PSYC 102 TEST 2

evolutionary bases

fear prompts us to flee anger moves us to fight love propels us to reproduce disgust helps us avoid illness purpose of emotional displays: inform others about our internal state

Early Testing

first intelligence test devised in 1904 by Alfred Binet - used on children to determine which ones might have a hard time in school - Louis Terman standardized the administration of the test and testing thousands of children to establish a norm

Why we forget

forgetting - loss of information or inability to access information from memory storage encoding failure - memory is never stored in the working or long term memory in the first place

memory retrieval

getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious memory storage and back into conscious awareness.

How long does vision last after it disappears? How long foes hearing last?

half a second 2 seconds

BASIC EMOTIONS:

happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust Paul Ekman

Ebbinghaus self study forgetting curve

he taught himself nonsense syllables and tried to see how long he could remember it - without practicing

Barriers to reasoning rationally

mental sets, anchoring bias, confirmation bias, hindsight bias, representativeness bias, availability heuristic, farming effect and losses/gains

Distortions of memory

misattribution - source of memory is confused suggestibility - false memories confabulations - filling in gaps bias - memories distorted by current belief system

Problems with Punishment

must be applied immediately and consistently does not teach or promote alternative, acceptable behavior may produce undesirable results such as hostility, passivity, fear results likely to be temporary may model aggression

A prisoner loses TV privileges for one week for a rule violation

negative punishment

Suspending a basketball player for committing a flagrant foul

negative punishment

A child snaps her fingers until her teacher calls on her

negative reinforcement

A parent nagging a child to clean up her room

negative reinforcement

Grounding a teenager until his or her homework is finished

negative reinforcement

Receiving a city utility discount for participating in a recycling program

negative reinforcement

A rat presses a lever to terminate a shock or a loud tone

negative reinforcement subtract pain to increase lever pressing

Neuronal Activity with Memory

neural communication is critical to forming memories

Hormones and emotion

neurotransmitter and hormonal differences related to emotional experience Fight or flight response: sympathetic nervous system directs adrenal glands to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine that energize the body.

Intellegence

not agreed by scientists: - single, general ability or multiple ones - skills and talents, or just aptitude

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Susie is a four-year-old child. One day she watches her mother vacuum the living room. Her mother comments to Susie, "Doesn't the living room look nice now that I've cleaned it?" The next day, her mother finds Susie "vacuuming" the living room with her toy vacuum

observational learning

You are thinking of asking the teacher for an extension on your paper. Just as you are about to go up to the teacher, another student approaches the teacher with the same request. The teacher appears angry, and very loudly and rudely turns down the student's request for an extension. You decide not to ask for an extension

observational learning

Observational Learning

observing others imitating models without direct experience cannot learn complex skills, but we can learn rules of behavior - vicarious punishment/reinforcement

Extinction

occurred when conditioned stimulus stops producing conditioned response - conditioned response may suddenly return in spontaneous recovery

At the end of a hard day Tracy drinks a glass of wine because it relieves her anxiety - which type of conditioning?

operant

Which kind of conditioning? Ben makes his child stop playing when she's mean to other kids

operant negative punishment

Alison, age four, needs to learn to speak up louder in class. Her parents and teacher agree that whenever Alison speaks up loudly in class, she will get a star on her chart. Whenever she accumulates 25 stars, she will get to go to Baskin-Robbins for ice cream. Alison starts speaking up in class more frequently

operant conditioning

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Tom is hammering nails into planks to build a fence. He experiments with holding the nail a different way and immediately hits his thumb with thehammer. OUCH! He continues his work, but he never holds the nail that way again

operant conditioning

Availability Heuristic

our frequency judgement are influenced by what is available - easily comes to mind Certain types of events are more available - very recent events, very dramatic events

Evaluating likelihood

overestimate deaths from natural disasters underestimate deaths from asthma - because the less our memory reflects frequency the less accurate our estimate of likelihood

Organizing the world

perception and memory is organized around our schemas information that does not fit often ignored or forgotten Information that does fit will be distorted in the direction of the schema

Intrusions

persistence - inability to forget undesirable memories strong emotions lead to vivid memories for an event - flashbulb memories - ptsd attempts to suppress traumatic memories backfire

Cannon-Bard

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently

A soccer player rolls her eyes at a teammate who delivered a bad pass

positive punishment

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

positive punishment

scolding a child for playing in the street

positive punishment

19. At a party, a husband becomes sullen when his wife flirts with a colleage

positive punishment add upsetti get no more flirtty

A hospital patient is allowed extra visiting time after eating a complete meal

positive reinforcement

memories can be in a specific part of our brain or many different spots.

simpler memory - localized complex - distributed

Encoding specificity

some associations we form during an experience are based on the context and our internal states. Contexts and states serve as retrieval cues

Algorithm

strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution. Formal reasoning: math, logic, deductive or inductvie

Evidence AGAINST repression

suggestive recovery techniques can lead clients to create false memories - hypnosis, guided imagery, intensive group therapy, dream analysis - patients want to believe - helps them understand their disorders corroborative evidence very rare likely retrieval failures distorted views of memory or false memories

Systematic processing vs Automatic processing

systematic - effortful, takes time and attention. is conscious automatic - no effort or attention

negative reinforcement

taking away something

positive reinforcement

adding something

arousal theory -

additional neurotransmission under emotional conditions strengthen memories

reproductive memory

memory is like a file cabinet, or video recording, that retains accurate copies of past experiences

reconstructive memory

memory is more like archaeology - we reconstruct the past form bits and pieces of information, using theories to guess what happened - memory is not a perfect record of our experience. - we create a plausible story based on any and all available information

Stimulus Generalization

similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus produces the conditioned response

Explanations for Classical Conditioning

- originally thought of as an automatic association - contemporary - acknowledge the importance of cognitive factors and evolutionary influences - Classical - an animal has set up an expectancy or an awareness of an event

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Biological preparedness

an organism is predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

Working memory

an updated dynamic form of short term memory - less like a storage place and more like a status conscious processing of information

eyewitness testimony

"best evidence" in court memories are not actually reliable: expectations schemas source confusion leading questions suggestive or misleading information

Why do phobias seem selective?

- humans biologically prepared to develop fears of objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to humans ancestors - researchers unable to produce a conditioned fear response to wooden blocks and curtains

Constructing language

- language is constructed through semantics and syntax

Learning to Fear

- phobias conditioned? - Stage 1 - parents panic (Undonditioned stimulus) makes you afraid (unconditioned response) Stage 2 - the sight of a snake (conditioned response) is followed by a parent's panic response (unconditioned response) Stage 3 - The snake alone (conditioned stimulus) now makes you afraid (conditioned response)

alternatives to punishment

- reinforce an incompatible behavior - stop reinforcing the problem behavior - reinforce the nonoccurence of the problem behavior - remove the opportunity to obtain positive reinforcement

semantics

- the meanings we derive fro morphemes and words colloquially - stuck on a tiny detail that doesn't matter

Undermining Intrinsic Motivation

- what happens if you add an extrinsic reward to intrinsic rewards? the person's motivation to perform is reduced unless the extrinsic reward is recognition of quality

Components of Language: Lexicon Grammar Syntax Morphemes Phoneme

- words in a language - set of rules used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon - the way words are organized into sentences - the smallest units of a language that convey some type of meaning - a basic sound unit

Behavior Modification 3 rules

1 - behavior to be modified must be defined precisely 2 - reinforcement must occur immediately 3 - the reinforcing event must be sufficiently pleasant or unpleasant

Three critical questions

1 - do you want to strengthen a response or weaken a response 2 - will you present a stimulus or remove a stimulus 3 - are you adding or removing a pleasant stimuli or unpleasant stimuli

Schacter's Seven Sins of Memory

1. Transience - acessibility of memory decreased over time 2. Absentmindedness - forgetting caused by lapses in attention 3. Blocking - accessibility of information is temporarily blocked 4. Misattribution - source of memory is confused 5. Suggestibility - false memories 6. Bias - memories distorted by beliefs/expecations 7. Persistence - inability to forget undesirable memories

Stages of Classical Conditioning

1.) Before learning occurs - a stimulus produces a response automatically 2.) The learning process - A new stimulus is associated with the original stimulus 3.) After learning - The new stimulus produces the response

source misattribution examples

29% of participants falsely believed they saw a person commit a crime when, in truth, they'd actually seen that person in a previous photograph the kid who was TOLD about a memory he didn't have and then he believed it

GROUP differences in IQ

= often based on environmental = within group variation greater than variation between groups = race is not a neatly defined biological catergory = infants of all races score equally well on infant Iq measures

Emotion

A complex psychological state or response that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.

High-Order Conditioning

A neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus instead of an unconditioned stimulus

Information processing: Automatic vs Effortful

AUTOMATIC encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words effort-full processing - encoding of details that takes time and effort - WHAT you last studied, learning new skills

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

memory retrieval

Theories of intelligence

Charles Spearman believed intelligence consisted of one general factor: g - focused on commonalities amongst various intellectual abilities

How does the brain organize information

Concepts & Categories - used to see relationships among different elements of experience - can be complex or abstract

After Conditioning: conditioned stimulus = ?

Conditioned response

Law of effect

Edward Thorndike proposed that behavior that is followed by a reward is more likely to recur

Repression

Frued proposed that we are motivated to forget traumatic events - an ego-defense mechanism - emotionally unpleasant or memories repressed by the conscious mind into unconscious

Dr Claparede's Handshake

H.M's hippocampal damage - Dr. Claparede shook hand with pin no explicit memory H.M refused later handshakes conditioned associations

long term memory - procedural memory

HOW memory learned with repetition or practice, performed unconsciously

Theories of Intelligence

Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences.

measuring intelligence

IQ standardization - consistent manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation norming - data collected comparing groups

Unlearned Behavior

Instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors that organisms are born with and help organisms adapt to their environment Reflexes; Instincts

Cortical Involvement

Left = prefrontal cortex involved in the approach response (happy or angry) Right = prefrontal cortex involved in a withdrawal/escape response (disgust or fear)

Associative Learning

Linking two events that occur close together in time associations between stimuli or associations between a stimulus and response

Behaviorism

Mental processes can not be observed so should not be considered. WATSON - learning is a change in the response to some stimulus

Instincts

More complex behaviors triggered by a broader range of events. Involve movement of more than one body part and higher brain centers

gender and emotion

No differences in EXPERIENCE of emotions, but gender influences display of emotion. Women are much better at reading cues, showing a wide range of emotions, and expressing their emotions, but men are more likely to express anger

Language Development

Noam Chomsky - proposed that the mechanism underlying language acquisition are biologically determined Innate language acquisition device: - language develops without instruction - similar patterns in children from different cultures/backgrounds critical periods - acquiring language is easiest earlier in life

Bandura's Bobo Doll

Observational Learning in children - classic bobo doll experiment media violence research inconclusive

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov learning an association between two stimuli Previously neutral stimulus comes to function like some other stimulus

Police pulling drivers over and giving prizes for buckling up

Positive reinforcement

Theories of Intelligence

Raymond Cattel - divided intelligence into two components CRYSTALLIZED intelligence - aquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. KNOWING facts FLUID intelligence - the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems - knowing HOW to do something

Reinforcement and Punishment

Reinforcement increases behavior Punishment decreases the behavior

Theories of Intelligence

Robert Sternberg's Triarch Theory analytic creative practical

Heuristics

Rules of thumb - shortcut to reduce number of solutions - guarantee of solution is lost applied automatically

Storage - Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Sensory Register -> Short Term Store -> Long-term store external events, sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

Operant Conditioning

Skinner psychologists should only study outwardly observable events through objective measures

Conditioning

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. Two types of conditioning: classical and operant

Stimulus Discrimination

similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus does not produced the conditioned response

Calvin was chased and attacked by an aggressive rooster when he was just barely three years old. As an adult he still gets frightened when he hears the word rooster, and he claims that birds make him nervous What are the US, CS, UR, and CR?

US:AssaultUR:FearCS:RoosterCR:Fear

Geraldine had an automobile accident at the corner of 32nd Street and Cherry Avenue. Whenever she approaches the intersection now, she begins to feel uncomfortable; her heart begins to beat faster, she gets butterflies in her stomach, and her palms become sweaty What are the US, CS, UR, and CR?

US:Automobile Accident UR:Anxiety CS:Intersection CR:Anxiety

When Jim met Judy, it was love at first sight. Jim cannot explain why it is that Judy turns him on because he knows girls that are prettier and who have more outstanding personalities. At their wedding, a perceptive family friend commented that there is something about Judy that reminds her of Jim's mother; maybe it is the way she smiles, or the pattern of freckles across her nose What are the US, CS, UR, and CR?

US:Mother's qualitiesUR:LoveCS:JudyCR:Love

8.When Trudy was four, Trudy did not have any particular reaction to, or interest in, yardsticks. From the time she was five, until she was eight, Trudy's parents beat her with a yardstick. Trudy was very upset every time she was beaten. Now Trudy becomes very upset every time she sees a yardstick. What are the US, CS, UR, and CR?

US=Being Beaten with Yardsticks CS=Seeing Yardsticks UR=Upset CR=Upset

During Conditioning: Neutral Stimulus + Unconditioned Stimulus = ?

Unconditioned response

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

Watson

Wechsler Tests

Wechsler developed a new IQ test by combining several subtests from other intelligence tests. measured a verbal and nonverbal abilities one of the most extensively used intelligence tests WAIS (adults) and WISC-V (children)

Hindsight Bias

a distortion of memory. The belief that you really did expect the unexpected. Leads to an overconfidence in your ability to make predictions

Conditioned response

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Reflexes

a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

Unconditioned Response

a naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus triggers a conditioned response

Learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

Negative punishment

a stimulus already exists, remove the pleasant stimulus then when the undesired response occurs it weakens the preceding response

Neutral Stimulus

a stimulus that elicits no response

Unconditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence we perceive what we expect or want to be true Type of motivated reasoning - explains political polarization

mental set

a way of approaching a problem - when a problem solving procedure works, we do not look for other solutions - functional fixedness - mental sets about function limit usage

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

antereograde

Operant

any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences

Conditioned / Secondary reinforces

are effective through learned association with primary reinforcers

Primary reinforces

are naturally reinforcing

Social-Cognitive Learning Theory

behavior is learned and maintained through observation, imitation, positive consequences, and cognitive processes - plans, expectations, and beliefs

partial reinforcement effect:

behaviors conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? being conditioned not to laugh at hats being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Secondary emotions

blends of primary emotions Culture specific emotions: - Schadenfreude - delight at someone else's misfortune - Han - resentment in helplessness - Amae - childish dependence on others

Brian Williams and Malcom Gladwell

brian williams was fired in 2015 for saying he was in a helicopter crash

Stereotype Threat

fear of confirming stereotypes impairs performance - achievement gap grows as stereotype awareness grows - both stereotype threat and lift - members of non-stigmatized groups are less anxious

Extinction processes or new conditioning

can help change unwanted responses to stimuli

anteriograde amnesia

can't remember new information

Intelligence: Genetic and Environmental Influenced

chromosomal regions and specific genes appear to influence intelligence TWIN studies demonstrate similarity in intelligence scores among the most genetically similar people

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

The quarterback feels terrified when he hears a defensive player's footsteps - which type of conditioning?

classical

Which kind of conditioning? Leon, a war veteran, ducked when he heard the car backfire on the street

classical stimulus generalization

Cognitive processes: classical vs operant

classical - develop expectations that conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus operant - develop expectations that a response will be reinforced or punished

Classical conditioning vs Operant conditioning

classical - learns association between events that it does not control operant - learns associations between its behavior and resulting events

biological predispositions classical vs operant

classical - natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can be easily associated operant - organism best learns behaviors similar to their natural behaviors. others instinctively drift.

Until she was eight, Barbara liked cats. When she was eight, she was bitten through the hand by a cat as she tried to get it out from under a bed. This was an upsetting experience. Since that time, Barbara experiences anxiety whenever she is near a cat

classical conditioning

Lazarus

cognitive-mediation theory physiological response determined by appraisal - beliefs, expectations, attributions, and perceptions of the situation influence the emotion that is experienced.

Exposure therapy or systematic desensitization therapy

combat psychological disorders using classical conditioning principles

Language

communication system based on words and grammar to transmit information from one individual to another. language gives you a structure to organize, share, and remember your thoughts

Schema

concepts AND propositions a generalized framework or knowledge structure - when activated, we automatically make assumptions about the person/object/situation

Prototypes

concepts are based on prototypes. The most typical instance or best example of a particular concept. propositions - connections between concepts

Explicit Memory

conscious intentional recollection of an event or item of information semantic and episodic

Errors in Reconstruction

construction is the formulation of new memories reconstruction is the process of recalling old memories when we retrieve memories, we tend to unintentionally alter and modify them, resulting in inaccuracies and distortions

Two pathways

cortex involved in interpreting and processing responses to stimuli. Some emotions - fear & basic likes and dislikes bypass cortex reaction happens too quickly for conscious awareness

Natural concept

created naturally through either direct or indirect experience is a coconut a FRUIT

state dependent memory

memory is influenced by internal cues such as physical mental or emotional state

Artificial/Formal Concepts

defined by a specific set of characteristics. Is THIS SHAPE a triangle

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Emotions & the SNS

different emotions stimulate different sympathetic nervous system responses anxiety - decrease in leg skin temp anger - increase in skin temp differing patterns of sympathetic nervous system activation are universal

Partial Reinforcement

does the behavior always extinguish if we don't continue to reinforce it? not if we use partial reinforcement instead of continuous reinforcement do not reinforce the behavior every time gradually reduce the number of reinforcements

How to Remember better

effortful encoding, processing, deep processing, active studying, elaborative rehearsal, retrieval

difference between moods and emotions

emotions - shorter term - intense feelings that are directed at someone of something moods - linked to event - longer term -feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus

hippocampus memory

encode and transfers new explicit memories to long-term memory recognition memory and spatial memory projects new information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other memories

medial temporal lobe memories

encodes and transfers new explicit memories to long-term memory

amygdala memory

encodes emotional aspects of memories fear memories/trauma/processes emotional information

Models of Memory: Computer encoding storage retrieval

encoding - getting information into memory storage - retaining information in memory retrieval - recalling or using encoded and stored information

episodic memory

event memory tied to time or place

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

extrensic reinforcers

external reinforcements such as money, praise, and promotions

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

Leading Questions

how fast were the cars going when they ________ each other. (contacted, hit, bumped, collided, smashed) the estimations increased when they used more severe words Did you see any broken glass? if they said smashed or collided then YES is contacted or bumped then NO memory changed to be consistent with the activated schema

Role Schema

how individuals in certain roles behave

conditioned associations

implicit memory also included associations or behaviors learned through conditioning.

retrieval failure

inability to access information that is represented in memory. Information available but not accessible availability - info is in memory accessibility - can be retrieved at a specific time/place

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

WHY do we experience retrieval failure?

interference - related knowledge gets in the way of retrieval encoding specificity - features of retrieval do not match features of encoding blocking - information briefly inaccessible

semantic memory

knowledge not tied to time or place. organized by category

Operant conditioning

learning active, typically voluntary behaviors that are shaped and maintained by their consequences - what will happen if I behave this way?

Latent Learning

learning is not immediately expressed Tolman and Hoznik - animals learn a cognitive map or mental representation

Physiology of emotion in the brain

limbic system: hypothalamus - activates stress response amygdala - evaluates emotional importance of sensory information thalamus - sensory relay center hippocampus - integrates emotional experience with memory

Storing memories involves three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

Amnesia

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events prior to the trauma

Rehearsal

maintenance rehearsal = keeps in working memory longer = shallow processing elaborative rehearsal = elaboration - interpreting information and connecting it with other representations = deep processing

Positive reinforcement

means ADDING a good or bad thing to increase or decrease a behavior - reward when desired response occurs - strengthens the preceding response

Negative reinforcement

means TAKING AWAY a good or bad thing to increase or decrease the behavior - an unpleasantt stimulus already exists - remove the unpleasant stimulus when the desired response occurs - strengthens the preceding response

suggestibility

memories altered by new information - participants saw pics of a car accident that included a stop sign - participants then shown a similar picture with a yield sign and asked if they had seen it before (said yes) - when participants described the accident later, most of them recalled a yield sign

cerebellum memory

memories involving movement procedural memories damage to cerebellum can prevent classical conditioning like an eyeblink

Connections and Retrieval Cues

memory connections formed via elaborative rehearsal and deep processing facilitate retrieval generate words with same or opposite meaning define relationships relate to existing knowledge

Positive punishment

present something unpleasant when the undesired response occurs which weakens the preceding response

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. operant primary classical secondary

primary

Memory retrieval

priming, measure implicit memory a person is exposed to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task

Biological Limits

principals of operant conditioning are limited by an animals genetic predisposition

Interference in memory

proactive interference - your existing knowledge interferes with your memory for new information retroactive interference - new information interferes with your memory of old knowledge

Encoding memory

process by which information is transformed into a memory representation. Information is labeled/coded, organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts

Explicit memory:

recall - the ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material without cues Recognition - the ability to identify previously encountered material relearning - a method of measuring implicit memory, compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material

Shaping

reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior

memory consolidation

repeated neuron activity - more neurotransmitters in the synapse - stronger synaptic connections

confabulation

replacing a gap in memory by falsification believed to be true imagined events can become memories if - repetitions - detailed - plausible

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde, antereograde

Environmental Influences to intelligence

role of prenatal care, malnutrition, toxins, stressful family situation, living in disadvantaged and impoverished neighborhoods children who do not perform well on IQ tests tend not to perform well in school

Context Dependent Memory

same context means more relevant associations leading to the material we want to remember

Automatically processing

saves time and energy can lead to errors IE: automatically using schemas where not appropriate

prefrontal cortex memories

sequence of events, but not the events themselves semantic memory

Event schemas

set of routine or automatic behaviors may vary widely dictates behaviors make habits difficult to break

Moving into long term memory

short term memories are either discarded or stored in long-term memory memory consolidation - transfer of STM to long-term memory. - can be achieved through rehearsal.

blocking memory

temporary retrieval failure tip of the tongue - sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being unable to retrieve it.

Short term memory

temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory through encoding limited capacity lasts about 20 seconds - magic number 7 +/-2

anchoring bias

tendency to focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem (Often a number) - serves as a starting point - adjustment from there involves deliberate processing

chunking

the ability to condense information - requires effort - does not increase working memory capacity - capacity correlates strongly with IQ, reasoning, reading comprehension, changes with age

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas divergent thinking - thinking outside the box convergent thinking - ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem

Emotional Intellegence

the ability to understand ones emotions and the emotions of people with whom one interacts with on a daily basis

Intrinsic reinforcers

the feeling of enjoyment that comes from doing something well

Representativeness

the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the prototype of the event can produce faulty estimates if: - events are not equally likely - possible variations from the prototype are not considered - the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist are not considered

cognition

the mental activities associated with acquiring, attaining, retaining, and using knowledge. Usually directed towards a goal, purpose, or conclusion

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice sitting very still in the classroom the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light becoming bored at a wedding

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

flashbulb memories

the recall of very specific details or images surrounding a significant, rare, or meaningful event. gradually decay as much over time emotionally charged perceived more vivid and accurate than they really are

Long term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. - episodic memory - semantic memory - priming - procedural memory

cognitive psychology

thinking, perception, knowledge, problem-solving, judgement, language, memory

sensory memory

tied to sensation and perception. Briefly retains sensory information to allow for later integration - no MEANING assigned to the event

How do we use heuristics?

too much information time to make decision is limited the decision is unimportant access to very little information to use in making the decision when an appropriate heuristic happens to come to mind in the moment

Schachter-Singer

two-factor theory emotions result from cognitive interpretation and physiological arousal

Implicit memory

unconscious retention in memory,a s evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions

memory decay

unused information fades away ----- decay is initially caused by attention or encoding disruption ----

Classical conditioning in humans

usually emotional responses - fear, anger, delight, disgust Associative learning in advertising

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

source misattribution

we often forget the source of our information and misremember - when you learned something - who you learned it from - whether it was even true

James-Lange

we perceive a stimulus then physiological and behavior changes occur we experience these changes as a particular emotion

working memory vs long-term memory

working: - temporary - limited capacity - easier long-term: - long-lasting - large capacity - harder

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

you can learn new behaviors by observing others

Bias in memories

your feelings and view of the world can distort your memory of past events stereotypical bias egocentric bias hindsight bias