Soc Exam 2

grand father clause

if you had the right to vote before the civil war, you don't have to pay the tax

Laquen McDonald

- 17-year-old killed in Chicago - Initial report said it was justified and didn't list the number of shots - Said he was looking "crazed" - He was shot 16 times in 13 seconds. 10ft away and walking away from the officers when shot - Covered up the video which shows shooting - First cop to receive murder charges in 35 years

DACA's outcome

- DACA recipients are required to renew their status every 2 years. - The program is still in effect today. - Roughly 665,000 DREAMers have received DACA status - Out of an estimated 2 million eligible

prison labor camps

- Developed and expanded to control and confine people of color after the end of slavery - This served as a function of the re-enslavement of African Americans -Prison slavery camps constituted a new kind of slavery - Convict leasing programs were introduced in order to uphold an economic system that was built on racial domination - Helped to meet labor shortages created by the emancipation of slaves and deaths of poor whites who died in civil war - Forced prisoners to work for private companies for no pay - People were being worked so hard they died before their term was up (very similar to indentured servitude)

things considered "rape" if done by a black man

- Didn't take off hat in front of a white woman - Winked at a white woman - Laughed behind a white woman's black

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

- "Separate but equal" accommodations in railroad cars met 14th amendment's right to equal protection under law - Used to justify segregation in all public facilities

social consequences of mass incarceration: financial

- $27,000/year to incarcerate one person - $50 billion/year for incarcerated population

Early African American Education

Post-Civil War: African Americans forcefully excluded from education - Didn't want to pay taxes for black school so didn't even pay for their own schools This occurred for two reasons: - Education makes blacks more difficult to exploit - Equation is "the great equalizer" • White people would have a symbolic cost. They didn't want blacks to be seen as above them.

Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)

Gave unauthorized immigrants an opportunity to apply for a legal status if they met a set of requirements. Sometimes referred to as amnesty

Shelby County v. Holder (2013)

Supreme Court decision that allowed many of these laws to be passed - Now no area was under the preclearance requirement and completely removed it - Now states don't have to argue to the federal government of why they are making changes

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

Supreme Court ruled to integrate University of Texas School of Law - NAACP and Thurgood Marshall helped

resisting desegregation

Supreme Court vague on benchmarks and timelines; suggest that states comply with "all deliberate speed" Southern whites formed Citizen Councils to fight integration - Attempted to abolish publish education - Initiated legislation that made integration practically impossible

Educational Inequality in the 21st Century

The reading and math score gap has decreased for blacks and Hispanics, but whites still have higher scores.

index of dissimilarity

a scale 0-100 or no segregation to no integration used to test the diversity of an area

familism

a specific variant of social capital having to do with one's attachment, and reliance, on family-based relationships - especially important component of Hispanic culture

13th amendment

abolished slavery (except for punishment for crime)

American Indian Boarding Schools

- 1860s: white people sought new ways to "civilize" America's indigenous people. Goal was to white-wash Indians. Build away from the reservations so parents couldn't visit - Late 1870s: reformers began opening boarding school for American Indians. Parents forced to send children or would be imprisoned or punished - Students forbidden to speak native language, practice their religion, or sing traditional songs because it was immoral - Civil Rights Era: Native Americans gained full control over the education of their children - 1966: 1st American Indian-controlled school founded - 1968: 1st American Indian-controlled college founded -Navajo Community College - Effects of colonialist education still felt today

Radical Fall of Proportion of Immigration in U.S.

- 1924 had a huge limitation of immigration - KKK Membership dropped in 1930 because the immigration bill gave the KKK what it wanted

the prison boom

- 1925-75: prison population fluctuated between 100K and 200K - Began to skyrocket around 1975; 1.4 million prisoners by 2000 - 1970-2003: number of state and federal prisons grew 7-fold - By 2003: over 7 million people were under the supervision of the criminal justice system

little rock nine

- 1957: nine black teens selected by NAACP to integrate Little Rock Central High School - First high school in a major city to be desegregated (3 years after ruling) - Block by Arkansas Citizens Council and Arkansas National Guard - Black students able to enter only after Eisenhower provided them with an army escort

growing critique of incarceration

- 1970 to today: lynching and radicalized terrorism on the decline, convict leasing curtailed - In 1970s, experts began to question effectiveness of incarceration • Wanted more rehabilitative methods • Must fight crime at the roots: poverty, institutional racism - Prison criticized as an expensive, unhelpful, and racist institution

3-strike laws

- 3 felonies meant life in prison - Bill Clinton was president at the time, but now regrets this law

political consequences of mass incarceration

- 5.3 million Americans cannot vote due to felony conviction - 13% of African American men are disenfranchised

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)

- Administrative arm of DHS - Responsible for processing and adjudicating affirmative applications for immigration benefits/reliefs - Approx 6 million applications/year - Fee for service

the lynch mob

- After the fall of slavery, lynch mob rose as a way to control, confine, and kill people of color - Whites argued that lynching "kept white women safe from the black male rapist" - White women's bodies were used as a pretext for lashing out at black men, most of the black men accused of race were innocent - Lynch mob thrived on the widespread belief that black men were violent, they were predators --> spread during reconstruction up until the years after the civil war

world incarceration leader

- America does not have higher crime rate than other industrialized nations but has was more people incarcerated. - South Africa 3x the average - Russia 6x bigger than South Africa - U.S. highest in the world

residential segreation

- America is more racially segregated today than it the years following the civil war - At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of black people in northern cities lived in majority-white neighborhoods - By the end of the 20th century, most black people lived in neighborhoods that were majority black - Milwaukee: In 1890 the average black person resided in a neighborhood that was 1% black. Today the average black person lives in a neighborhood that is 70% black

Immigration Reform and Control Act: outcome

- Approximately 3 million immigrants gained legal status. - Overall crime, primarily property crime, reduced by 3-5% due to increased employment opportunities

Eligible Childhood Arrival

- Arrived in the U.S. before their 16th birthday - Lived continuously in the U.S. since June 15, 2007 - Under 31 on June 15, 2012 - Physically present in the U.S. on June 15, 2012 and at time of application for deferred action - No lawful status on June 15, 2012 -Completed/enrolled in High school or GED program AND/OR honorably discharged from armed forces - Not convicted of felony or serious misdemeanors, or three or more other demeanors - Pose no threat to national security or public safety

Racialized Fear of Crime

- Asked commuters to sign petition to eliminate 3-strick laws - In one showed mug shots were 25% were black (50% agreed to sign) and the other 45% were black people (28% agreed to sign)

Eric Garner - NYC

- August 2014 - Chocked to death - even though this was prohibited by the police - Said "I can't breathe" 11 times in the video - Unarmed - Gained attention because it was caught on video - Officer not indicted

Michael Brown

- August 2014, shot in Ferguson, Missouri - In 2014, grand jury didn't indict the officer, so the cop was let free, not enough evidence -Deemed that the cop feared for his life, so he had the right to shoot

the War on Drugs

- Between 1981 and 2001, drug control spending increased from $2 billion to over $18 billion - Police officers focused on poor, nonwhite communities - Despite decline in drug use during the 1980s and the higher rate of white drug use than black drug use - Affluent areas had drug deals in homes, so it was harder to catch - People of color more likely to use crack cocaine than powder cocaine

Racialized school discipline

- Black boys receive more punishment, suspensions, and expulsions - Among students classified as overtly aggressive, blacks were more likely to be disciplined than any other group (but trend varied based on race of teacher) - Research suggest that black male students do not act out more than white male students

the War on Drugs effects on youth

- Black drug use rates < white - Black drug imprisonment rates much > white

the War on Drugs effects on adults

- Black drug use rates slightly > white - Black drug imprisonment rates much > white

death penalty disparities

- Blacks 38% more likely than white to be sentenced to death; 79% of completed capital case involve white victims (only 50% if murder victims are white) - People accused of killing white people are 4x as likely to receive death penalty as those accused of killing blacks - Exoneration by DNA evidence: since 1989, 233 people found innocent; 138 of them were black, 59 white, 19 Latino

incarceration rates

- Blacks are 12% of monthly drug users, 38% of those arrested for drug offenses, and 59% of those in state prisons for drug offenses - Blacks are sent to prison for drug offenses at 10x the rate of whites - In 2000, the U.S. finally surpassed Russia and now has the highest rate of incarceration in the world: 690 of 100,000, a rate of 4-6x other nations - For men 20-40: Hispanic men are 3 times more likely and black men 8 times more likely to be in prison than white men

Atlanta compromise

- Booker T. Washington's Idea - Speech saying that giving political power to blacks was a mistake and that blacks should be submissive to whites - Blacks should work hard, not fighting for civil rights - Asked whites to treat blacks fairly by providing education and due process of law - Industrial Education - Thought blacks should stay in their low jobs position - This was favored by whites, which allowed him to fund a school (Didn't reflect his true beliefs but knew this was needed for progress) - Other black leaders disliked this speech

Booker T. Washington

- Born into slavery - After fall of slavery he became a powerful black leader - Disliked the state of black education - Atlanta compromise

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)

- Broadly responsible for the militarization of the southern border - Required deported immigrants to stay outside the U.S. for either 3 or 10 years before applying for legal entry - Placed new, severe restrictions on legal immigration Previously, immediate deportation was triggered by felonies for which over 5 years in jail was the penalty - Under IIRIRA very minor offenses could trigger deportation. Applied retroactively - In 2001 SCOTUS ruled the retroactive application of the provision unconstitutional

freedom rides of 1961

- CORE (Congress of Racial Equity) tested new ruling that outlawed segregation in interstate bus terminal - Riders were beaten, buses set on fire; SNCC offered support; JFK sent Federal Marshals to protect them

implicit bias in schools

- Can influence teacher's expectations for student's academic success - Teachers and school administrators often choose more serve punishment for black students than for white students for the same offense

The Hunted and the Hated Video

- Cops are told to do stop and frisks - Cops try to set people up to get violent, so they can arrest them - if cops have too few stops, they can loss their job - Can only get promoted if you have enough arrests and will put you on bad shifts and in unsafe places if you don't get enough arrests - "Officers with low numbers of stops, summonses and arrests are subject to disciplinary action." - Minorities and poor are easier to target because they don't have the ability to fight back - "The NYPD is one of New Your City's only agencies to operate without independent oversight, leaving officers no safe place to file complaints about police practice and systemic problems." - Court ruled that the way NYPD does stop-and-frisk is illegal

Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986

- Created a 100 to 1 sentencing disparity for crack vs. powder cocaine possession - Reduced to 18 to 1 by 2010 Fair Sentencing Act - 80% of those imprisoned under Anti-Drug Abuse Act were black

A Matter of Place - video

- Discriminate with a handshake and a smile - 1968 - could tell poc they would rent because of race - Wouldn't insure houses in minority neighborhoods - leading to slums - Build public housing that was greatly segregated - Easier to not deal with complaints about harassment - Built afforded housing in poor neighborhoods causing segregation - Use fair housing testing to put people in place and catch unfairness

the origins of the American justice system

- Early conceptions and practices of justice, crime, and punishment were formed under conditions of colonialism and slavery - European systems of justice overshadowed Native American criminal justice - Enslaved African Americans were excluded from the most basic protections of the law - From its inception, American law permitted people of color to be brutalized, dehumanized, and killed - It is within this contradiction—the exaltation of freedom for most but at the expense of some—that the American justice system was formed

The Role of Economics

- Economic inequality and educational inequality are wound tightly together - Students with highly education and wealthy parents are advantaged in the educational realm - Because of racialized economic inequality, black and Hispanic parents have fewer resources to invest in their children's schooling - High income leads to higher college completion rates and higher testing scores - Higher education leads to higher income levels later in life

Immigration Reform and Control Act: requirements

- Entered the U.S. prior to January 1, 1982 - Resided in the country continuously - Pay a fine & back-taxes - Admitted to guilt in violating immigration policy - No criminal history - Demonstrate knowledge of U.S. history, government, and the English Language

economic consequences of mass incarceration: income

- Ex-convicts earn 30-40% less per year than someone with same job skills and education - Double for black men

DACA advocate concerns in 2012

- Extensive information is being provided to the federal government in exchange for a "promise" not to deport. - Creates a government database of young undocumented immigrants; low hanging fruit for an administration with a strong deportation agenda. - Program was created by Executive Action, therefor, a future administration could end the program with the stroke of a pen. - Denied applications could be used to target applicants. - If granted that status, any misstep could result in targeting for deportation. - If reputable attorneys refuse to assist with the application process it is highly likely that applicants will instead use "notaries."

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

- First major U.S. immigration law - Denied entry to the U.S. to Chinese Laborers - Originally authorized for 10 years - Renewed in 1892 for another 10 years - Made permanent in 1902

how ghettos reinforced racial inequality

- Ghettos served as convicting evidence for white homeowners that black residents would ruin neighborhoods - Ghettos justified further disinvestment in black neighborhoods - Urban Renewal

Obama's intentions

- Given how long the DREAM Act (since 2001) has been stalled, provide temporary relief from the threat of deportation, a legal work permit, and access to driver's licenses to DREAMers; and - Created a pool of people who have "prequalified" for conditional residency under the DREAM Act, should it ever be passed

Alabama literacy test

- Had to read a section of the constitution aloud - Whites were given easy sections, while black were given difficult sections - No oversight of the examiner

policing institutional racism

- Heightened Surveillance in poor, non-white neighborhoods - Racial profiling: African Americans are 6 times more likely to be pulled over

family consequences of mass incarceration: marriage

- Higher proportion of black men in prison leads to larger impact on black women's marriage prospects - Low rates of intermarriage in the U.S. adds to this

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) Preferences

- Highly skilled/trained workers; and - Family Reunification

drug arrest quadrupled: who did this affect?

- Hit Puerto Rican men hard - Black men were 2x as likely to be arrested - Whites were 2-3x more likely to go to the hospital for drug use - Marijuana Use • White people use marijuana more often, but blacks are 2.5-4x more likely to be arrested for use.

Operation Wetback (1954)

- Immigration law enforcement initiative developed by General Joseph Swing the Director of the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Service (INS) - Implemented by Attorney General Herbert Brownell Allocation of 750 offices; 300 jeeps, cars, and busses; and seven planes - Between 1-2 million removals - Hundreds died of drowning - Many U.S. citizens and legal residents of Latin origin were removed. Either a huge success OR a human rights travesty - Some contemporary government officials are calling for a similar program of a much larger scale

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

- In response to 9/11 - Immigration and Nationality Services (INS) under the Department of Labor was dissolved, Homeland Security (DHS) replaced it

Stop-and-Frisk in NYC

- Justifications include "inappropriate offseason attire" and "furtive movements" - In 9 out of 10 cases in 2011, those stopped were neither arrested nor given a summons - Between 2002-11, police stops greatly increased and most of the stops were Black or Latino people - Blacks made up 23.4% of NYC population, but made up 53% of stops - Most stops were young men, especially young black men - Police are more likely to use force against Blacks and Latinos

effects of cultural capital

- Knowing how to sound confident and smart - Knowledge of highbrow culture like politics, art, music Ex. books, music lessons, museum visits - conferred by class background and reproduces one's class position - Whatever class you are born in, makes it easier to live in that class - encourages academic success - Leads to understanding hidden curriculum

family college benefits

- Knowledge of where and how to apply - Why it is important - Preparation to be eligible to apply - Having college paid for

origins of the ghetto

- Major cities experienced housing shortages - Most housing was built for whites during the 1930-40s - Federal House Administration (FHA) denied loans to many people of color • Didn't want racially integrated neighborhoods because they believed they could cause unrest - Real estate brokers refused to show "designated areas" to people of color - Deeds included race restrictive covenants (not legal) - Slumlords made money by ignoring housing repairs and occupancy codes and by charging inflated rents -In 1960, the median rent payment was $76 for black people and $64 for white people living in better conditions

the great migration

- Massive movement of blacks from rural south to urban North - moved to escape Jim Crow and racial terrorism, for economic reasons, and due to job shortages in the South and job vacancies in the North - Between 1910-30, 1.5 million blacks migrated north, between 1940-60, another 3 million followed - Also moved to California

enforcement disparities

- Mexico has most of the deportations (62.4%), even though they only 52.4% of the immigrant population - Mainly deport South Americans

effects of oppositional culture

- Molded by structural and historical forces; rooted in times of slavery and conditioned by economic inequality - Black and Latino students are unwilling to adopt certain behaviors that are perceived as uniquely "white" but that would allow them to succeed in school - Many researchers have been critical of the way this concept has been used - Studies show minorities do care about school

changing demographic

- More immigrants today - Mexico makes up the largest foreign-born population - All races equally want to work and foreign-born work more than native born - Mexico and foreign-born populations are more likely to be impoverished - Indians make the most - Spatial segregation is still a problem

White vs. black criminal treatment

- More likely to be tried as adults - Tend to receive tougher punishments - More likely to be viewed as inherently criminal - Black arrests for aggravated assault are jailed nearly 1/3 longer than whites arrested for the same offense

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

- NAACP lawyers used social-scientific evidence to argue that schools were separate and unequal - Court's unanimous decision dismantled the legal basis of racial segregation - Agreed that the schools weren't equal and ended the legal segregation of school - Took decades to bring actual change

immigration courts

- NOT part of the judicial branch - Administrative court organized through the Department of Justice - Broad authority granted as part of national security apparatus - not enough judges for cases

policing arrest rates

- Nationally, 13 blacks in 100 are arrested annually, 5/100 whites - In Wisconsin, 6/100 white compared to 41/100 - Blacks 10x more likely in Madison 2.6/100 white and 27/100

Reasons Lower Class have worse health

- No time because having to work more jobs and take public transportation - Not safe to exercise in bad neighborhoods - Can't buy or access healthy food - Higher stress lifestyles - Less power and control in their life - Stress is chemically damaging to the brain

naturalization law (1790)

- Not an immigration law; did not regulate entry to the U.S. - Limited Naturalization to free white persons of good character who had lived in the U.S. for at least 2 years and children of U.S. citizens born aboard - Originally excluded American Indians, indentured servants, free blacks - Later used to exclude Asians

what's behind the prison boom?

- Only 12% of the rise in incarceration between 1980 and 1996 was driven by a rise in crime rate - The remaining 88% was driven by changes in sentencing policy - Limitations on parole - Mandatory minimum sentences - Mandatory life sentence for non-violent crimes - 3-strike laws - drug arrests quadrupled

racial gap in trafic stops in Milwaukee

- Out of 46,000 traffic stops, blacks are 7x more likely to be pulled over and Hispanics 5x more likely than whites - Police also searched black drivers 2x the rate of white drivers, but those searches didn't lead to a higher rate of seized weapons, drugs, or stolen property - Disparities in Milwaukee are greater than other large metro police departments, including Charlotte, Kansas City, Raleigh, and St. Louis

voting rights act of 1965

- Outlawed literacy tests and other discrimination voting laws - Included special provisions for jurisdiction with histories of race-based voter discrimination (eg. Pre-clearance requirements)

American's Fear of Crime

- People saw drugs and crime as a larger problem than it was, and wanted more to be done about it - People who live in areas with higher proportion of young black men think their neighborhood has a higher crime rate than do people in majority-white neighborhoods - Media converge affect people's belief in crime - 1990-1998: murder rate fell by 20%, but stories about murder on network news increased by 600% - Crimes committed against black men are under-reported

Louisiana test video

- People took the test - Weirdly phrased questions that were impossible to answer, especially in the allotted time

who does the photo ID law affect?

- Poor people (don't have cars so don't need a license) - Urban/inner-city residents (public transportation makes it cheaper not to have a car) - College students - All three of these groups tend to vote democrat

Tough on Crime Policies

- Racialized fear of crime has been exploited by "law and order" politicians and policy makers to institute harsher penalties for crime - Both parties were tough on crime, now both parties are speaking out against these policies - Racialized fear has also used to garner public support for racialized policing practices

Repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act 1943

- Repeal as part of a strategy to undermine Japanese attempts to turn China against U.S. during WWII - Replaced by the allocation of 105 approximately visas

Immigration Reform and Control Act: provisions

- Required employers to attest to the lawful immigration status of their employees - Made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit immigrants without proper authorization to work

Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act aka. Arizona Senate Bill 1070 (SB1070)

- Required legal immigrants to carry identification documents at all times - Allowed police to arrest people solely on the suspicion that they are undocumented - Obligated police officers to determine the immigration status of any person for which they had a reasonable suspicion was an undocumented immigrant - Required that confirmation of immigration status be obtained from the federal government before releasing anyone arrested - Made it illegal to "conceal, harbor, or shield" and undocumented immigrant or even encourage an undocumented immigrant to move to Arizona

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

- Responsible for interior and investigative immigration enforcement - Given broad authority under as a national security enforcement organization

migration to cities

- Rise of industrialism --> rise of cities --> mass migration to cites - Racial and ethnic groups tended to cluster together in crowed neighborhood - Prosperous European immigrant families were able to assimilate into white mainstream - Nonwhites forbidden by law or custom to live anywhere else in cities beside their own enclaves

racism in the north

- Rundown urban neighborhoods became overcrowded because they weren't allowed to live anywhere else - Districts were filled with crime, disease, and poverty - Black people were exploited as a cheap and expendable labor force - African Americas were isolated from the surrounding white populations, different from the south

freedom summer 1964

- SNCC went to Mississippi to grassroots organize to help blacks vote - Organized by SNCC and SCLC - Worked to increase voter registration - Initiated Freedom Schools to bring education to poorest areas (serving over 3,000 students) - Very successful - By the end of Freedom Summer there was 4 death and a lot of injuries and arrests

modern civil rights movement (1954-68)

- Series of social and political movements used to end segregation and discrimination - Wanted citizenship rights - that had not been extended

Reasons for an increase immigration population

- Severe penalties led to communities developing sophisticated strategies to avoid law enforcement - People stopped leaving. Reentry became so difficult that instead of moving between countries, many decided to stay permanently in the U.S. rather than leave and risk being unable to return. - Families began moving to U.S. to live with the "bread-winner" - The militarization of the border turned the facilitation of unauthorized entry to the U.S. into the marketable service

civil rights act of 1964

- Signed into law by President Johnson in July, 1964 (called for by Kennedy in 1963) - Ended discriminatory voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, the workplace, and "public accommodations"

literacy tests

- Slaves weren't allowed to learn to read, so didn't know how - Applied in a way that it was impossible to pass - Also had a grandfather clause

W.E.B. Du Bois

- Sociologist and economic - Earned PhD from Harvard - Wanted equal rights for blacks - Believed in equal rights and though education should be the same. Can get industrial and higher education - NAACP - Created this and supported civil rights - Need education to gain freedom - Talented Tenth

advanced marginality

- Spatial and social segregation - Exclusion from economic prosperity - Limited access to state services and consumer goods

rhetoric of racial transcendence

moving beyond a focus of race and seeing everyone as Americans - Used to ease fears of white people

Terry v. Ohio

- Stop-and-Frisk does not violate 4th Amendment - Set up standard of "reasonable suspicion" - Officers "must be able to point out specific and articulable facts" that justify suspicion

Keepin' it Real

- Students "perform blackness" or "act "Spanish" but aren't apathetic towards school - Resistance is about maintaining culture

Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893)

- Supreme court held that deportation was an administrative procedure and not a punishment; therefor - Constitutional protections generally afforded those being punished did not apply, including trial by jury - The decision still holds the status of legal precedent

The Immigration Paradox - movie

- The lack of protections for immigrant workers, allows them to be exploited - The less you spend on workers, the more money you earn - The reason people come here illegally, is because they can't get in legally - Only give out 5,000 worker visas a year - Globalization leads to unfair working situations in the world - NAFTA increase profits, put people out of work through machines. Caused more migration - U.S. seen as exciting new land with opportunities - Other countries lose $2 billion a day from bad trade deals - Only government and a few wealthy people gain from trade - We need to look at how a trade deal will affect whole economy in a country - By companies leaving the country, others must pay more taxes - U.S. workers work more and longer than other countries - Private prison industry makes money by locking up blacks and illegal immigrants

Department of Justice Report on Ferguson Police

- The police have violated black rights - 90% of violence was against black and they faced more jailing, arrests - Several police and court employees expressed racist views in emails and interviews -Routine interactions between officers and black residents quickly escalated - Ferguson Police Department used Tasers and dogs in excess on black suspects

chain migration

- Trump wants to end - Family reunification, allows family members to follow when one legally comes to the U.S. - 22-year delay from Mexico and 7 years from other countries - People violate immigration law to unite with their family because it takes so long

branches of Homeland Security

- U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) - Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) - Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

In Sickness and In Wealth - Movie

- U.S. is 30th on the list for life expectancy - More money + education = better health - College graduates live 2 years longer - Home ownership builds financial security - African Americans die earlier than whites because of social issues - Racial discrimination leads to higher chances of stress and death - GI Bill made a significant difference in class structure - 1960-70 the Black white income gap decreased, and so did the health gap

lynching upheld inequality

- Upheld white supremacy because blacks could not find refuge in the law - Upheld white patriarchy because it increased white women's dependency on white men as protectors

The Bracero Program (1942-64)

- WWII created a huge demand for low-skill labor - The Bracero Program, a package of legislation and diplomatic agreements allowed workers from Mexico to enter the U.S. - Guaranteed decent living conditions & a minimum wage (30 cents/hour) - Hundreds of thousands of workers entered the U.S. under the program

how did people feel about the civil rights movement at the time?

- When asked in 1961, most disapproved and thought it was hurting black people - Most people disagreed with the goals of the civil rights movement and didn't want to address the problems as true - People claimed some protestors were paid to be at protests and marches - Seen with the Little Rock Nine (people didn't believe they did it on their own)

color of incarceration: high school correlation

- White high school dropout 11% chance of prison - Black high school dropout 60% chance of prison - In 2000: 7% of white high school drop outs in prison - People of color make up about 30% of U.S. population but they make up 60% of the U.S. prison population

Wisconsin incarceration

- Wisconsin is the highest with 12.8% for black men - Due to Milwaukee incarceration - 40% of black men incarcerated were done so because of drugs - Wisconsin also is the highest for native American men 7.6% - The average is 6.7%

women incarcerated

- Women are the fastest growing segment of the prison population - Between 1977 and 2004, the number of women behind bars increased by 750% - Women of color, especially black women, are incarcerated at disproportionately high rates

The Scars of Stop-and-Frisk Video

- You don't have to commit a crime to be stopped - Police get upset if you ask why they are stopping you and will take you into the station - Stopped 4-5 times a month - One man 60-70 time during the ages of 12-18 - Minority men have to go through a check list of what am I doing, what is the cops name, what is the badge number

packing

- concentrating voters of one type into districts - North Carolina 12th District -Mainly African American and liberal whites packed into this district - Majority-Minority - 4th district of Illinois, made a Hispanic majority district

Gill v. Whitford (2017)

- constitutionality of partisan gerrymandering in Wisconsin, affected democrats - Constitution doesn't say that the districts have to be proportional, they just have to have the same number of voters in each district - Outcome may have computer programs redraw districts

gerrymandering strategies

- packing - cracking

Tim Wise - Colorblind (2010)

- rhetoric of racial transcendence - post-racial liberalism - colorblind universalism - believed Obama focused on race neutral solutions for racial problems - Wise thinks these methods are ineffective and make the problems worse because it reinforces the forgetting of the problems of institutional racism.

voter disenfranchisement

- terrorism - poll taxes - literacy tests

reconstruction amendments

13th, 14th, 15th -14th and 15th were hotly contested in congress, but pushed through by republicans

Alabama Voter ID Laws

2011: Alabama passes voter ID law 2015: Alabama closes 31 DNV - Two-thirds black belt counties will not have a driver's - About one-third non-black belt counties will not have a driver's license office - No counties were over 75% of voters are nonwhite will have a driver's - The counties that supported Obama the most, had DNVs shutdown so they couldn't get IDs

2010 voter restrictions

22 states have passed strict new voter restrictions - Photo ID and proof of citizenship requirements - Registration restrictions - Absentee ballot voting restrictions - Early voting restrictions and short voting hours - Many were passed in Southern states in districts watched by preclearance requirement

Saint Louis Rams Protests

5 Saint Louis Rams walked out on the field with "hands up don't shoot" pose - St. Louis Police Association was upset - Ethical society of Police - Group of black police officers who supported the player's actions - Said that there are not many blacks in the SLP Association and that they don't agree with their statement

political affiliation during 1964 presidential election

94% of African Americans voted for Lyndon Johnson, the Democratic candidate

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

Aimed to Provide Protection from Deportation to DREAMERS

factors leading to the passage of the civil rights act of 1968

Chicago Open House Movement (Chicago Freedom Movement) - Lead by MLK - Included rally and marches - Made demands for Chicago to allow anyone to live anywhere - Wanted better access to employment and education Assassination of MLK - Johnson asked to have the bill passed after his death to stop riots - Got 78% of the vote and passed 7 days after his death

family consequences of mass incarceration: parenting

Children who have a parent in prison: - White children: 0.8% - Hispanic: 2.6% - Black: 7% Worse mental health and social skills. More problems in school.

economic consequences of mass incarceration: the labor market

Criminal Record reduces one's chances of finding a job by 50-60% Pager 2001: audit study - Showed black people with criminal records got called back less - White people with criminal records have less call backs than blacks without criminal records

social consequences of mass incarceration: inequality

Contributes to disparate outcomes in terms of voting rights, access to social services, income and wealth, health, and family well-being

partisan opinion on voting

Democrat: opposed to voter suppression, goes against blacks Republican: support voter suppression, help to prevent voter fraud

why did African Americans change political parties in 1948?

Democratic President Truman ordered the military desegregated and stopped racial discrimination in federal employment Association of Civil Rights legislation with JFK and LBJ solidified black support for the Democratic party

Creation of the Border Patrol (1924)

Established under the Department of Labor

effects of social capital

Ex. getting an interview or job because your parent knows the worker - Takes more than being good at something to be successful, must know the right people - More educationally ambitious with more social capital - Most powerful with cultural and economic capital

economic consequences of mass incarceration: denied social services

Food stamps, public housing, and college financial aid

high school dropout rates by race

Latinos are the most likely to drop out. Then Native Americans, blacks, whites, and then Asians.

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA)

Made all immigrants to the U.S. ineligible for federal welfare programs for five years followed their entry

principles of civil disobedience

Many of these are views of the black catholic church and Baptists - Active nonviolent resistance to evil - Seek not to defeat or humiliate opponents but to win their friendship and understanding - Attack the forces of evil rather than the people who happen to be doing evil - Accept suffering without retaliating - Refuse to hate the opponent - Act with conviction that the universe on the side of justice

Murray v. Pearson (1936)

Maryland Court of Appeals ruled to integrate University of Maryland School of Law - NAACP and Thurgood Marshall helped

jury pool

Most juries are all white and when this occurs blacks have higher conviction rates as compared to when at least 1 black person is on the jury

white anti-racists

Not all white people - Sold homes to people of color - Were active in support - Created new organizations such as the Detroit Interracial Committee

Customs and Border Patrol (CBP)

Proactive enforcement arm - Responsible for securing U.S. land, sea, and air boarders - Responsible for deportation logistics - Empowered with federal law enforcement with federal law enforcement/national security authority within 100 miles of all land and sea borders - Roughly 67% of the U.S. population lives within this zone

"Jim Crow 2.0? Why States Consider and Adopt Restrictive Voter Access Policies" (2013)

Proposed legislation substantially more likely to occur in states where: - African Americans make up a large % of the population - Both minorities haven low-income individuals have begun turning out to the polls in high numbers - Republican states are more likely to have legislation - The proposal is driven by electoral concerns - Alabama Voter ID Laws

Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA)

Reaction to World Trade Center bombing (1993) and Oklahoma City Bombing (1995) Most impactful provision: Limited judge's ability to grant relief under habeas corpus - Immigrants with criminal records could no longer request a judge review a deportation order. - Significantly increased the number of deportation

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) - 1965

Reworked the quota system which had favored northern Europeans. - Authorizes 170,000 visas per year and kept per country-of-origin quota - Exempted immediate relatives of U.S. citizens - Limited, for the first time, immigration from the Western Hemisphere - Added labor certification requirements; Department of Labor must certify a labor shortage before an immigrant is given a permit to work

Immigration Act of 1924 (a.k.a. The Johnson-Reed Act)

Severely restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe through the introduction of a quota system Between 1901 and 1915 an average of 210,000 Italians immigrated to the U.S. - Quota supported less than 2% of historical immigration Between 1911 and 1920 an average of 14,400 Germans immigrated to the U.S. - Quota supported over 350% of historical migration

South East Asians v. South Asians

South East has had more wars and they came to the U.S. to escape - Hmong, Cambodian, Laotian South Asians came for more economic profit - Japanese, Korean, Chinese

The Oriental Exclusion Act (1924)

The Chinese Exclusion Act was expanded to prohibit all Asian immigration

nativism

the presumed superiority of native-born citizens, favoring allocation of resources to them over immigrants and promoting a fear of foreign cultures

the myth of model minority

The mistaken belief that all Asian Americans are more academically, economically, and socially successful than other racial minority groups, and that this success is the result of their supposedly uniquely Asian cultural values - Cannot group all Asian ethnicities together because they have different reasons why they came to the U.S. Ex. Cubans came with a lot of economic capital, compared to other Hispanic subgroups

superficial representation

the process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens

Mendez et al. v. Westminster School District et al. (1946)

U.S. District court ruled to integrate California Schools - League of United Latin American Citizens helped

new photo ID requirements

must supply a state issued ID which cost about $25, like having to pay to vote - Leads to individuals without a ID to have to pay travel costs, child care costs, and take off work to get one - like a new poll tax

Oppositional culture

a collection of linguistic, behavioral, aesthetic, and spiritual attitudes and practices formed in direct opposition to mainstream white culture - "Selling out" or "Acting white"

substantive representation

a genuine political representation marked by a correspondence between the goals of nonwhite representative and those nonwhite citizens

precedent

a judicial decision that is binding on other equal or lower courts in the same jurisdiction as to its conclusion on a point of law

quota

a maximum number of immigrant visas which can be issued to a country

ghetto

a part of a city that is almost exclusively inhabited by members of one racial/ethnic group and to which virtually all members of that group are restricted

Acting White theory

an idea created by Dr. John Ogbu in the 1980s. Claims that black student purposely don't try as hard in school because they don't want to be perceived at white - Black students are told they are "selling out" when they over achieve in school or academics

study of race and punishment

as black kids get older, their age is overestimated by 4.5 years and seen as more guilty

John Fund (form Wall Street Journal Columnist) voter fraud research

believes that some vote ID laws are important but are used to discriminate against black and poor people - If it is going to happen, people will use absentee ballot votes - People are more likely to support voter ID laws after seeing a picture of black people voting

Foster v. Chapman

black man killed a white woman and in the case the defense wrote "b" next to black jury member's names to remember to remove them

Attitude achievement paradox

black students are more positive about their grades than white students, even when their grades are lower

Batson Rule

created from a man named James Batson who was black and had all the black jury members removed from his jury through the peremptory clause. Deemed this unconstitutional, but now people make up dumb reasons to remove black jurors ex. from the same neighborhood, has a tattoo

14th amendment

citizenship rights and equal protection --> due process

vagabond laws

criminalized poverty - These laws targeted poor black people - Outlawed begging and loitering - Could be in prison as long as six months without a trial

post-racial liberalism

de-emphasis race based solutions, focuses on class-based solutions - Ignores institutional racism

urban renewal

development projects like highways and hospital took over neighborhoods of black people - Caused social and economic disorder and intensified poverty - Lead to more people being packed into less space

Montgomery bus boycott (1955-6)

for 381 days, people walked, carpooled, and took taxis to work - Bus segregation was not written in law, but legally you had to obey the bus driver who imposed this rule - Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat, she was chosen to do this • A teenage girl had done this 9 months earlier • But Parks was a better spokesperson - Caused the bus system financial troubles so they had to change - December 1956 - Supreme Court struck down bus segregation

Brennan Center for Justice voter fraud research

found just 7 cases of voter fraud out of 3 million votes cast in Wisconsin during the 2004 election - All 7 involved ex-felony that didn't know they couldn't vote

economic domination: sharecropping and debt

freed slaves were forced back to the plantations through sharecropping - weren't given enough money to get out of debt, still treated like slaves

Involuntary vs. Voluntary minorities

historically, certain racial groups came to the U.S. against their will, while others voluntarily migrated here - Economic privileges of voluntary minorities, accrued in their home countries, translate into other kinds of privileges Ex. Asian and Jewish immigrants came here with money and education, so they could get jobs immediately

Normandy high school

horribly maintained all black school in St. Louis that didn't even have accreditation. Lost accreditation in 2013 allowing students to go to Francis Howell (white, well-maintained school)

native born citizen

individual bestowed with citizenship as a birthright - As of 2010, approximately 87% of Americans were native born

dreamers

is an undocumented immigrant who was brought to the U.S. as a child

race (and gender) and voting: Trump

men, white, white-women, non-college grads,

school segregation effects

more desegregation leads to better scores for black students

talented tenth

most talent members of black society should be offered higher education - Believed this would lift all blacks out of low class

political affiliation during reconstruction

nearly all African Americans considered themselves Republicans - Black couldn't attend the Democratic convention until 1924

is voter fraud really a significant problem?

none of the prosed laws supported but empirical evidence of voter fraud

institutional nativism

norms, values, and practices which systematically advantage native born citizens and disadvantage immigrants - Social majority - native born citizens - Social minority - immigrants

republican voter demographic

old, white, men,

urban underclass

people who are mired in poverty and unable to escape it

immigrant

person who moves to a country with the intention of residing there permanently - There are approximately 1 million legal immigrants to the U.S. every year

Stop-and-Frisk

practice of the city police department in which officers stop, question and frisk thousands of pedestrians annually - Suggested by President Trump in 2016

Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)

prevent lenders from refusing to make loans, or making loans more difficult to get, in older urban communities, neighborhoods where racial minorities are often concentrated

civil rights act of 1968

prohibited discrimination in sale, rental, and financing of housing based on: - Race - Religion - National origin - Gender - 1974 - People with disabilities - 1988 - Families with children - 1988 - Ensured fair housing and would punish those who didn't follow

All Lives Matter

racial discrimination in policing does not exist - Framed as the idea that black lives don't matter more than white life's

Black Lives Matter

racial discrimination in policing exists - Mass protest movements in reaction to police killing made names like Tamar Rice and Michael Brown remembered

colorblind universalism

racial inequality is a result of economic and social problems, rather than race

banishment

removal from a country to which one belongs

deportation

removal from a country to which one does not belong

poll taxes

required voters to pay a fee to vote - also affected poor immigrants and poor whites - Grand Father Clause

leading up to the civil rights movement

response to economic and racial discrimination against blacks

habeas corpus

right of detainee to seek relief from unlawful imprisonment

past injustice excuse

some rich conservatives claim that the problems blacks now face are due solely to problems caused by slavery. Instead of problems and divisions created today through legislation.

cracking

spreading out voters on one type into districts

gerrymandering

the process by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage - First coined in 1812 when Elbridge Garry made weird shaped districts in Massachusetts that resembled a salamander - Want to maximize the votes of your parties

The fallacy of Undifferentiating Difference

takes hold of all the extremely diverse histories and social experiences of nonwhite groups and fattens them - Takes education success of one group to say that group values education more - It is only after this "flattening" is executed that one can ask, ex. "Why are Asians outpacing blacks and Hispanics in school when all three groups are oppressed minorities?"

racial steering

the act of real estate agents systematically showing African Americans to different neighborhoods than Whites

naturalization

the granting of citizenship after birth

redlining

the practice of denying mortgage loans for homes in non-white neighborhoods - Done by private banks and the federal government

Arizona State University voter fraud research

the rate of voter fraud is infinitesimal, and in-person voter impersonation is virtually non-existent - Exhaustive public records search of al 50 states - 10 cases of voter impersonation - 74 cases of felons voting and 56 cases of noncitizens voting (most don't know they can't vote)

15th amendment

the right to vote regardless of race or former slave status (only men) - disenfranchised, so still couldn't vote

social capital

the sum of all resources one accrues by virtue of being connected to a network of people

cultural captial

the sum total of one's knowledge of established and revered cultural material and practices

hidden curriculum

unspoken values, dispositions, and social and behavioral expectations essential to educational attainment Ex. emailing in a professional manor, answering questions in a confident way that sounds smart, makes teachers feel that they can connect with "smarter" students

paired test

two people go to real estate office with the same credential except their race and see the outcome to see if the company is discriminating

implicit bias

unconscious attitudes or prejudices that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions

Industrial Education

vocational training and black education should develop better trained laborers - Not taking jobs like doctors

white flight

white people moving out of a neighborhood because more black people come there - many whites would move to the suburbs

white fight

whites who couldn't move when blacks moved in would intimidate with protests and violence - neighborhood associations were created to defend white property - Segregationist used picket signs, racial slurs, vandalism, cross burning, and fire bombing. - Would also attack whites who sold their homes to blacks

race (and gender) and voting: Hillary

women, black, people of color,

democrat voter demographic

women, young, black, poc