NTDT421 Exam 1

Systematic error definition

"Systematic error from repeated similar errors" such as true intakes mis-reported in some groups

random error/measurement error definition

"random in nature error" such as recall mistakes and database erros

5 Criteria for database accuracy

1 # of foods analyzed 2 Methods and analysis of food 3 Variation in the food item 4 Effect of processing and storing 5 Handling of missing data

when to use CDC charts?

2 years and older

What is the most common power-type index?

BMI; body wt relative to their height (wt/ht^2)

cross-sectional vs longitudinal research studies

Cross Sectional: conducting a survey of a sample of population elements at one point in time Longitudinal: repeated measures over time and tracks trends, behavior changes, amd effectiveness of intervention

What is a single-blind randomized trial

Either the investigator or subject, but not both of them, is unaware of the exact treatment the subject is receiving

technique for frame size

Elbow Breadth using a caliper

Nutrition screening vs nutrition assessment

Nutrition screening is done to identify an individual who is malnourished or at risk for malnutrition through a scoring system to determine if nutrition assessment is needed. Screening: only a few indicators are looked at Assessment: NCP

Observational study vs interventional study

Observational: individuals are observed or certain outcomes are measured. No attempt is made to affect the outcome. Interventional: treatment is implemented and the effect of the treatment is evaluated (useful for cause and effect)

quantitative vs qualitative research studies

Quantitative: classify or count variables of interest and use statistical models to evaluate data Qualitative: complete, detailed description of subject matter of interest (words, pictures)

when to use WHO charts?

children birth to 2

What is a case-control research study

enroll subjects that have the disease (cases) and those similar w/o the disease (control)

nutrient intake at or above the UL, the intake of nutrient is

excessive

Two comparments model measures what?

fat mass and fat free mass

USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL): mission, database, and update frequency

mission: develop authoritative food composition databases and state of art methods to acquire, evaluate, compile, and disseminate composition data on foods and dietary supplements. Database: USDA Nutrient Database for Standard References (SR). Updated yearly.

The 6 nutrients databases are not complete for; 3 minerals 3 Vits

1 Chromium 2 Selenium 3 manganese 4 Vit E (tocopherol) 5 Vit D 6 Vit K

3 challenges in estimating usual dietary intake

1 Daily variation of food and nutrient intake 2 Human error in recalling or recording diet 3 Limitations of nutrient composition tables and databases

2 standards for assessing height and weight

1 Hamwi (IBW) 2 Quetelets Index (BMI)

4 (of the 9) features of the diet analysis system's program operation to evaluate

1 Hardware 2 Cost 3 Portion size options 4 Ease of leanring

4 reasons why is body compotion important?

1 Health and disease 2 Performance 3 Longevity 4 appearance

What are the 9 steps to conduct research

1 Identify subject matter 2 search literature 3 develope hypothesis 4 design study 5 write protocol + consent 6 IRB reviews protocol + consent 7 collect data 8 analyze data 9 disseminate results

3 body size measures used to assess health of infants and children

1 Length 2 Head circumference 3 weight

4 factor considerations for diet assessment method selection

1 Setting (clinical, public, health, research) 2 Nutrient or nutrients of interest 3 Characteristics of the individual or population 4 Resources

4 (of the 6) features of the diet analysis system's output to evaluate

1 Tables and graphs 2 print outs 3 rank/sort option for certain nutrients 4 spreadsheet exportability

The 2 factors to consider when interpreting diet intake data

1 biological marker validity 2 theory methods for under reporting (compare to REE)

What are the 4 high degree "intra-individual" variable nutrients

1 calcium 2 Vitamin C 3 Vitamin A/carotenoids 4 Cholesterol

What are the 8 sites used for skinfolds?

1 chest 2 tricep 3 subscapular 4 midaxillary 5 suprailiac 6 abdomen 7 thigh 8 medial calf

What 4 things does body composition look at?

1 fat 2 muscle 3 water 4 BMD

3 factors to consider in selecting a computerized dietary analysis system

1 nutrient database (# of foods) 2 program operation (features and costs) 3 system outputs (reports and exportation ability)

5 applications/areas where nutrition assessment data can be used

1 research 2 intervention 3 Screening 4 Survey/surveillance 5 clinical setting

What age is standing height measured

2+

What is the DQI (Dietary Quality Index) and what is the score range?

A 10 indicator instrument used to assess the overall diet quality of groups and evaluate risk for chronic disease related to dietary pattern. Scored 0-100

What are nutrition interventions, what is the use, and an example

A program or treatment implemented to a person or group and must demonstrate is effective. Used to target a specific population, such as a group identified as 'at risk.' example: Fortification

ABCD vs NCP

ABCD: Anthropometric, biochem, clinical, dietary NCP: anthropometric, biochem (medical), nutrition focused findings, food/nutriont history, client history

andriod body fat distribution and 2 health risks

Apple Excess fat in the upper body in the abdomen, common in men HTN and DMT2

What is the HEI (Healthy Eating Index)

Asses diet quality and how well the diets of Americans adhere to federal dietary guidance and monitors changes in food patterns *used currently over DQI

what is the ASA24?

Automated Self-Administered 24 hour recall web based uses the automated multiple pass method

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Average daily nutrient intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) of healthy individuals in a specific age and gender group (EAR + 2SD)

What is a double-blind randomized trail

Both the investigator and the subject are unaware of the exact treatment the subject is receiving -Pills

What are nutritional surveillance studies, what is the use, and an example

Continuous or longitudinal monitoring of nutritional status of a select group of ppl. Used to Identify possible causes of malnutrition and evaluate policies and interventions. Example: NHANES (national health and examination survey)

Standard used to evaluate nutrient intake

DRIs

3 standards used for both food and nutrient intake

Diet Quality Index (DQI) Healthy Eating Index (HEI) US Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs)

DGAs vs DRIs

Dietary guidelines: qualitative advice to the public about diet and chronic disease prevention and maintaining health DRIS: quantitative advice for professionals about amounts of nutrients or food components found to be of benefit

What is the Dietary Guidlines for Americans (DGAs), how often is it revised?

Dietary recommendations for health promotion and chronic disease prevention, and helps with policymaking. Revised every 5 years

What is the purpose of literature reviewing

Find and understand current knowledge to prevent redundancy and contribute new info

The 2 diet assessment method that are group level

Food Account and Food Balance Sheet

When is a Food frequency questionaire chosen

For approximating an individual's usual intake, especially of nutrients consumed with high amounts of daily variability

length vs stature

Length: measured in infants and children <2 with an infantometer Height: measured in those ~2 or older using a stadiometer

Data for the 2000 CDC growth charts are based on what population and country?

Mix of Breast-fed and formula-fed infants in the US

Standard used to evaluate food intake

MyPlate

Gynoid body fat distribution and 2 health risks

Pear Excess fat in the hips, thighs, and butt, common in women high TGs and high LDL

prospective vs retrospective research studies

Prospective: subjects/cohort are identified and outcomes are studied by following subjects forward in time pro: researcher able to plan data collects and can find cause and effect relationships if longitudinal Retrospective: Look at outcome and attempt to uncover causes or relationships by going back in time pro: can interview a lot of people con: reliant on memory and unable to collect off the wanted info from all people at certain time points

The 2 types of height and weight indicies

Relative weight index and power-type index

T/F wasit to hip ratio is a good predictor of DM

TRUE

Frankfort horizontal plane

The line between the lowest point on the margin of the orbit and the tragion. Used for height

What are nutrional screening programs, what is the use

Tools to look for certain indicators and has scoring system Used to gathering indicators of nutritional status in individuals, entire population, or subgroups for malnutrition

When is knee height used and what equipement

Used to estimate height if person cannot stand using a Sliding knee caliber

What is protocol

Written report of the entire study including all of the details of the study design

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a specific age and gender group

Data for the WHO growth charts are based on what population and countries?

breast-fed infants in BINGO-USA Brazil India Norway Ghana USA

What reference can be used for relative weight index?

compare ABW to Hamwi

What 4 things need to be submitted to the IRB?

consent form, protocol, questionnaires, advertisements to recruit people

What is informed consent

document information needed for subjects to make an informed decision about whether or not to participate in something. Includes risks factors.

what are nutritional surveys, what is the use, and an example

generate info on prevalence and extent of nutrition related health problems. The info is used to allocate resources to specific groups or make policies for improvements. example: NHIS (national health and interview survey)

what is a case series?

intruging observation among a few people that is published diseminate the discription of odd findings to raise awareness

nutrient intake at or above the RDA, the intake of nutrient is...

likely adequate

24-hour recall use and usual intake representation

meal-based method to see last food and bev intake and quantity personal or phone interview does NOT provide indicator of usual intake

nutrient intake below the EAR, the intake of nutrient is...

needs improvement

nutrient intake is between the EAR and RDA, the intake of nutrient is..

probably needs improvement

the most widely used method of indirectly estimating body fat in a clinical setting

skinfold thickness method which measure subcutaneous fat only