PSY 350 CH. 14

Which of the following examples demonstrates how the situation changes the person? -One person responds to a failure by seeking friendship; another responds by avoiding contact with other people. -A person motivated to make an accurate decision about which laptop to buy for school conducts a great deal of unbiased research before the purchase; after the purchase, however, she does not want to hear any information that may suggest she made the wrong choice. -Violence-prone people are more likely to choose violent media entertainment. -A reserved person attends a liberal arts college, and by the end of his college experience, he has become an activist for politically liberal causes.

A reserved person attends a liberal arts college, and by the end of his college experience, he has become an activist for politically liberal causes.

Which of the following statements is a sound recommendation for consumers of social science? -People's reports are usually accurate so you can believe what you hear. -Don't trust evidence that converges too much. -Look for good descriptions to accompany explanations. -You need to be a methodological expert to consume social science.

Look for good descriptions to accompany explanations.

Which of the following statements about the evolutionary perspective is true? -The evolutionary perspective focuses on specific principles of survival and reproduction that only apply to humans who live in Western cultures. -The evolutionary perspective is linked to the sociocultural perspective in that evolutionary psychologists also look across cultures, but evolutionary psychologists search more for fundamental differences rather than similarities between people. -The evolutionary perspective's central assumption is that humans inherited a brain designed partly to help us deal with the problems of living in social groups. -The evolutionary and social learning perspectives are never linked because the social learning processes cannot reflect evolved behavioral mechanisms.

The evolutionary perspective's central assumption is that humans inherited a brain designed partly to help us deal with the problems of living in social groups.

Which of the following statements is true? -You should come away from social psychology with an interconnected set of theoretical principles that lay a foundation for understanding your social interactions in many areas of your life. -Being excluded from a social interaction activates the same neurological circuits as does gift giving. -According to the text, it is important to walk away from the study of social psychology with a bunch of interesting fun facts. -Athletes who are blind from birth make slightly different facial expressions than sighted athletes when they win or lose a contest.

You should come away from social psychology with an interconnected set of theoretical principles that lay a foundation for understanding your social interactions in many areas of your life.

The text discusses J. Edgar Hoover's ideas about communist conspiracies to demonstrate __________. -the important differences between normal and pathological psychological processes -the importance of a sociocultural perspective on psychological disorder -the dangers of alcohol abuse -how normally functional cognitive processes can overlap with, and contribute to, dysfunctional processes

how normally functional cognitive processes can overlap with, and contribute to, dysfunctional processes

Oklahoma State's Jaimie Krems discusses her research on how self-actualization is linked to other goals, such as status, affiliation, and parenting. Dr. Krems's research suggests that self-actualization -is only weakly linked to social goals and is mostly about individual intellectual needs. -is linked most closely to status and affiliation. -is only weakly linked to social goals and is mostly about spiritual fulfillment. -is linked to affiliation in males but to spiritual fulfillment in females.

is linked most closely to status and affiliation.

In Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech at the march on Washington, he associated his cause with powerful patriotic symbols and images of happy little children. A(n) __________ theorist focuses on positive and negative associations and conditioning. -social cognitive -evolutionary -sociocultural -social learning

social learning

The term that describes the process of using different research methods to examine the same problem is __________. -double-checking -proximate confirmation -confirmation -triangulation

triangulation

A(n) __________ explanation focuses on background or historical causes, whereas a(n) __________ explanation focuses on relatively immediate causes. -ultimate; proximate -proximate; ultimate -evolutionary; proximate -sociocultural; ultimate

ultimate; proximate

In this video, a University of Kansas professor and her colleagues describe how mating and self-protection motives can alter your economic ecisions. Professor Li's research on decision-making and social motivations found that -mating motivations made men, but not women, more cautious. -mating motivations made men, but not women, less cautious. -mating motivations made both sexes less cautious. -mating motivations generally made both sexes more cautious.

mating motivations made men, but not women, less cautious.

A social cognitive perspective focuses on __________. -triangulation -rewards and punishments in particular environments -group level processes such as different norms across societies -noticing, interpreting, and remembering

noticing, interpreting, and remembering

When Carol asked Jamal to join her group, he refused. Carol decided it was because his background of growing up in a rough neighborhood made him uncomfortable in his new surroundings. Her friend Amy said it was just that he perceived several members of the group as uninviting. Compared to Amy, Carol was using a relatively more __________ explanation. -ultimate -individualized -absolute -proximate

ultimate

Which of the following is a true statement? -Disease epidemics lead women to desire more sexual partners. -Giving away money activates the same brain regions that are associated with physical pain. -Asian Americans view love as an unmitigated positive experience; European Americans are more likely to see love as involving a blend of negative and positive feelings. -A woman's self-esteem drops if she thinks a man rejected her because of her status, whereas a man's self-esteem drops if he thinks the rejection was based on his appearance.

Disease epidemics lead women to desire more sexual partners.

Which of the following questions demonstrates the link between social psychology and developmental psychology? -How do gender norms affect helping behavior? -How does testosterone affect aggressive behavior? -What individual differences predict prosocial behavior? -Does attachment between mother and infant affect later relationships?

Does attachment between mother and infant affect later relationships?

Which of the following statements is true? -Even psychologically healthy people are susceptible to cognitive biases such as the availability heuristic and the confirmation bias. -Understanding normal psychological mechanisms cannot help us understand the function of disordered behavior because disordered behavior is so different. -Disordered social behavior arises from causes that are categorically distinct from normal psychological mechanisms. -Psychologically healthy people do not fall victim to cognitive biases like the availability heuristic and the confirmation bias.

Even psychologically healthy people are susceptible to cognitive biases such as the availability heuristic and the confirmation bias.

A famous actress is more likely to be invited to a party thrown by a rich and famous entrepreneur. This example best reflects which type of person-situation interaction? -People choose their situations. -Situations choose the person. -Different situations prime different parts of the person. -Different people respond differently to the same situation.

Situations choose the person.

Which of the following statements is true? -Social cognition is a dynamic process that may underlie major social problems such as international conflict. -Social cognition unfolds at the level of the group, whereas social dilemmas involve complex social interactions at the individual level. -Social cognition unfolds at the level of the individual, whereas social dilemmas involve complex social interactions at the group and global levels. -A social dilemma is a process of thinking about and making sense of oneself and others.

Social cognition unfolds at the level of the individual, whereas social dilemmas involve complex social interactions at the group and global levels.

Which of the following descriptions best demonstrates a link between social psychology and personality psychology? -Environmental factors stimulate aggression. -Memory processes are affected by events in the environment. -Traits inside an individual interact with the social environment. -Adult patterns grow out of early learning and predispositions.

Traits inside an individual interact with the social environment.

In experiments, __________ are factors accidentally varied along with the independent variable. -confounding variables -triangulations -meta-analyses -proximate explanations

confounding variables

When Gordon Allport made the observation that "the same fire that melts the butter, hardens the egg," he was referring to the idea that __________. -situations choose the person -situations change the person -different people respond differently to the same situation -people choose their situations

different people respond differently to the same situation

Social psychology is linked with other social sciences such as __________ as well as areas of biology such as __________. -economics; genetics -sociology; anthropology -ecology; ethology -ecology; genetics

economics; genetics

A researcher who studies human social behavior through the lens of natural selection is using the __________ perspective. -evolutionary -sociocultural -social cognitive -social learning

evolutionary

The __________ perspective focuses on the biological roots of some sex differences, whereas the __________ perspective suggests that sex differences sometimes get exaggerated through stereotypes. -sociocultural; cognitive -evolutionary; sociocultural -sociocultural; social learning -evolutionary; cognitive

evolutionary; cognitive

When Alice Eagly reviewed a large number of studies examining gender differences, she found that __________. -most people can fairly accurately assess which gender differences are large and which are small -the majority of people do not notice the small differences -most people don't have a good idea of which differences are large and which are small -most people greatly exaggerated most of the differences when men were better and minimized those in which women were better

most people can fairly accurately assess which gender differences are large and which are small

Proximate and ultimate explanations of social phenomena are best viewed as __________. -dichotomous categories -separate alternatives -points on a continuum -unrelated to each other

points on a continuum

From an evolutionary perspective, social behaviors of all animals, humans included, are ultimately associated with mechanisms designed to promote __________. -reproduction -immediate gratification -individual personal gain -social dominance

reproduction

According to Mark Leary and colleagues, __________ is a sociometric measure of whether we feel included or excluded by other people. -self-esteem -self-efficacy -attachment -personality

self-esteem

People are more likely to remember a woman's behavior as it relates to a stereotype, such as "nurturance." The way stereotypes influence memory is most directly linked to the __________ perspective. -social cognitive -evolutionary -social learning -sociocultural

social cognitive

The __________ perspective focuses on how expectations regarding appropriate behavior vary from society to society. -social cognitive -sociocultural -sociometric -social learning

sociocultural

Which of the following best describes triangulation? -the extent to which the findings of a particular research study extend to other similar circumstances or cases -the technique of using three different theoretical perspectives to analyze the same problem -a focus on background or historical causes -the technique of examining the same problem using different research methods, each having different biases

the technique of examining the same problem using different research methods, each having different biases

The text discussed various goals to help explain why people help others, why people act aggressively, why people fall in love, and so on. In considering all the goals discussed in different chapters of the text, the text concludes __________. -the diversity of goals underlying different social behaviors makes it unrealistic to condense them into a simple set -they are particular to the area they address, and do not extend beyond that -there are important commonalities across the different goals -in the ultimate analysis, it is not goals, but perceptions, that motivate most social behaviors

there are important commonalities across the different goals

Which of the following is one of the five broad fundamental social motives underlying human social behavior? -to alternate mates -to gain and maintain status -to undermine social competitors -to attain economic wealth

to gain and maintain status