Ethics Exam 2

The accommodation causes a significant reduction in work productivity for the employee's department.

An employer has refused a new employee's request for a specific accommodation for his religious practice at work because it would cause undue hardship. Which of the following explanations would justify this from a legal standpoint?

age discrimination

An executive looking to save her company money cuts the employee workforce by targeting mid-level employees who have particularly high salaries. What type of discrimination might this end up looking like, even if it isn't intended?

making decisions according to rules not based on personal biases

How does the text define "fairness"?

recognizing a situation has ethical dynamics

How does the text define "moral awareness and sensitivity"?

as part of an ethics training session

How does the text suggest that managers sensitize employees to recognize when ethically hazardous rationalizations are invoked?

It is habit- and action-based instead of rule-based.

How does virtue ethics differ from deontology?

every stakeholder

A business manager who is a deontologist would consider the consequences for whom before making an action?

She will need someone who wants the company to operate within the law.

A financial services company has just lost its CFO and is seeking to hire someone for the position. As the CEO goes about the process of looking at applicants, why might she want to hire a cultural relativist?

a tightly planned daily work schedule

A manager has just hired a new employee and knows this employee scored as "judger" in one component of the MBTI. Based on this, the employee would likely be most comfortable with ______.

giving the new employee some important tasks will make her feel welcome, raise overall productivity, and benefit everyone in the department

A virtue-ethics-minded manager is trying to persuade a utilitarian-minded employee of the benefit of giving up some of her responsibilities to a new employee. The manager's best argument would likely be that ______.

People tend to place their self-interests above those of others.

Adam Smith and Ayn Rand would most likely agree on which of the following statements?

20 percent

African slaves made up what percentage of the population of the United States at its inception?

They can be further developed through personal initiative.

Among variables that can impact ethical decision making, in which of the following ways are individual characteristics within a person's control different than those not in one's control?

Be kind and fair.

An attempt to do which of the following is most likely to guide the decisions of a virtue ethicist over multiple decisions?

considering the interests of his immediate coworkers and perhaps his supervisor

An egoist is trying to solve an ethical problem at work but finds he cannot reach an agreement or an acceptable solution by prioritizing only his own interests. As he tries to expand his thinking on this issue, what next mental step is he most likely to take?

Mention the incident to a relevant supervisor.

An employee witnesses a coworker make fun of another coworker's clothing. The target of the insult was clearly hurt by it, but both parties went on with their workday and the subject did not come again. What should the employee who witnessed the incident do?

U.S. companies paid hundreds of million dollars in penalties and fines based on discrimination complaints and lawsuits.

Based on EEOC records, which of the following statements about discrimination in the workplace in 2016 is accurate?

The results do not predict any specific behavior pattern from Carl.

Carl receives an IAT score that suggests a bias in favor of Caucasian males. What can we expect from his behavior?

Indian and female

Charvi is an Indian woman who works as a schoolteacher and is newly divorced. When she forms a social coalition, what are the two most predictable characteristics of other members of that group?

The harm done will be diffuse and widely dispersed.

For which of the following reasons is the Volkswagen emissions cheating of modest, rather than high, moral intensity, according to the textbook?

It made a fluctuating proportion of immigrants legal and made the rest entering the country illegal.

How did the Emergency Quota Act affect immigration into the United States?

Moral identity is a self-concept; moral awareness is a characteristic.

How does moral identity differ from moral awareness?

It allows for a more systematic approach for reaching moral conclusions.

How does the moral philosophy literature differ from the Rotary International's Four-Way Test?

mentally committing to take an action that is morally appropriate

How does the text define "ethical intention"?

high power distance

In a particular country, the wealthy have a lot of control over resources and strong influence in government. A large percentage of the population is poor and has relatively little control over the course of their lives, but both sides seem to accept this as the way of things. Based on the value continuum described by Geert Hofstede, this is probably a(n) ______ culture.

has authority over diversity initiatives for the entire organization

In terms of implementing a diversity initiative, a "change agent" differs from the typical manager in that the change agent ______.

All of the theories options disagree with virtue ethics and deontology AND the virtue ethics path is illegal.

In which of the following situations should a decision maker most consider adjusting the virtuous decision based on more pragmatic concerns?

Virtue ethics, the highest level ethical theory, matches Stage 6, Kohlberg's highest.

In which of the following ways do the ethical theories compare or contrast with Lawrence Kohlberg's six stages of moral reasoning?

less cost from dealing with claims and litigation

Kalil is a new CEO at a company that he discovers has very little in the way of proactive antidiscrimination policies and procedures. What is a monetary reason for him to implement such procedures?

seniority (firing newest employees)

Kamil needs to reduce the size of his company's workforce. He does not use diversity as a criterion for dismissals and does not target diverse employees, but the effect of the layoffs is to reduce diversity in the company. What criterion did Kamil most likely use when dismissing employees?

personality

Kieran is very outgoing and seeks out new employees to get to know them. He is quite loud in his welcoming speeches to the people he meets. What kind of diversity dimension does this represent?

Provide employees with decision-making tools, such as ethics scenarios and answers.

Mack has never reported any of his coworkers for unethical behavior despite witnessing it many times. He forms an ethical intention to say something for the first time. What can his organization do to help him follow through with this intention?

has a temporary disability

Maria is eight months pregnant and still working at her position as a school administrator. Since passage of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Maria should be entitled to changes in her workflow commensurate with someone who ______.

issue-related

Moral intensity deals mostly with ______ factors.

religious group

Other than national heritage, what factor was of primary consideration when Caucasian males hired other Caucasian males prior to 1964?

what other managers would do in a similar situation

Social group relativism would argue that a manager would make an ethical decision based on ______.

gender

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 was passed primarily to deal with discrimination based on what factor?

Women more often choose to work for smaller companies that have lower pay scales.

The average full-time working woman earns less than the average full-time working man in the United States. What is a common nondiscrimination explanation for this discrepancy?

can be unchanging or evolving

The organizational dimension of an employee's diversity ______.

employment characteristics

The organizational dimension of diversity primary deals with ______.

social group relativism

The voting pattern of a partisan political party member is likely to be best described by ______.

permanent, evolving, personality, and organizational

What are the four unique dimensions of diversity?

lying to regulators

What aspect of the Volkswagen engineering scandal would virtue ethics consider a more serious problem than would utilitarianism?

Caucasians will be make up less than 50 percent of the population.

What demographic shift is projected for the United States by 2044?

Assess the organization's current diversity status.

What first step should managers take if they want to improve an organizations' diversity profile and procedures?

ethnicity

What is an example of a permanent dimension factor of diversity?

moral awareness

What is the first component of James Rest's ethical decision-making model?

to increase self-awareness about diversity

What is the purpose of the Implicit Attitude Test exercise?

analyze the ethical dimension of a decision

What is the purpose of the Rotary International's Four-Way Test?

7.3 percent

What percentage of millennials self-identify as LGBT (as of 2016?)

a reflective rational ethical decision-making process

What usually follows a failure of ethical intuition?

elimination of employment discrimination based on many permanent diversity factors

What was accomplished by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

our perception of a diversity factor

When we prejudge someone, it is usually a reaction to ______.

She already believes she knows what is right and what is wrong.

Which of the following best describes the ethical character of a new employee at an organization?

individual, organization, and societal characteristics, moral consciousness, and moral intensity

Which of the following best encompasses the influences on a person's ethical judgement?

Should I help with the cheating or not participate?

Which of the following best represents the choice for the decision maker in the third step of the critical thinking decision-making process?

A significant majority of Caucasians have implicit biases for Caucasians over African-Americans.

Which of the following has research based on the Implicit Attitude Test shown?

deontology

Which of the following has research shown to be positively correlated with better ethical decision making?

seeking to be a team player

Which of the following is among the most prominent organizational reasons for unethical behavior at work?

an affirmative action program

Which of the following is most likely to trigger a reverse discrimination lawsuit?

Only 10 percent of executives at a major corporation are women.

Which of the following might be an example of the "glass ceiling" at work?

Train specific individuals to manage the change process.

Which of the following qualifies as "develop enabling processes" in terms of the text's 10-step diversity initiative?

She could later tell people about giving money and be respected for it.

Which of the following rationales would Maria, an egoist, most likely use for deciding to give money to a local charity?

The follower of this theory believes that members of larger society have and should respect common interests.

Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is accurate?

Just because a person forms an ethical intention does not mean he or she will act on it.

Which of the following statements about ethical intention is accurate?

A person's moral awareness is likely to be stronger as a teenager than as a young child.

Which of the following statements about moral awareness is accurate?

Several western states had the highest percentage of undocumented workers.

Which of the following statements about the current status (as of 2014) of legal and illegal immigration in the United States is accurate?

Early European national colonies welcomed only their own nationals for settlement.

Which of the following statements about the growth of diversity in the Americas and the United States is accurate?

a physically demanding job

Which of the following types of jobs is a woman most likely to be denied based on stereotypes against women?

"I don't see race."

Which of the following types of statement should be avoided in a training session, since they could be offensive?

It would stigmatize them.

Why does the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommend against businesses providing separate bathrooms for transgender individuals?

Benefits to VW and shareholders were calculated in the greatest good, but they suffered overall.

Why does the text suggest that the Volkswagen managers and engineers may have miscalculated the utilitarian analysis?

In calculating what benefits the greatest good, the tally seems to lean slightly in favor of cheating.

Why does utilitarianism seem to suggest that the engineer should help Volkswagen cheat on emissions?

Some virtues, when practiced in a real situation, are not compatible with others.

Why might virtue ethics cause problems for a manager?

The more politically powerful party is likely to get the scarce resource.

Within the context of organizations, what do egoism and social group relativism have in common?

Create financial incentives for diversity goals.

If following the EEOC best practice diversity recommendations, what would an organization do with respect to performance appraisals?

"Which option will benefit me the most?"

If the engineer in the Volkswagen scenario is following an egoist ethical theory, what question would be most important to ask about the possible action options?

both best practices and problems that have had costs

In a diversity training workshop, what kinds of industry examples should be presented to participants?

duty is more important than freedom

In a self-restraint culture, the common feeling is that ______.

It is specifically attuned to work/employment style.

In helping to determine personality, how does the MBTI differ from the "Big Five Personality Model"?