Chapter 10 Smartbook

apoenzyme

A nonfunctional enzyme that must first bind to an additional factor like a vitamin in order to actually function is called a(n)____

the amount of energy needed to bring molecules together in the correct way to reach a transition state

Activation energy can best be described as ______. Multiple choice question. the amount of energy needed to bring molecules together in the correct way to reach a transition state the type of energy used to generate peptide bonds between amino acids the amount of energy needed to break chemical bonds the amount of energy from ATP that is required to complete the reaction

the amount of energy needed to bring molecules together in the correct way to reach a transition state

Activation energy can best be described as______. Multiple choice question. the amount of energy needed to break chemical bonds the type of energy used to generate peptide bonds between amino acids the amount of energy from ATP that is required to complete the reaction the amount of energy needed to bring molecules together in the correct way to reach a transition state

competitive

An enzyme inhibitor that binds to the active site in the same way a substrate might is called a(n) ____inhibitor.

Blank 1: ATP Blank 2: ADP

As shown, this molecule is called_____. If you removed a phosphate group from this compound, then you would be left with_____. (Please use three-letter acronyms.)

not really change

At very high substrate concentrations, doubling the substrate concentrations should ______ the rate of enzyme activity. Multiple choice question. not really change double stop (inhibit) reduce

First

Because of the ______ law of thermodynamics, all redox reactions will have an electron acceptor. Multiple choice question. first fourth third second

also increase

Beginning with low substrate concentrations, as substrate concentrations are increased then the rate of enzyme activity should ______. Multiple choice question. also increase not change decrease

catalyst

By increasing the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently altered by the reaction, an enzyme acts as a(n)____

spontaneous

Cellular reactions that have a net negative ΔG are generally referred to as ______. Multiple choice question. spontaneous non-spontaneous at equilibrium endergonic

non-spontaneous

Cellular reactions that have a net positive ΔG are generally referred to as Blank______. Multiple choice question. at equilibrium spontaneous exergonic non-spontaneous

active site

During DNA replication, nucleotides will bind to DNA polymerase at the ______ to become incorporated into the elongating strand of DNA. Multiple choice question. proteocomplex coenzyme apoenzyme mega complex active site

Enthalpy

During a cellular reaction when pressure and volume remain the same, the change in ______ is about equal to the change in total energy. Multiple choice question. enthalpy entropy

Glucose is a substrate.

During glycolysis, glucose undergoes many chemical reactions that ultimately produce pyruvate. Which of the following best describes the role of glucose? Multiple choice question. Glucose is a cofactor. Glucose is a substrate. Glucose is an enzyme. Glucose is a catalyst. Glucose is an apoenzyme.

metabolite

During the pathway known as glycolysis, glucose is converted into a product called pyruvate, which can be described as a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. enzyme compound metabolite reagent

conjugate

Each redox reaction consists of two half-reactions. The acceptor and donor of a half reaction are referred to as a(n) ______redox pair.

Oxygen

Electrons from NADH are eventually accepted by ______ at the end of the electron transport chain. Multiple choice question. glucose nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide

Oxygen

Electrons from NADH are eventually accepted by ______ at the end of the electron transport chain. Multiple choice question. nitrogen carbon dioxide oxygen glucose

randomness or disorder

Entropy is a measure of the ______ of a system. Multiple choice question. free energy change entropy. heat content randomness or disorder change in temperature

competitive

Enzyme inhibitors that appear similar to substrates are called ____ inhibitors

catalysts

Enzymes act as ______ , meaning that they increase the rates of reactions but are not permanently changed by this activity. Multiple choice question. catalysts holoenzymes coenzymes apoenzymes

Substrate(s) they act on Type of reaction they catalyze

Enzymes are usually named in terms of which two properties? Multiple select question. Biochemical pathway they participate in Substrate(s) they act on Product made in the catalyzed reaction Type of reaction they catalyze

substrates

Enzymes bind to____ and aid in the generation of product.

activation

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the ____energy needed for the reaction to begin.

Three

How many phosphate groups are present in ATP? Multiple choice question. Zero Two One Three

Metabolic channeling Direct activation or inhibition of enzymes Controlling enzyme synthesis

Identify any of the following mechanisms used by microbes to regulate their metabolic pathways. Multiple select question. Metabolic channeling Direct activation or inhibition of enzymes DNA replication Controlling enzyme synthesis Binary fission

Kelvin

In the following formula, the "T" is measured in ______. ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS Multiple choice question. Ohms Joules Kelvin Celsius

ΔG

In the following formula, which part reflects the change in free energy? ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS Multiple choice question. T ΔH T ΔS ΔG ΔS

Oxidation-reduction

In which type of reaction are electrons moved from an electron donor to an electron acceptor? Multiple choice question. Decarboxylation Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Oxidation-reduction

eukaryotic organisms

Metabolic channeling using compartmentation is most common in ______. Multiple choice question. eukaryotic organisms prokaryotic organisms

substrates they act on; reaction catalyzed

Most enzymes are named for the ______ and type of ______. Multiple choice question. pathway they participate in; substrate involved in the reaction products made in the catalyzed reaction; reaction catalyzed substrates they act on; reaction catalyzed substrates they act on; product made in the reaction

positive ΔG

Non-spontaneous reactions are said to have a ______. Multiple choice question. net equilibrium negative ΔG very low ΔH positive ΔG

Many of your enzymes are nonfunctional apoenzymes, and require vitamin cofactors.

Often you have heard, "eat your vitamins", but why is that important? Multiple choice question. Many of your enzymes are nonfunctional apoenzymes, and require vitamin cofactors. Vitamins must stimulate the release of special enzymes for digestion. Vitamins must bind with substrates to make the right complexes for digestion. Vitamins must "feed" the microbes within your gut for proper digestion.

metabolites

Organisms carry out many different reactions and the products of these reactions are generally called ______. Multiple choice question. substrates reactants metabolites enzymes

Electrons

Oxidation-reduction reactions are those in which____ are moved from a donor to an acceptor.

the activity of the enzyme is controlled after it is already synthesized

Posttranslational regulation is so named because ______. Multiple choice question. the metabolites are controlled after they enter a compartment the metabolites are bound to an inhibitor the activity of the enzyme is controlled after the mRNA is already synthesized the activity of the enzyme is controlled after it is already synthesized

enzymes

Protein catalysts that have great specificity for the reaction catalyzed are called____

ribozymes

RNA molecules that have enzyme activity are called___

Chemical reactions in cells are organized into pathways. Each reaction of a pathway is catalyzed by an enzyme or ribozyme. Life obeys the laws of thermodynamics.

Select statements representing features that are common to all types of metabolism. Multiple select question. Chemical reactions in cells are organized into pathways. Each reaction of a pathway is catalyzed by an enzyme or ribozyme. The functioning of biochemical pathways is not regulated. Life obeys the laws of thermodynamics.

negative ΔG

Spontaneous reactions are said to have a Blank______. Multiple choice question. very high ΔH positive ΔG net equilibrium negative ΔG

phosphate groups

The bracket indicates the presence of three______ in the ATP molecule shown. Multiple choice question. sugars phosphate groups nitrogen-containing bases

plasma membrane

The electron transport chain of bacterial cells is located in the Blank______. Multiple choice question. nucleus inner mitochondrial membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria plasma membrane

inner mitochondrial membrane

The electron transport chain of eukaryotic cells is located in the ______. Multiple choice question. cell membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria nucleus inner mitochondrial membrane

inner mitochondrial membrane

The electron transport chain of eukaryotic cells is located in the ______. Multiple choice question. inner mitochondrial membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria cell membrane nucleus

Glucose

The electrons used to reduce NAD+ in the electron transport chain often come from Blank______. Multiple choice question. carbon dioxide glucose oxygen nitrogen

Glucose

The electrons used to reduce NAD+ in the electron transport chain often come from ______. Multiple choice question. nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide glucose

a nucleotide

The molecule known as ATP is simply Blank______. Multiple choice question. a carbohydrate a lipid (fat) an amino acid a nucleotide

cellular compartmentation

The most common form of metabolic channeling involves ______. Multiple choice question. ribosome modifications co-expression cellular compartmentation polycistronic messages binary fission

active

The physical location on an enzyme that will bind to substrates is called the ______ site.

isoalloxazine ring

The portion of an FAD molecule that accepts electrons is the ______. Multiple choice question. isoalloxazine ring adenine ribose sugar phosphate group

isoalloxazine ring

The portion of an FAD molecule that accepts electrons is the ______. Multiple choice question. phosphate group adenine ribose sugar isoalloxazine rin

nicotinamide ring

The portion of the NAD molecule that accepts electrons during biosynthetic reactions is the Blank______. Multiple choice question. phosphate group ribose sugar adenine base nicotinamide ring

pacemaker

The rate limiting enzyme in a metabolic pathway is often referred to as the ____ enzyme.

thermodynamics

The science of ______ analyzes energy changes in a system (e.g., a cell or an organism). Multiple choice question. biology thermodynamics kinetics chemistry astronomy

Entropy

The term used to describe the randomness or disorder of a system is_____

translational

The use of an activator or inhibitor to control an enzyme or metabolic pathway is called post- ____regulation.

False

True or false: Carbon dioxide donates electrons to the electron transport chain.

Direct activation or inhibition of enzymes

What is another name for posttranslational control? Multiple choice question. Direct activation or inhibition of enzymes Metabolic channeling Controlling enzyme synthesis Binary fission

Free energy change

What is the amount of energy in a cell available to do useful work at constant temperature and pressure? Multiple choice question. Entropy Enthalpy Standard free energy change Free energy change

RNA nucleotides

What is the composition of ribozymes? Multiple choice question. RNA nucleotides Carbohydrates Amino acids DNA nucleotides Lipids (fatty acids

ΔH

What part of the free energy equation is enthalpy? ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS Multiple choice question. ΔG ΔH ΔS T

Ribose

What sort of sugar is found in ATP? Multiple choice question. Ribose Deoxyribose Glycine Adenine Glucose

Equilibrium

What state exists when the rates of chemical reactions in both directions are equal and no further net change occurs in the concentrations of reactants and products? Multiple choice question. Entropy Equilibrium Enthalpy

Ribose

What sugar is found in flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)? Multiple choice question. Adenine Deoxyribose Ribose Arginine

Ribose

What sugar is found in flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)? Multiple choice question. Ribose Arginine Deoxyribose Adenine

Ribose

What sugar is found in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)? Multiple choice question. Arginine Glucose Deoxyribose Ribose

Ribose

What sugar is found in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)? Multiple choice question. Deoxyribose Ribose Glucose Argini

Oxidized Reduced Oxidized

When NADH donates electrons to the first carrier in the electron transport chain, NADH becomes___ and the first carrier becomes _____. The first carrier then donates electrons to the second carrier, becoming_____ and available to accept more electrons.

regulation of gene expression

When lactose is present, E. coli will synthesize the gene products needed for lactose consumption. This is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. regulation of gene expression posttranslational regulation metabolic channeling

denatured

When some environmental conditions such as high temperature or low pH make an enzyme nonfunctional, the enzyme has become____

Temperature pH Concentration

When the free energy change for a process is determined at carefully defined standard conditions, it is called the standard free energy change. Which of the following represent those standard conditions? Multiple select question. Color Temperature pH concentration

equilibrium

When the rates in both directions are equal and no further net change occurs in the concentrations of reactants and products, a reaction is at_____

Maximum amount of energy available from the system for useful work under standard conditions

Which of the following accurately defines standard free energy change? Multiple choice question. Minimum amount of energy available from the system for useful work under standard conditions Maximum amount of energy available from the system for useful work under standard conditions

Redox reactions play a critical role in energy conservation. Energy is most often conserved in molecules called ATP.

Which of the following are features common to all types of metabolism? Multiple select question. Life does not obey the laws of thermodynamics. Redox reactions play a critical role in energy conservation. Chemical reactions in a cell are not arranged in pathways. Energy is most often conserved in molecules called AT

Thermodynamics focuses on changes in energy states.

Which of the following best describes thermodynamics? Multiple choice question. Thermodynamics explains the rate of reactions. Thermodynamics focuses on changes in heat energy. Thermodynamics focuses on changes in energy states. Thermodynamics focuses on changes in water pressure.

Amount of energy in a cell available to do useful work at constant temperature and pressure

Which of the following defines free energy change? Multiple choice question. Amount of energy in a cell available to do useful work at constant temperature and pressure Measure of the randomness of a system Amount of heat energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius

Enzyme B that consumes 2 substrates/second

Which of the following enzymes would be considered the pacemaker given the enzyme activity rates? Multiple choice question. Enzyme A that consumes 4 substrates/second Enzyme C that consumes 10 substrates/second Enzyme B that consumes 2 substrates/second

Enzymes

Which of the following is responsible for most of the metabolic activity within cells? Multiple choice question. Enzymes Mitochondria Cytoskeletal filaments Ribosomes

Enzymes

Which of the following is responsible for most of the metabolic activity within cells? Multiple choice question. Ribosomes Enzymes Cytoskeletal filaments Mitochondria

Regulation of gene expression

Which type of control is described by a process that blocks the production of mRNA? This would occur when the cell simply doesn't synthesize the enzymes needed for metabolite consumption. Multiple choice question. Posttranslational regulation Metabolic channeling Regulation of gene expression