIn New York, officers of the State Police, State Park Police, county sheriff's office and other sworn peace officers, Harbormasters and Bay Constables have the duty to provide for safety on the water and have the authority to stop or inspect vessels while enforcing the State's Navigation Laws. In addition the U.S. Coast Guard has authority to stop/board and inspect any vessel.Boat operators must immediately yield to law enforcement when so directed on the water. When operating in an area of law enforcement activity, reduce speed and give a wide berth until beyond the area of operation of the law enforcement vessel. Be cognizant of designated areas that prohibit operation to beyond a specified distance from a defined asset (power plant, navy yard, national landmark or a particular building).
Operating under the influence
New YorkIt is illegal to boat while impaired or intoxicated either through the consumption of alcohol or drugs. State operating under the influence (OUI) laws are becoming more stringent. As on the roadways, on-water enforcement officers may administer sobriety tests and/or conduct a chemical test to determine level of sobriety.If it is determined that your blood alcohol concentration is 0.08% or greater by weight of alcohol as determined by a chemical test, or it is proven that you are operating under the influence of another drug such that it impairs your ability to operate safely, you will be charged with operating under the influence.In New York, if you are stopped for the suspicion of impaired operation and refuse to voluntarily submit to a breath test, your privilege to operate may be immediately suspended pending a hearing.
State Age and Education Requirements
New YorkNew York has adopted a mandatory boater education program in an effort to reduce the risk of death, injury and property damage associated with the use of recreational boats, and to provide the boaters with the maximum safe use of the state's waterways.Boat Operation:Persons under the age of 10 may not operate without adult supervision.Those born after Jan. 1, 1988 must complete a safety course beginning in 2022. Those born on or after Jan. 1, 1983 must complete a safety course beginning in 2023. Those born on or after Jan. 1, 1978 must complete a safety course beginning in 2024. The requirement would extend to all motor boat operators beginning in 2025, regardless of age.PWC Operation - Education is Mandatory for All Ages:All PWC operators, regardless of age, must take an approved course and successfully pass the exam before they can operate on any waters of New York.and Boating Safety Certificates are required to be carried aboard at all times while operating a personal watercraft.An operator who is the resident of another state and is the holder of a valid boating safety certificate issued pursuant to the laws of the operator's resident state is exempt from the New York state certification requirement. However, they must have the certificate with them when operating.Young boater safety certificates previously issued by New York state satisfy the educational requirements.All PWC operators must be a minimum of 14 years old. Although it is not recommended, children under the age of 14 may operate a PWC provided there is a certified operator over the age of 18 on board.
Picking Up A Mooring
One of the best ways to avoid the hassles of anchoring is to choose a mooring if available for use. Mooring balls are identified by their white spherical or can shape, that have a blue horizontal band and you will typically have to pay a small fee to the harbor master to use a public mooring, but you can count on it being far cheaper than paying for dockage for the night.Public moorings are professionally maintained and will use a large anchor or helix screw fixture to maintain position. Although moorings are typically more secure than anchors, moorings can and do periodically give way. For this reason, and for the obvious courtesy reasons, you should never pick up and use a mooring that does not belong to you. Here are some tips for picking up a mooring: Approach a mooring from downwind. This will give you better maneuverability as you go to secure your boat to the ball. Approach slowly, so as not to run over the mooring line or buoy. A crew member with a boat hook should grab the eye or the base of the mooring ball or the whip if it has one. Attach the mooring line to the bow and gently reverse engines to halt forward motion. Once secure, let the boat drift back - there is no need to 'back down' on a mooring ball.
Restricted visibility
Operating a boat at times of restricted visibility requires extra concentration by the skipper and the lookout. You must operate your vessel at a safe speed, giving you enough time to react to a situation and avoid a collision. Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed and navigate with extreme caution Have engines ready for immediate maneuvering - including reverse Don't rely on radar or other electronic imaging alone - use your built in senses at all times Take avoiding actions early and provide ample time for the other vessels to maneuver Avoid sharp turns if being overtaken If you are in doubt, always reduce your speed For example, when you hear another vessel's fog signal and you cannot rule out that a possible collision exists, you must reduce your speed to the minimum necessary to maintain your course. In other words, if you are unsure of the other vessel's intentions in fog, you must slow to idle speed until any potential danger has passed.
More fun than driving
Operating a boat while intoxicated is a federal offense, subject to a $1,000 fine. Criminal penalties are as high as $5,000. .08% Blood Alcohol Content: The current federal legal limit as well as most states. .05% Blood Alcohol Content: The limit for operating "under the influence" in many states(which may vary based on state laws). You may be charged with operating under the influence at any point. It is at the discretion of the enforcement officer based on their perception of how you are functioning as a boat operator.If you think operating a boat under the influence of alcohol is safer than drinking and driving a car, you could be dead wrong. Alcohol or drug use affects your ability to function in three critical ways. Your balance, judgment and reaction time are affected almost immediately after you start using drugs or alcohol.Balance - Alcohol and drugs can have an effect on your balance which can be critical on a boat; falling overboard and drowning accounts for at least 1 in 4 boating fatalities. When you are "tipsy", the unstable, moving platform of the boat can easily cause you to fall overboard.Reaction Time - Additionally, drinking alcohol can lessen coordination, skew judgment and interfere with decision-making ability. In the event of a fall overboard, it can increase the danger of cardiac arrest.Alcohol also reduces your body's ability to protect you against the cold water. With alcohol in your blood, the numbing effects of cold water occur much faster than when you are sober. Within minutes, you may not be able to call for help, swim to a float or reach the safety of the boat.
manuevering
Overtaking, meeting head-on, and crossing are the three most common collision risk situations. The stand-on vessel must maintain course and speed. The give-way vessel must take action to avoid the stand-on vessel. If it becomes apparent that the give-way vessel is not going to take action, the stand-on vessel must take action to avoid a collision.The Crossing Situation - Both International and Inland Rules state that when two power-driven vessels are crossing, the vessel which has the other on her starboard side is the give-way vessel and must keep out of the way. The dark gray boat in the image below is on the starboard side of the white boat, therefore it is the stand-on vessel.It is the duty of the give-way vessel to avoid a collision. Typically, this means you must alter speed or direction to cross behind the other vessel (the stand-on vessel).Remember that boats have a red light on the port side of the bow and green on the starboard side. As a powerboat, if you see a red light crossing right-to-left in front of you, you need to change your course because you are the give-way vessel. If you see a green light crossing from left-to-right, you must first determine the type of boat it is to identify the stand-on vessel.The Meeting Situation - At times there may be some doubt whether the situation is a crossing or a head-on meeting. In case of doubt, you should assume that it is a meeting situation, in which neither vessel is the stand-on vessel and each must give way, turning to starboard.Ideally, each vessel in a meeting situation should alter course to starboard so that each will pass on the port side of the other. At night, you will recognize a head-on meeting situation if you see both red and green side lights at the same time.
Following the Rules
Recreational boaters must operate according to the established navigation rules covered in this course. Yet, each year the U.S. Coast Guard statistics reveal that the most common violations are caused by excessive speed, not maintaining a proper lookout, or not following other established navigation rules.Now that you are familiar with "The Rules," go out and use them in passing, meeting, and crossing situations you find on the water. You may get many puzzled looks from inexperienced boaters with no training or testing.Remember, that you must do everything to avoid a collision. If a collision does occur, your proper use of the correct signals and appropriate actions may have helped to avoid potentially serious consequences.The navigation rules of the road contained in this course summarize basic navigation rules for which a boat operator is responsible. Additional and more in-depth rules apply regarding the various types of waterways and operation in relation to commercial vessels and other watercraft. It is the responsibility of a boat operator to know and follow all the navigation rules.For a complete listing of the navigation rules, refer to the document "Navigation Rules of the Road" published by the U.S. Coast Guard (COMDTINST 16672.2 Series) and available through the U.S. Government printing office or on the web at www.navcen.uscg.gov//pdf/navRules/navrules.pdf.
Regulatory Marks
Regulatory Marks - These are designed to assist boaters by informing them of special restrictions or dangers that they are approaching. Regulatory marks are white "can" buoys that have an orange shape on them. The mark will give either a warning or instructions on how to proceed. The shape determines what type of mark it is. A square or rectangular shape is used for conveying instructions. An open diamond shape signifies danger. A diamond with a cross in it signifies an exclusion area that you may not enter. A circle indicates an upcoming operating restriction, such as a speed limit.
Collision avoidance rules
Rules apply to vessels in all conditions of visibility. Collision avoidance rules are the same at night or in fog as they are during a bright sunny day. Every vessel must maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing at all times. Operator inattention and not having an adequate look-out are a leading cause of accidents each year. Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate for the conditions to determine if a risk of collision exists; this includes lights and binoculars if available. Every vessel must proceed at a safe speed at all times. Several factors should be considered when determining safe speed including the state of visibility, traffic volume, wind, sea current, the proximity of navigational hazards and your vessel's maneuverability with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability. You should even take into consideration the depth of the water and proceed at a safe speed in relation to your boat's draft. At night, consider the presence of background lights such as those from shore. The Rules specifically require that any action must be taken to avoid collision. Changes in course or speed should be readily apparent to the other vessel. You should avoid last-second changes in course and a small series of changes. Change direction early, and make a large turn. While you are getting out of the way of one vessel, you must not get in the way of another. Finally, you may deviate from the navigation rules if it is absolutely necessary to avoid a collision.
Scope
Scope = Length of the anchor line/ height of the deck cleat to the sea bed.Before leaving the dock, you will need to determine how much anchor line, or "rode", you will need. It is recommended that you use a scope of 7:1, meaning that for every foot of water depth, you should use 7 feet of rode.For example, to anchor in 10 feet of water, you would pay out 70 feet of line.Measure the scope as the ratio of the length of the anchor rode to the height of the bow above the bottom. If you're using a lightweight anchor on a small boat in good weather conditions, a shorter scope of 5:1 is sufficient and safe. A prudent boater always has extra line and chain on hand, just in case!Boats that operate generally in shallow waters, as on the East Coast of the United States, may get by with shorter rode lengths. As the wind picks up, deploying additional line will help maintain position, as will tossing out an extra anchor.
Shipping Lane Awareness
Shipping lanes in an area are identified on nautical charts. Avoid the commercial shipping traffic lanes by as wide a margin as possible. Always give commercial traffic the right of way. Cross the lanes at 90 degrees or as practical to the prevailing traffic. Always go astern of deep-draft traffic. Watch for ships under tow in the shipping lanes. Never cross ahead of a tug or between a tug and its tow. At night, know the light pattern that signifies a ship is either being towed or is towing another vessel like a barge. Know how far it takes a large ship to stop. Ships don't have brakes and it can take up to two miles to stop. Know the approximate view from a ship bridge and how small recreational vessels are often not seen. Know that in commercial ships in shipping lanes have right of way regardless of the type of your recreational vessel. A sailing vessel means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used. A sailing vessel is defined by law as motor vessel if it is fitted with an engine and the engine is engaged or idling. When the "rules of the road" refer to a "fishing vessel" the definition is exclusive for commercial fishing only and does not include charter fishing vessels. Never anchor in the shipping lanes for any reason. Know how to contact the ships bridge when necessary to communicate your position in relationship to the ship. Avoid using a cell phone for a distress call; VHF radio is monitored by nearby vessels who can assist.
Drugs and Decisions on the water
Some Sobering Facts About half of all reported boating accidents involve drugs or alcohol. Annual Coast Guard statistics indicate there are nearly 5,000 recreational boating accidents reported, resulting in approximately $50 million dollars of damage. Each year boating accidents claim hundreds of lives. The Coast Guard and the U.S. Congress recognize drugs and alcohol as a significant problem on the water. Stressors commonly affecting helmsmen and passengers make drinking or drug use while boating even more dangerous than drinking and driving.Research shows that four hours of exposure to the common physical stressors of boating produces a kind of fatigue, known as "boater's hypnosis," which slows reaction time almost as much as if you were legally drunk. These stressors include: Noise Vibration Sun Glare Wind Waves
Docking in Wind
Suppose there has been a 180 degree wind shift while you fueled up and there's a breeze blowing directly onto the dock. This makes departing tough. You can't go ahead or astern very far because of the boat behind you and the one ahead of you.How are you going to get out of this fix? Try using a "spring" line. Spring lines are a much-misunderstood term that simply means lines that are affixed to the boat and dock against which the boat can "work" when taut, thus positioning the boat in the right direction in the end.If circumstances favor pulling your boat out and moving ahead, run a long spring linefrom a cleat on your stern port rail running forward to a piling or cleat on the fuel dock. Let go your bow and stern lines. Now, with your wheel hard to port, put the engine in reverse and back the boat down leaving the spring line attached. Like magic, your bow will swing out to starboard, clearing the boat ahead (you may need additional throttle if you're battling wind and current). You can now release the spring line and proceed out into the harbor.When, on the other hand, circumstances favor your backing out of your spot, the spring line should be run from your bow to a piling or cleat well aft of your position.In this case, let go the dock lines, turn the wheel hard to starboard (the side against the dock), put the idling engine into forward gear with the spring line still attached, and watch as your stern swings miraculously out of harm's way. When it clears the boat behind you, momentarily shift into neutral, release the spring line, shift into reverse, and back away smartly.
Rules Explained
The Rules are designed to tell you what to do when you operate your vessel near other vessels. The purpose of the Rules of the Road is to help you avoid an accident, not to establish responsibility or liability if you get into an accident. If you get into an accident, you can be held liable, even if you thought that you followed the Rules.Your primary obligation is to operate in a safe manner. Under the Rules, there is no "right-of-way" like there is on the road. For most situations, boats are called one of the following: Give-Way Vessel - If you are the give-way vessel, you must keep out of the way of the stand-on vessel. It is your responsibility to signal your intentions to the stand-on vessel, and you must take early and substantial action to safely maneuver around the stand-on vessel, keeping well clear of it and other boats. Stand-On Vessel - If you are the stand-on vessel, it is your responsibility to acknowledge the intended actions of the give-way vessel. You must also maintain your current course and speed until the give-way vessel passes, or you enter a dangerous situation - then you must take action to avoid a collision. Sadly, even with rules and regulations in place and the countless numbers of boaters having taken a boating safety course, the main cause of most fatal boating accidents is poor operator judgement and lack of situational awareness, according to U.S. Coast Guard statistics.
Anchor Types
There are several types of anchors and you should choose a style based on the bottom characteristics in the areas you will anchor most often. Then, choose a size based on the size and weight of your boat.Learn more about each type of anchor and its uses by clicking each of them from the image.
Responsibilities Between Vessels
There is an order that can be used to determine responsibilities for vessels of different types. Study this list, as it is important to understand it thoroughly. The lower-most vessel on the list is the give way vessel, and must stay out of the way of vessels that are higher on the list:A Vessel Being Overtaken Is Top Priority In addition, power-driven vessels underway shall keep out of the way of: Vessels not under command - a rare situation where nobody is in control of the vessel. Vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver - usually very large vessels that can't stop or change course easily. Vessels constrained by draft - those that cannot deviate from course or a marked channel. Fishing vessels engaged in fishing - with commercial gear deployed such as large nets. Sailing vessels - a vessel under sail alone. If it has a motor, and it is engaged, it is considered a power driven vessel. Power driven vessels - any vessel propelled by machinery. Sailboats are powerboats if the motor is in gear.
Starboard and Port Side Numbered Aids
These Nav Aids are numbered with odd numbers, are green in color, and may be lighted (will have a green light). Port side marks are located on the left side of the waterway as you travel upstream, and the buoy numbers will increase as you head upstream. (Chart depictions are shown next to the marks) Port-Side Buoys have a cylindrical above-water appearance, like a can or drum floating on its axis. Commonly referred to as "CAN" buoys. Beacons - Port side beacons have square marks attached to them, with two shades of color and a reflective border.Starboard aids are red in color, evenly numbered , and will be on your right side as you travel upstream. Buoy numbers increase as you head upstream, and may have a red light. Starboard-side Buoys have an above-water appearance like that of a cylinder topped with a cone, pointed end up. The cone may come to a point or be slightly rounded. Commonly referred to as "NUN" buoys. Starboard-side Beacons have triangular marks attached to them, with two shades of color and a reflective border.
Nav-aid basics
Unlike the roads and highways that we drive on, the waterways we go boating on do not have road signs that tell us our location, the route or distance to a destination, or of hazards along the way. Instead, the waterways have Aids to Navigation ( ATONs ), which are the man-made objects used by mariners to determine position or a safe course.The term "aids to navigation" includes buoys, day beacons, lights, lightships, lighthouses, radio beacons, fog signals, marks and other devices used to provide "street" signs on the water. ATONs include all the visible, audible and electronic symbols that are established by government and private authorities.The Coast Guard is the agency responsible for maintaining aids to navigation on U.S. waters that are under federal jurisdiction or that serve the needs of the U.S. Armed Forces. On bodies of water wholly within the boundaries of a single state, and not navigable to the sea, the Coast Guard grants the state responsibility for establishing and maintaining aids to navigation. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for many of the canals, dams, locks, and other man-made waterways in the country. The Corps also is responsible for the regulation of mooring buoys in all navigable U.S. Waters.The individual Coast Guard districts also may grant permission to private groups and citizens to place "Private" Aids to Navigation. These aids allow individuals or organizations the ability to mark privately maintained channels, zones or waterways. These aids must be pre-approved, and must be maintained by the individual or organization.
Potential Collision situation
When the distance between two vessels decreases and the relative angle of the other vessel off the bow remains the same, then you will soon be trying to occupy the same spot in the water - a collision situation. Change course or reduce speed, even if you are the stand-on vessel.
Rules of the Road
Whenever you meet another boat it's like approaching an unmarked intersection in your car. Knowing a few simple rules will help you avoid a collision. Just as drivers must know what to do when approaching a four way stop on the road, boaters must know what to do when approaching another boat on the water.Because there are so many different types of boats, boating activities and styles of boating, it is important to know what to expect when you come upon another vessel.The term "vessel" includes anything that floats on the water that is used, or is capable of being used as a means of transportation including stand-up paddleboards, kayaks, sail boards, kite boards and floating rafts. The Navigation Rules distinguish one vessel from another by both its design, and by its actions. This section covers maneuvering rules only.The Navigations Rules are published by the U. S. Government Printing Office, and are available in any boating supply store. Every boat owner should have a copy, but it is mandatory that a copy be kept aboard all vessels over 12 meters (39.4 feet) in length.The Rules generally referenced in this course are Inland Rules, unless otherwise noted. There are small but important differences between Inland and International Rules depending on where you are operating your boat. It is your responsibility to know the Navigation Rules for your boating area.
Playing Hookey
Where you're going - Where you plan to anchor often dictates what type of anchor you should use. Is the bottom rock, or is it soft mud? If you are not familiar with the area ask around or look at a local chart.Local Conditions - Anchoring in a calm protected cove can be quite different than anchoring offshore or on a large open bay, and don't forget the weather. High winds, tides and waves can all make anchoring difficult, if not impossible.The table below will give you an idea of what your boat needs. Most anchors will list their holding power on their sales sheet. Anchors are rated by "holding power," which is the ability of an anchor to hold a given weight. Keep in mind that a 10,000 pound boat may only require an anchor with a holding power of a few hundred pounds on a calm day, but may need 1,000 pounds of holding power or more on a stormy day.
Sailing vessels
Whether following inland or international rules, power vessels must keep clear of sailing vessels in open water. A sailboat with its motor running is defined as a motor boat. The responsibility between sailing vessels is more complex. If two sailing vessels are approaching one another, avoid the risk of collision by following these sailing rules: When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward. If a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other. In the rules listed above, the windward side will always be on the opposite side of the mainsail. On square-rigged vessels, the mainsail will be on the opposite side from the largest fore-and-aft sail.
Anchoring and Mooring
With so much investment riding on your anchor, your boat's anchoring system is no place to cut corners. Your choice of anchor depends on the size and type of your boat, keeping your areas weather conditions in mind.Boats with heavy displacements or superstructures that present a great deal of wind resistance need heavier gear. This also applies to cruising yachts that brave a wide variety of conditions and may sometimes have to anchor in open waters.Although not required by Federal Law, it is recommended you carry one anchor of sufficient size and strength to hold your boat for an extended period or in an emergency situation. An anchor may also be used as a means to pull you free if you are stuck by "kedging", pulling the boat toward the anchor. Additionally, an improperly anchored boat that becomes unsecured can cause property and environmental damage. Boats that slip from their anchor can drift into other boats, marinas, run aground or damage sensitive reefs and grasses. So, when you are thinking of buying an anchor invest in a bigger anchor so that you stay put!There are no specific anchors that will work for you in every situation, so if you have space carry two anchors--preferably of different types. Many people choose to carry a small anchor, or "lunch hook", and a larger working or storm anchor. The lunch hook is for use in calm weather and when the crew is monitoring the anchor. Working and storm anchors are useful at times when the crew is asleep or ashore, and during heavy weather when winds are 30 miles an hour and over.The general name for all of the equipment you need to anchor your boat is "ground tackle". This includes an anchor, chain, line and connecting elements. The anchor line, including chain, is called the rode .
