HCA 465: Chapter Quizzes

To ensure randomization when using the Every Nth Group Assignment strategy you can arrange participants by last name.

False

It is possible for a scale to be valid and unreliable.

False =

When scoring of a test no matter who is doing it, it is termed:

Inter-observational reliability

A needs assessment serves as a SWOT analysis for the organization or community, SWOT stands for A) Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats B) Situational environment, work force, opportunities, treatment C) Strengths, workforce, opportunities, treatment D) Service, weakness, outliers, threats

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

The threat to internal validity that is defined as the natural changes that occur over time with individuals is called:

Maturation

Which score is used for interval data and ratio data, but not for nominal or ordinal?

Mean (??) (Not Variance)

When you give an individual a test multiple times over a certain period of time in order to test stability, this technique is called:

Test-retest

Independent t-tests determine are used to determine if:

There is a statistical difference in two groups measured at one point in time.

Which types of data have no particular order and the codes are arbitrary?

Nominal Data

It is essential to remember that with correlations, one variable does not mean that it causes another variable to change, it simply means that two things are

Numerically Related or Associated

A person who does not speak English and excellent literacy in their own language, may have difficulty understanding health care instructions.

True

A survey introduction needs to be concise and easy to read In a few sections.

True

When you sustain program implementation by staying true to the original design, it is termed A) Program management B) Program evaluation C) Program fidelity D) Goals and objectives

Program fidelity

One strategy that can be used to ensure a document is written in plain language includes: Question 10 options: Writing in a passive voice Using 3 - 4 syllable words Putting important information first Spreading information out

Putting important information first

Generally data are divided into two categories: ______________ and _____________ A) Qualitative and quality B) Personal and non-personal C) Focus groups and interviews D) Qualitative and quantitative

Qualitative and quantitative

Putting colored cards into a bowl and drawing a different colored card to assign them to a coordinating group based on the color of the card is an example of what kind of assignment strategy? a. Spatial group assignment b. Non-random group assignment c. Group assignment by age d. Random group assignment

Random group assignment

The gold standard of research designs are:

Randomized controlled trials

Non-Maleficence

Refraining from causing harm or acting with ill intent toward a person

Questioning when a change or innovation is perceived as better than the current product or service is looking at the products: a. Relative Advantage b. Compatibility c. Flexibility d. Observability

Relative Advantage

If a research null hypothesis is correct and researchers reject it, what has happened?

Researchers have made a Type I error

Which of the following web address endings is generally considered a reliable web source? A) .net B) .com C) .org D) .ca

.org

In Cronbach's Alpha, values closer to _______ indicate higher levels of internal consistency.

1

Threats to internal validity are more critical than threats to external validity.

True

When developing a scale, the first step is to gather a research group to generate ideas that relate to the topic of interest.

True

Generally researchers do not use a margin of error over:

5%

Protection of confidential information should be maintained for the duration of the research and until __________ (enter number) years after the completion of the research.

7

Paternalism

A relationship of uneven power between a health care provider and patient or a researcher and participant

Theories are used for Testing Hypothesis Investigating phenomenon Validating existing knowledge All of the above

All of the above

During the Tuskegee study, what issues were of ethical concern among the men participating in the study? Question 4 options:Penicillin was made available to treat syphilis, but the men never received treatmentThe study only recruited men with syphilis, those without were ineligible to participate. Men received free meals and exams, but were not allowed to leave the study Both A & C are correct

Both A & C are correct

A measurement of internal consistency that allows researchers to determine how well different items measure different aspects of the same topic is:

Cronbach's Alpha

Autonomy

Each individual is treated with respect, given adequate information in order to make an informed decision. Those with diminished decision-making capacity deserve extra protection.

A program or evaluation should be planned solely around the goals and objectives without consideration to other factors like health disparities.

False

Self-Efficacy is an individual's desire to perform a suggested action successfully.

False

Qualitative research is

an interpretation of collected words.

Good health does not always mean the absence of a ______________.

disease

Internal consistency is also called __________.

homogeneity

Defined as the average score.

mean

Defined as the middle value of the data.

median

When researchers use both qualitative and quantitative research, it is called:

mixed method approach

There are several strategies used for mass media communication, which of the following is considered one of these strategies? a. Word of mouth b. Friend referral c. Physician referral d. Phone solicitation

phone solicitation

An important strategy that can be used to reduce measurement errors is __________ testing

pilot

If the data are evenly distributed, a graphic will show that the mean, median, and more are the same.

true

1) What grade do you feel you deserve in the class and why? 2) What were your dislikes? 4) What did you like?

1) I feel like I deserve an A. I have excelled at the measurable tasks in the course, namely the quizzes. I have a introductory, but clear understanding of SPSS, and the research my group has done is not groundbreaking but interesting and important for each of us. 2) I did not like the disorganization of the class. I wish I would have had more details of the final project from day one, and a schedule in the syllabus on which I could turn to in times of confusion. 3) I really liked learning SPSS. While I understand the limitations and to some extent agree with the criticisms I've heard of it, I really enjoyed using a program which helps crunch statistics. Statistical analysis is something that I enjoy, although I am not good at it, and any class that pushes me to do that is one I like.

Which type of evaluation is rarely possible due to excessive cost and lengthy time commitment? A) Impact B) Outcome C) Process D) Formative

Impact

Which of the following is not addressed in a logic model?

Results

In a positive skew, the median is greater than the mean.

False

In research, it is more important to be reliable than valid.

False

Biological sex and place of birth are examples of nominal data.

True

Following the pilot testing and modification phase, researchers move forward with conducting the actual research.

True

Multiple measurements involve measuring one variable several times, whereas single measurements are individual items being measured and only recorded once.

True

Researchers need to consider all costs with sample size prior to final decisions

True

The best way to access generalizability in research is to repeat research in different populations.

True

The closer a sample is to representing the whole population, the more accurate inferences or assumptions will be regarding the population.

True

Affordable housing is defined as a family paying less than what percent of its annual income on housing? Question 12 options: 10% 20% 45% 30%

30%

To ensure that each step of a plan is being considered, and implemented, it is beneficial to develop A) An organizational chart B) A calendar of events C) A timeline D) An evaluation

A timeline

The type of test that measures mastery, comprehension or proficiency of acquired skills of individuals is:

Achievement test

Which of the following is considered one of the basic ethical principles? Question 5 options: Freedom Resiliency Autonomy Support

Autonomy

One strategy that can be used to decrease the likelihood of random errors is to

Collect data from a larger sample size

What types of data are defined as variables that are named and placed into groups, classification, or categories?

Categorical Data

Which statement thanks respondent for their participation, describes how incentives are received, and reassures them of the confidentiality of their responses?

Closing statement

The amount of certainty that researchers have that a sample is a true reflection of a population is called:

Confidence level

A variable that is measured over an incremental range and may take any value within a range, such as weight or age, is called: a. Confounding b. Continuous c. Controlled d. Categorical

Continuous

The types of data that have equal space between each variable are:

Continuous Data

The purpose of each goal statement is to: A) Persuade stakeholders to take your point of view B) Describe the purpose of an organization C) Summarize the findings of a literature review D) Describe an activity using measureable words

Describe an activity using measureable words

When data trends are slowly moving in one direction, this is defined as

Drift

The two types of research questions are

Experimental & Non-experimental (?)

When there are items that are out of the control of the programmer that may support or oppose the program goals, this is termed A) Environmental influences B) External influences C) Program deterrents D) External motivators

External Influences

Justice

Fair distribution of burden and benefits so that every person with the same condition has an equal chance of benefitting from the treatment

A person who is falls within the "late majority" category of adoption will always fall in this category, no matter the product or service.

False

Applied research is defined as gathering information, discovering knowledge by asking new questions and building on existing knowledge.

False

As a result of individuals making important contributions to scientific research through giving their consent, the Henrietta Lacks Foundation was started.

False

By looking at access to health care alone, without linking it to other issues, you are able to predict health outcomes.

False

Non-probability sampling involves strict criteria in which every individual in the population has a known chance of getting selected for the sample.

False

Once a person progresses through each of the stages of change, they will never revert back to a prior stage again

False

Researchers make a Type II error when they fail to reject the null hypothesis when looking at differences between the intervention group and the study group of a study, when in fact there truly is a difference.

False

Sample size is not an important consideration when planning research and evaluations.

False

When investigators determine that they will use a survey for data collection they only have the option of using an existing survey.

False

When there are an even number of scores, the median is calculated by adding the two scores together and dividing by the mean.

False

Ordinal Data have an assumed order, or rank, and also have a consistent distance between variables.

False (No Consistent Distance)

Questioning whether it is possible for an adopter to try out the change or product prior to adopting the change is assessing the products:

Flexibility

Availability of nutritious, adequate and safe food; and the ability to acquire acceptable foods without stealing or using emergency food supplies is referred to as: Question 11 options: Meal Source Comfort foods Secure resources Food security

Food security

The threat to internal validity that occurs when participating individuals have improved performance due to the knowledge that they are being watched is called

Hawthorne Effect

The most common training for patient and data confidentiality is the HIPAA, this stands for Question 6 options: Health Inequality Performance Affordability Act Human Interaction Protection and Accountability Act Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Health Interaction Performance and Acceptance Act

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

A valuable resource for national goals and objectives is _________ _________ 2020.

Healthy People

In most cases, researchers set the level of confidence at 95%, so they can state that they are 95% certain that the lower and upper range of the calculated confidence interval captures the mean score of the population.

In most cases, researchers set the level of confidence at 95%, so they can state that they are 95% certain that the lower and upper range of the calculated confidence interval captures the mean score of the population.

Mathematical procedures used to assume or understand predictions about the whole population based on the data collected from a random sample selected from the population are called:

Inferential statistics

Which construct of the social support theory addresses actual tangible or physical support a. Emotional Support b. Educational Support c. Appraisal Support d. Instrumental Support

Instrumental support

Which threat to internal validity measures changes in respondent performance, such as fatique, which cannot be credited to the treatment or intervention?

Instrumentation

The extent to which each question on survey is related to the same topic is termed:

Internal Consistency

Which statement represents a simple report outline?

Introduction, Background, Key Points, Recommendations, Conclusion, References.

A scientific hypothesis is a: a) None of the options are correct. b) A question of interest in the evaluation project or research study. It provides a clear and concise roadmap in which to focus the study. c) Is an "educated guess" based on prior observation, knowledge or experience that can be supported or refuted through observations or experiment. d) A question about the population that if contradictory to the null hypothesis allows researchers to reject the null hypothesis.

Is an "educated guess" based on prior observation, knowledge or experience that can be supported or refuted through observations or experiment.

Low literacy levels are linked to: Question 17 options: Better health outcomes Less use of preventive services Greater insurance premiums Lower healthcare costs

Less use of preventive services

The statistical risk that researchers are willing to accept when making the decision to fail to reject or reject the null hypothesis is called _____?

Level of Significance

As illustrated through the Tuskegee study, what can happen as a result of ethical issues in research?

Mistrust of researchers

MAP-IT the research tool, stands for: Question 13 options: Measure, Assess, Program, Implement, Transfer Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, Track Medical Acceptability Plan Improving Trends Mobilize, Acquire, Program, Inquire, Track

Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, Track

The different stages in the Stages of Change theory are a. Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination b. Not ready, Thinking about it, Ready to act on it, get it done, give up altogether c. Emotional support, appraisal support, instrumental support, informational support d. None of the above

Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination

Generally, during a summative evaluation this type of data are used

Quantitative

If the results of a test are the same each time it is on the same individual over a period of time, the test is considered to be:

Reliable

The technique used when you interview one person, and then ask them for the name of another person that might be interested in participating, is called:

Snowball Technique

The first step of program planning should always be A) Talking to community leaders about community needs B) Determining the program budget to purchase materials C) Pilot-testing survey questions to determine validity D) Conducting a literature review to develop research question

Talking to community leaders about community needs

A set of stimuli presented to an individual in order to elicit responses on the basis of which a numerical score can be assigned is referred to as

Test

Utilitarianism

The decision, behavior, or action that achieves the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

The purpose, or research question, must guide the evaluation design.

True

There are circumstance's where incomplete disclosure is acceptable, so long as undisclosed risks are no more than minimal, and debriefing sessions are planned.

True

A strategic plan should be thought of as a process rather than a final product.

True (??)

The most effective method of communication is interpersonal, or face-to-face.

True (????)

Which experimental design involves manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment of participants to groups? a. True Experimental b. Non-Experimental c. Semi-Experimental d. Quasi-Experimental

True Experimental

_________ is defined as the extent to which a test measures what it purports to measure.

Validity

The similarities and differences among the population are defined as

Variability

When something can be changed or manipulated during an experiment or intervention it is defined as a: a. Construct b. Theory c. Treatment d. Variable

Variable

When an individual's behavior is reinforced by seeing someone else being rewarded for performing this behavior it is termed:

Vicarious reinforcement

Which of the following is a strategy used for a true-experimental design a. Assigning participants to groups based on age b. manipulating the dependent variable c. exploring cause and effect of relationships d. All of the above are correct

exploring cause and effect of relationships

Subject attrition refers to individuals gained during a study.

false

Qualitative data results can be used to formulate research questions, and can also guide the foundation for further research predict and confirm ideas generalize the results of other research All of the above are true

guide the foundation for further research

_________ __________ is a particular type of difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage.

health disparity

___________ variables are fixed and not manipulated

independent

t-tests are used to determine if the ___ between two groups are statistically different

mean scores

Defined as most frequently occurring score.

mode