TeasV study guide
Order of Operations - Rules - What to do first?
"PEMDAS" Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division (Left to Right) and Addition and Subtraction (Left to Right)
0.1
(1/10), or tenths, is what in decimal form?
0.01
(1/100), or hundredths, is what in decimal form?
0.0001
(1/100,000), or one-hundred thousandths, is what in decimal form?
0.001
(1/1000), or thousandths, is what in decimal form?
metaphase I
(Meiosis) In this phase, centromeres of the tetrads line up in the cell.
prophase I
(Meiosis) In this phase, chromosomes have replicated and have produced two chromatids. Pairs of chromatids then pair up via synapsis to form a tetrad.
anaphase I
(Meiosis) In this phase, disjunction takes place and the homologous chromosomes separate.
prophase II
(Meiosis) In this phase, spindles form to separate chromosomes. No replication of the chromosomes has occurred in this phase.
telophase II
(Meiosis) In this phase, the cells divide again forming four cells, each with a haploid number of chromosomes.
telophase I
(Meiosis) In this phase, the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are formed.
metaphase II
(Meiosis) In this phase, the double-stranded chromosomes are lined up along the equator and become attached to spindle fibers at the centromere.
anaphase II
(Meiosis) In this phase, the two chromatids separate and become single-stranded chromosomes as they move to opposite sides of the cell.
interphase
(Mitosis) Between mitotic cycles, the cell is said to be in ____phase. During this phase, the cell is carrying on activities other than reproduction.
prophase
(Mitosis) During this phase, chromosomes that replicated during interphase now become visible as they coil to form chromatids. The chromatids are connected by a centromere.
anaphase
(Mitosis) During this phase, the chromosomes now move to the opposite poles of the cell via help from the spindle fibers. Now there are two separate sets of identical chromosomes on opposire poles of the cell.
telophase
(Mitosis) ____phase begins with the uncoiling of the chromosomes as they begin to look like chromatin again. The spindle fibers and asters are no longer visible. The cell then forms two daughter cells as the nuclear membrane becomes visible again.
Order of taxonomic rank (least to most specific)
(least specific) Life > Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order >Family > Genus > Species (most specific)
past tense
(past, present, or future?) The chiropractor adjusted a patient.
future tense
(past, present, or future?) The chiropractor will adjust a patient.
past tense
(past, present, or future?) The meeting has started.
present tense
(past, present, or future?) The meeting is starting.
future tense
(past, present, or future?) The meeting will start.
ribs/sternum
-12 ribs (attached by costal cartilage) -true ribs (1-7) -false ribs (8-12) -floating ribs (11-12)
Formulas
-Boyle's Law= P1V1=P2V2 -Charle's Law= V1/T1= V2/T2 -Avogadro's Law= V1/N1= V2/N2 -Ideal Gas Law= PV=nRT= PV=n(8.314J/mol X K)
Newton's laws
-Law #1 - object at rest & in motion will stay that way unless acted on by force (LAW OF INERTIA) -Law #2- Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass--greater mass=greater acceleration -Law #3- Every action requires an equal and opposite reaction (equal force)
Nervous system
-PNS (peripheral)--responsible for gathering info & transporting it to CNS & then CNS commands to sensory organs -neuron classes: 1) efferent (motor neurons responsible for transmitting signals from CNS to effectors in body ) 2) afferent (transmit signals from receptors in body to CNS) 3)interneurons- form complex networks in CNS -neuralgia- maintenance
skeletal muscle
-VOLUNTARY -covered by cell membrane sarcolemma (conductor for signals for contract/relax) -transverse tubes (transfer signals deeper into muscle) -MUST HAVE CALCIUM IONS FOR CONTRACTION -MYOFIBRILS ACTUALLY CONTRACT -Type I- slow contraction (posture) -Type II- quickly **TYPE II B=STRONGEST -agonist (stimulator) & synergist paired w/ antagonist (opposite) & fixators keep stable
muscle metabolism
-aerobic respiration (most effective for muscle energy) & lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic -to produce ATP from glucose & during it's conversation to ADP energy is released -muscles also use myoglobin (stores O2); creatine phosphate (creates ATP by giving phosphate to energy-depleted ADP); glycogen (most common) -when it runs out of energy it goes into muscle fatigue (contains little O2, ATP, or glucose & high lactic acid/ADP---won't be able to do a lot for long (needs to rebuild)
aerobic & anaerboic
-aerobic respiration- requires electron transport chain -anaerobic- can be fermentation but so can aerobic
hydrocarbons & carbohydrates
-alkanes: C>nH>2n+2 -alkenes: C>nH>2n -alkynes: C>nH>2n-2 -monosaccharides: (CH2O)n
Biological hierarchy
-atom -molecule -organelle -cell -tissue -organ -organ system -population -community -ecosystem -biome -biosphere
Taxonomy
-biggest to smallest -Dumb (domain) -King (kingdom) -Phillip (phylum) -Came (class) -Over (order) -From (family) -Great (genus) -Spain (species)
Points
-boiling point (latent heat of vaporization) -freezing point (latent heat of fusion) -liquid->gas= sublimation -gas->liquid= deposition -heat of fusion=solid->liquid
Skeletal system
-bone matrix (nonliving)-water, collagen, protein, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate -living bone (osteocytes) are found on end of bone for growth -bone layers- 1)periosteum (outer/connective tissue)-osteoblasts that repair/grow bones & nerve 2)compact bone-strength 3)trabeculae-columns (structural) -hematopoiesis (red bone marrow out of stem cells)--during puberty yellow marrow is more prominent -calcification=happens to babies to combine bones -5 types of bones: 1)long bones (most appendicular)- epiphyses(ends) & diaphysis (middle) 2)short bones (carpals/tarsals) 3)irregular (spinal) 4)sesamoid (patella & pisiform)-formed inside of tendons located only at joint 5)flat bones-(ribs/skull)
metabolism
-catabolism (energy is broken down from chemical bonds) -anabolism (energy is used to produce new molecules)
respiration
-cellular respiration- conversion of energy into a form that can be used by cells -physiological respiration-exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between cells & environment
A&P suffixes
-coccus- spherical bacterium -ia-condition -ectomy- removal -malacia- softening -tomy- to cut -rrhea- discharge -plasty- surgical repair -opsy- view of
respiratory system
-epiglottis- responsible for ensuring that air enters the trachea and food enters the esophagus (when you breath it closes and when you swallow it opens and shuts trachea) -larynx=vocal cords -trachea- lined with Goblet cells & cilia -airway: trachea->bronchus->primary bronchi->secondary bronchi-> tertiary bronchi->bronchioles (connect to alveoli) -lungs= outer (parietal pleura), inner (visceral pleura) between=pleural cavity -left=2 lobes -right=3
radiation
-gamma ray (shortest=bad) -x-ray -ultraviolet -visible -inferred -microwave -radiowaves
Endocrine
-gland controls growth (hypothalamus) -gland that controls calcium (parathyroid)
brain
-gray matter (mostly interneurons unmyelinated--where most of processing signals happens) -white matter (myelinated where signals come to) -proencephalon (forebrain)- split into dicephalon (thalamus & pineal gland) and cerebrum (divided into frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital) a)cerebral cortex- grooves (SULCI), bulges (GYRI) --higher brain function like thinking and using language; corpus callous--movement of muscles, memory, emotion, and survival b) hypothalamus (regulating hunger, thirst, blood pressure, & body temp, heart rate & production of hormones) c)pineal gland- melatonin (sleep) -mescephalon (midbrain) --divided into tectum (visual/auditory) & cerebral peduncles (cerebrum & thalamus) & substanita nigra (muscle movement & learning) -rhombescephalon (hindbrain)--brain stem (medulla oblongata & pons---invol body funky) & cerebellum (coordinate complex muscle movement & balance)
heart
-held in the pericardial cavity -3 layers: 1)epicardium (outer) (part of pericardium) 2)myocardium (middle) (cardiac muscular tissue--massive) 3)endocardium (smooth) -4 chambers: right atria->right ventricle->pulmonary trunk (to lungs)->left atrium->left ventricle (thickest/strongest)->aorta->rest of body -sinoatrial node (sets pace), atrioventricular node-picks up signal and tells ventricles to contract -valves: Try=tricuspid Pulling=pulmonary My=mitrial Aorta=aorta
pancreas
-known as heterocrine gland
blood vessels
-lumen--where blood flows -arteries=away from heart -aorta=largest, brachiocephalic=brain/head, left common carotid=brain, left subclavian=left arm -veins=to the heart from body -capillaries=most populous and smallest (thin)
blood
-made of RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, platelets, and plasma -RBC=erythrocytes--produced inside of red bone marrow and transport oxygen -hemoglobin (HGB) is red pigment in RBCs and is rich in iron and protein to allow O2 transport -WBC=leukocytes (immune) (granular leukocytes=neutrophils (bacteria digest), eosinophils (virus digest), and basophils (release histamine)) (agranular leukocytes=lymphocytes (antibodies fighting infection) & monocytes (removing patho & dead cells)) -platelets=thrombocytes--blood clotting (formed in red blood marrow) -plasma=liquid part of blood--forms 55% of total blood volume (90% water)
auditory ossicles
-malleus, incus, and stapes
protection of CNS
-meninges layers: 1)dura mater (most durable outer) (space for CSF) 2)arachnoid mater- thin lining 3)pia mater (separated by subarachnoid space that's also full of CSF)- directly touches spinal/brain
chemistry
-mole- avogadro's number 6.02X10^23 -nucleus occupies very little of atom's volume but contains most of its mass -specific heat of water= 4.19J/ gXK
fractions
-multiply straight across -division= keep it, change it (X), flip it -adding/subtracting=find lowest common denominator
PNS
-nerve has endoneurium, (bundles of fascicles), perineurium, and epineurium 1)afferent 2)efferent 3)mixed 4)spinal 5)cranial divisions: ANS (autonomic-invol) (divided into sympathetic-fight/flight and parasympathetic-outside stimuli), SNS (somatic-skeletal) & ENS (enteric--digestive)
Bonds
-polar bond=shared unequally -unpolar bond= shared equally
motor neurons & contraction
-several ways to contract: 1)isotonic muscle contraction: produce movement 2)isometric muscle contraction: maintain posture & stillness 3)muscle tone: natural constant semi-contract 4)twitch contraction: a short contraction caused by single impulse 5)temporal summation: short impulses build up contraction in strength/duration 6)tetanus: constant contraction caused by short impulses
pronouns
-singular: a) I, me, mine, my b)You, your, yours c)He, him, his d)She, her, hers e)It, its -plural: a)we, us, our, ours b)they, them, their, theirs
Digestive system
-small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) -3 pairs of salivary glands -which layer of stomach contains blood vessels & nerves (submucosa)
A&P terms
-superior=toward head/upper -inferior=toward lower -anterior=ventral/on front side -posterior=dorsal/on back side -proximal=near trunk or middle of body -distal=away from point of reference -medial=close to midline -lateral=away from midline (side) -cranial=brain -spinal=spinal cord -thoracic= contains lungs, heart, & large blood vessels--separated by diaphragm -abdominal=stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, & kidneys -pelvic=urinary bladder/structures & reproductive organs
cardiac cycle
-systole=muscle contraction/moving blood -diastole=muscle relaxation/filling w/blood -blood pressure=s/d 1)atrial systole (blood is pushed into ventricles--vdistole) 2)ventricular systole (blood is pushed to organs--adistole) 3)relaxation phase--all are in diastole & blood enters atria thru veins 4)refilling phase--when atria is 75% full cycle starts again
types of breathing
-tidal volume (shallow)-.5L -vital capacity (deep)- 3-5L -eupnea- breathing our body does while resting (usually shallow) **at least a liter of air is always in lungs
muscular system
-visceral (smooth) muscle (weakest) (vessels/stomach) (INVOLUNTARY) -cardiac- ONLY IN HEART--INVOLUNTARY, formed from cardiocytes joined by intercalated discs
joints
-where bone comes into contact w/each other w/cartilage or teeth 3 types: 1)synovial-fluid filled MOVEMENT (most common) 2)fibrous- NO MOVEMENT (teeth/skull) 3)cartilaginous- SOME MOVEMENT
1 cm = ___inches
.394 inches
how many kilometers in 1 meter
0.001km
1 quart = ___ L
0.95 L
I
1
1,000 Liters =
1 Kilometer
0.01 meters/liters/grams
1 centi(meter/liter/gram) equals how many meters/liters/grams?
8 ounces
1 cup is how many ounces?
0.1 meters/liters/grams
1 deci(meter/liter/gram) equals how many meters/liters/grams?
10 meters/liters/grams
1 deka(meter/liter/gram) equals how many meters/liters/grams?
12 inches
1 foot is how many inches?
4 quartz
1 gallon is how many quartz?
100 meters/liters/grams
1 hecto(meter/liter/gram) equals how many meters/liters/grams?
2.54 centimeters
1 inch is about how many centimeters?
1000 meters/liters/grams
1 kilo)meter/liter/gram) equals how many meters/liters/grams?
2.2 pounds
1 kilogram is about how many pounds?
100 cm equals
1 meter
1 meter/liter/gram
1 meter/liter gram equals how many meters/liters/grams?
5280 feet
1 mile is how many feet?
0.001 meters/liters/grams
1 milli(meter/liter/gram) equals how many meters/liters/grams?
28 grams
1 ounce is about how many grams?
2 cups
1 pint is how many cups?
16 ounces
1 pound is how many ounces?
1 liter
1 quart equals about how many liters?
2 pints
1 quart is how many pints?
2000 pounds
1 ton is how many pounds?
1 meter
1 yard is about how many meters?
3 feet
1 yard is how many feet?
vertebrae
1) cervical (7) 2) thoracic (12) 3) lumbar (5) 4) sacral 5) coccyx
sentence structure
1) simple (1 independent)- We are going to the store. 2) compound (2+ independent)- We are going to the store and we are going for a run. 3) complex (1 independent & 1+ subordinate)- Today is the day, we are going to the store. 4) compound-complex (2+ independent, 1+ subordinate) - Today is the day, we are going to the store and we are going for a run.
cell phases
1)interphase-replicates DNA to start mitosis 2)prophase- DNA forms chromosomes (centrioles migrate) 3)metaphase- chromosomes go to opposite sides of cell pulling them to MIDDLE 4)anaphase- cleavage forms creating 2 sets of diploid chromosomes 5)telophase- during which a nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes 6)cytokinesis- during which the cell divides into 2 complete daughter cells
protein levels of structure
1)primary: sequence of amino acids 2)secondary: local, repeating structures created by the H bonds between amino acids 3)tertiary: overall structure (or folding) of the protein created by the many interactions that take place between atoms of protein 4)quaternary: structure formed by several protein molecules joined together to form a protein complex
M
1,000
Perfect squares from 1-100:
1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100
Convert Percent to Fraction Ex: 35%
1. 35 2. 35/100 3. simplify - > 7/20
Multiplying Decimals
1. Multiple numbers as if whole numbers. 2. Then count total number of decimal places in the factors and add them (Ex: 2.2 and 2.33 has three total decimal places) 3. Add the total number of Decimal places to product, counting left to right (Ex: 22*233 = 5126 --> 5.126 final answer)
Convert from Decimals to Fractions
1. Write the digits of the decimal in numerator 2. Denominator should be the power of ten equal to number of decimal places right of decimal (.025 = 25/1000) 3. Simplify fraction
1 L = ___ quarts
1.06 quart
how many kilometers are in 1 mile
1.60934 km
1 foot equals
1/3 yards
X
10
C
100
1 foot equals
12 inches
1 foot
12 inches is 1 ___t.
1 pound
16 ounces is 1 ____d.
how many meters are in 1 mile
1609.34 m
Conversion factors
1in.=2.54cm 1yd=.914m 1mi=1.61km 1gal=3.785L 1oz=28.35g 1lb=.454kg 1cal=4.19J 1C=5/9(F-32) 1cm3=1mL 1hr=3600s
1 pint
2 cups is 1 ___t.
1 quart
2 pints is 1 ____t.
1 ton equals
2000 lbs.
1 ton
2000 pounds is 1 __n.
How many bones are in the human body?
206
1 ounce = ___grams
28 grams
1 yard
3 feet is 1 ___d.
Pi:
3.14 or 22/7
how many feet in 1 meter
3.28084 f
1 gallon = ___liters
3.785 L
1 ounce = ___ml
30 mL
1 m = ___inches
39.37 inches
1 gallon
4 quarts is 1 ____n.
4 & 3/4= what
4X 4/4 + 3/4= 19/4
V
5
1 teaspoon = ___ml
5 ml
L
50
D
500
how many feet are in 1 mile
5280 f
1 mile
5280 feet is 1 ___e.
How many muscles are in the human body?
600
Proper blood volume
7.4
1 cup
8 ounces is 1 __p.
Area of a triangle:
A = 1/2 b x h. Where B is the base of the circle and H is the height.
Area of rectangle:
A = Length x Width. The area of the rectangle is the length multiplied by the width.
Area of square:
A = S^2. Where s is the side length.
pie chart
A ___ chart represents a concept with a circle (or pie) and then breaks down the pie into "slices" that illustrates its components.
run-on sentence
A ___-__ sentence is one that contains two equal independent clauses, each with its own subject and verb, but there is no word such as "and" or "but" to link or separate the clauses, and the punctuation used between them is either missing or incorrect. Example: "The hospital cafeteria has all new specials this week on Monday it is going to be Salisbury steak."
base price
A ____ price is just the starting point; anyone who has purchased a seemingly cheap item, only to find the final bill much higher due to tax, shipping and handling, and other assorted changes, can attest to this fact.
text structure
A _____ _______ is the way in which a given text is organized. It makes a work easier to read, and helps to emphasize the author's point.
logical conclusion
A _______ _________n is an idea that follows from facts or ideas presented in the text. It DOES NOT need to be factual or true; it may be completely illogical when viewed on its own. It MUST be consistent with the ideas in the text, and the reader is NOT obligated to agree.
problem-solution
A _______-_______ structure might be illustrated by presenting the problem in one paragraph, and the solution in another. OR the author might choose to write one solid paragraph, containing both the problem and the solution, but use one font for the problem and a different font for the solution.
nitrogenous base
A _________s ___e is a molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells.
quarternary structure
A ________y structure is made of many tertiary structures held together (ex: Hb)
sentence
A _______e is a group of words that contains a subject and at least one action word.
binomial
A _______l is a polynomial with two terms.
polynomial
A _______l is a term or combination of terms (which is a constant, a variable, or a product of a constant AND variable...)
monomial
A _______l, for example, is a polynomial with one term.
dependent clause
A _______t clause is one that depends on other words to be added to it to make sense. It cannot stand alone because it does not form a complete thought. Examples: until the third shift comes on duty Because she missed punching in by 15 minutes
solution
A ______n is a homogenous mixture that combine a solute and a solvent.
covalent bond
A ______t bond is a form of chemical bonding that involves electron sharing between atoms; the valence electrons of both aroms are being shared cooperatively to form a stable outer shell for both atoms.
phosphate group
A ______te ___p is a molevule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together.
community
A ______y inclused many different organisms living in the same area.
chemical reaction
A _____al _____n, or a dynamic event that alters the chemical makeup of an atom, may cause an imbalance in the charge, resulting in excess protons (or electrons).
solute
A _____e changes shape when dissolved.
substrate
A _____e is a molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme.
fission reaction
A _____n reaction is a nuclear reaction in which a nucleus of nuclei is/are split.
fusion reaction
A _____n reaction is a nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of atoms are joined.
genotypes
A _____pe is an organism's underlying genetic makeup or code. It is a blueprint for building and maintaining all structures within the cells of the body, from small proteins to metabolic activities.
solvent
A _____t does not change its phase.
verb
A ____b is a word that expresses action or says something about the condition of a subject.
phase transition
A ____e _______n is an alteration of the physical state between a solid, liquid, and gas.
clause
A ____e is a sentence part that contains a subject and a verb.
phrase
A ____e is a sentence part that lacks a subject and a verb. Examples: to the store in the street on the roof
scale
A ____e is any standard instrument of measurement that has markings at established intervals. Example: weighing ____e, thermometers, blood pressure monitors, Geiger counters, and altimeters
solute solvent
A ____e is the substance that dissolved in the ______t.
noun
A ____n is a word that names a person, a place, or a thing. It can be a subject in a sentence.
base
A ___e is any compound with a hydrogen activity less than water at a pH of 7.
cell
A ___l can be considered to be the basic unit of life.
term
A ___m is a constant, a variable, or a product of a constant AND a variable. They are separated by a plus or minus sign.
pentose
A ___ose is a type of sugar.
Fibrinogen:
A blood protein that is converted to fibrin during blood clotting.
protein
A chain of amino acids then form a _____n. It is the _____ns that are responsible for the expression of genetic traits.
Protein catalyst:
A chemical that changes the rate of a chemical reaction in living tissue without itself being chemically altered.
noun clause
A clause that functions as a noun is a ___n clause. It can be the subject of a sentence or it can receive the action of the verb.
Alpha Particle:
A cluster of 2 protons and 2 neurons emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity.
Acid:
A compound the yields H+ ions in solution.
Electrode:
A conducting substance that connects an electrolyte to an external circuit.
"Inverse" Correlation
A contrary relationship between two variables such that they move in opposite directions. In an inverse correlation with variables A and B, as A increases, B would decrease. (r= -1)
adjectival clause
A dependent clause that modified a noun or pronoun is called an _______l clause.
adverbial clause
A dependent clause that modified a verb is called an _______l clause.
Adjective
A descriptive word that modifies nouns or pronouns.
difference of 10
A difference of one unit on the pH scale represents a difference of 1/10/100/1000.
Simile:
A figure of speech comparing two unlike things using like or as.
Hyperbole:
A figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated.
alleles
A gene is a piece of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular genetic trait, and there are multiple forms of a gene. These alternative forms are called ____es.
Colony:
A group of bacteria cells.
population
A group of organisms of the same type living together is called a _______n.
piece
A heading or subheading always covers a _____ of the larger topic and only a _____.
Action Potential:
A large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber.
cones and rods
A layer of light-sensitive cells called the ____s and ___s make up one of the layers of the retina. Individuals with defects to this portion of the eye are color-blind and usually cannot see shades of greens and/or reds.
Diameter of a circle:
A line that passes through the center of the circle, connecting any two points.
metallic ion = cation nonmetallic ion = anion
A metallic ion (which tends to be a ____n, or positive ion) and a nonmetallic ion (which tends to be an ____n, or negative ion) may also form chemical bonds due to their electrical attraction.
Bowman's Capsule:
A network of capillaries encased in a membrane in the kidney for the purpose of filtration.
Deoxyribonucleic acid:
A nucleic acid found in all living cells which carries the organism's hereditary information.
pure trait
A plant shows a ___e trait if its offspring always have the same trait.
objective case
A pronoun must be ________e case if it is "on the receiving end" of the action of a verb or if it follows a type of word called a preposition.
nominative case
A pronoun must be ________e case if it is the subject of a verb or if it follows a form of the verb, "to be."
possessive case
A pronoun must be in the ________e case if it is used to indicate ownership.
Enzyme:
A protein catalyst.
Antibody:
A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell and binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin.
audit check
A review or inspection
Afferent Nerve:
A sensory nerve that contains processes of sensory neurons and carries nerve impulses to the Central Nervous System or CNS.
Complex Sentence
A sentence that contains an independent clause and a dependent clause
Period:
A series of these indicates omission in quoted material.
legend
A small portion of a typical map is devoted to a _____d, which is a small area that explains the symbols and notations used on the map. The actual information provided is sometimes called the key.
crystalline order
A solid's fixed shape may range from possessing a ________e order, in which that atoms are arranged in a highly ordered state, to a state in which the atoms lack true order.
Aqueous:
A solution with water as the solvent.
.70 x 35 = answer
A student needs 70% to pass a test that is worth 35 points. How should this question be formatted in equation form? (Oh come on, you know this! You do it all the time!)
abbreviation for LDL
A type of lipoprotein
E + S --> ES --> E + P
A typical chemical reaction, involving an enzyme (E), substrate (S), and product (P) may be identified symbolically as what formula?
Fibrin:
A white, insoluble protein.
Onomatopoeia:
A word that imitates the source of the sound it describes.
context
A word's _____t consists of surrounding words, sentences, or paragraphs that usually help to reveal the word's meaning. Interpreting the _____t of a word not only helps the reader decide which definition is correct, but it can also suggest the meaning of words the reader down not understand at all.
Area of a Circle:
A= Pi x r ^2
Bactericidal:
Able to kill bacteria.
The atomic number is found _____the chemical symbol.
Above
water
Absorption of ____r, which affects water and electrolyte balance, occurs in the colon, and the storage and formation of feces also occurs.
villi
Absorption of the nutrients occurs in the small intestine through finger-like projections called ___i.
Mendel's Law of Segregation
According to ____'s Law of _______n, allele pairs separate during gamete formation and then randomly unite at fertilization. The new allele pair then determines how the trait is expressed in the new organism.
reproductive and integumentary systems
Acidic secretions in both the _________e and _________y systems prevent bacterial growth.
Catalyst increase chemical reaction rates by lowering:
Activation energy
third line of defense
Adaptive responses are known as the first/second/third line of defense, or the specific defenses.
Square Feet Review - Finding Total Square Feet
Add up all four sides to find total square feet A fence that is 25 feet by 30 feet means Total SqFt = 25+25+30+30 = 110 square feet
Uracil bond with _ in RNA?
Adenine
The three nitrogenous bases found in DNA & RNA are:
Adenine, Cytosine, and Guanine
technology
Advanced ________y is used to generate graphs, as well as to provide numerical models to describe mathematical relationships.
diapedesis, CAMs (cellular adhesion molecules)
After chemotaxis, ________s, which is the process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines occurs, followed by the ____s guiding white blood cells to the site of damage or infection.
alveoli
After leaving the bronchial tubes, air travels into the _____i, which are tiny air sacs that are surrounded by capillaries.
water
After passing the small intestine (nutrients being absorbed there), the colon then removes ____r from the waste that remains.
epidydimus
After sperm are produced in the testes, they are then stored in the ________s where they mature.
translation
After transcription, proteins are made by ribosomes from the information and sent our to the entire cell. This process of protein production from messenger RNA is called ______tion.
periodic table
All known elements are arranged in a specific order on the _____c table.
methionine codon AUG
All protiens originally begin with the same amino acid, __________ which is the start codon.
letters
Alleles are represented using ____s.
small
Although Joules are the larger of the 2 units (Joules and calories), both are considered large/small quantities in most real-world applications.
water and salts acid + base = salt + water
Although acids and bases do not generaly undergo oxidation and reduction, their reaction will produce ___er and ___ts.
mismatch repair
Although proofreading reduces the overall error rate, the cell has another back-up plan in place: _____ ____r. After the new DNA has been replicated, this mechanism scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of bases. If any are found, it repairs the mismatch by removing the incorrect base and replacing it with the proper one.
light-years
Although stars do have internal sources of energy, their distance from us (measured in ____-____s, or the distance that light will travel within 1 year of time) is so vast that Earth receives only a tiny fraction of light from them in comparison to what the Sun provides.
exercising and keeping active
Although the normal aging process is unavoidable, ____ing and ___ing ____e assist with maintaining adequate lung function.
archaea eubacteria eukarya
Although the root of the taxonomy tree of life is controversial, one interpretation of the tree has the taxonomy heirarchy starting at the broad domain level, wiith a_____, eub_____, and e_____.
Building blocks of proteins:
Amino acid
Genetic code:
Amino acid sequences.
Complemental air:
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled.
independent clause
An _________t clause can stand on its own as a sentence. It has a subject and a verb and makes a complete thought.
inference
An _______e is a next step or logical conclusion that is not actually written in the text; rather, it is deduced by the reader, based on information that IS in the text; without making these, the reader runs the risk of accepting opinionated writing as fact. This is to "read between the lines."
exponent
An _______t is a number written as a superscript that is used to denote the number of times a number should be multiplied by itself.
expository
An _______y passage introduces or explains a subject, gives groundwork information that is necessary for understanding later ideas, or analyzes information objectively.
ecosystem
An ______m includes a community and the biotic and abiotic factors that govern the exchange of living and nonliving parts within that ecosystem.
acid
An ___d is any compound with a hydrogen ion activity greater than water at a pH of 7.
atom
An ___m is the smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element.
charge
An atom's ____e refers to the positive or negative distribution within it.
protons and electrons neutrons do not contribute
An atom's charge is uniquely identified by its _____s and _____s (while _____s do not contribute to the charge, as they are neutral).
Beta Particle:
An electron emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity.
shape
An enzyme changes the ____e of its active site slightly to accomodate a substrate.
glucose to carbon dioxide oxygen to water
An example of metabolism in cellular respiration is the oxidation of ____e to ____n _____e and the reduction of ____n to ___er.
paradigm shift
An explanation of natural law may not only require refinement, but may require an entirely new ______m ____t, which is a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.
voluntary response
An individual's ability to physically move away from danger is an example of a _______y response.
Electrolyte:
An ionic substance that has high electrical conductivity.
autotrophs
An organism that is able to produce its own food is termed an ____troph, and most ____trophs use photosynthesis to live.
A standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward;
Anatomical Position
Atom or molecule with a negative charge
Anion
distance scale
Another typical feature of maps is a _______e ____e, which is information in the legend that tells the reader how to interpret distances on the map; usually appearing as a line with a distance marking.
Towards the front of the body or the body structure;
Anterior
Adrenergic fibers:
Any fibers that transmit impulses to other nerve cells, smooth muscle, or gland cells by norepinephrine.
expelled
Any good that is not digested is _____ed through the anus.
velocity
Any increase in an object's _____y (in units of meters per second in the metric system) will result in a dramatic increase in the object's KE.
Allele:
Any of the alternative forms of a gene.
food processing brewing manufacturing
Applications of enzyme reactions include what three things?
errors
As DNA polymerase makes its way down a DNA strand, ____rs may occur. When DNA polymerase adds DNA bases along a strand, ____rs may occur.
greater
As a result of enzymes lowering activation energy, the potential barrier between the products and reactants is lessened, allowing a greater/lower reaction rate to occur.
metabolic pathways
As enzymes are highly selextive, only a few ______c ______s (chemical reactions with a cell) are preferred, and they depend on the needs of the cell.
new data
As improvements in technology are made, collection of new data often leads to more refined, alternative explanations.
neutral
As long as the positive contribution (1+) from each proton in an atom is balanced by the negative contribution (-1) from each electron, an atom is said to be electrically unstable/neutral.
orbital shells
As seen in the periodic table, each row (or period) displays elements according to an increasing number of systematic _____l ____s (the arrangement of electrons within orbits around the nucleus).
placenta
As the development continues in the uterus, the fetus receives nutrients from the mother via the umbilical cord, which is attached to the ______a.
remains the same
As the phase of the sample changes, the temperature changes/remains the same.
seminal and prostate glands
As the sperm travel through the vas deferens, a number of glands, including the s____l and _____e glands, secrete fluids to create semen.
increases
As the temperature of the sample increases/decreases, the phase remains the same.
smaller
As you move from left to right across a period on the table, each element has a bigger/smaller atomic radius than the one before.
increases
As you proceed from left to right in a period, the electronegativity of the elements increase/decrease.
increases
As you proceed from left to right in a period, the ionization energy of the elements increase/decreases, indicating their greater ability to attract or "hold on to" electrons.
decreases
As you proceed from top to bottom in a group/family, the ionization energy of the elements increases/decreases and electrons are lost more easily.
deoxyribose in DNA ribose in RNA
Aside from the differences in the pyrimidine bases, the other fundamental difference between the two nucleic acids of RNA and RNA is their pentose component, which is _________e in DNA and _____e in RNA.
What are the 6 steps of scientific method?
Ask a question, do background research, hypothesis, test hypothesis/experiment, analyze data and make a conclusion, report results.
organ
At the _____ level, two or more tissue types work together to perform a specific function, and at this level it is possible to perform extremely complex functinos.
carbon dioxide
At the end of cellular respiration, ____n _____e is expelled, but can be used by autotrophs during photosynthesis.
protein
At the ribosome, the RNA code is translated into an amino-acid chain. A chain of amino acids results in a _____n.
Smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element:
Atom
Anion:
Atom or molecule with negative charge.
Protons + neutrons inside the nucleus =
Atomic mass
The number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element; the number of protons that defines a specific atom:
Atomic number
molecule
Atoms combine to form _______s. It is a chemical bonding of atoms that possesses its own characteristics independent of the atoms themselves.
Covalent bond:
Atoms linked together by sharing valence electrons.
Cohesion:
Attraction between similar molecules.
Example of Adhesion:
Attraction between water molecules and molecules that make up the inside of a xylem tube.
A organism that is able to produce its own food:
Autotroph
scale reading
Because a scale shows its results along a numerical scale (say, from 1 to 10 pounds, or from -20 degrees to 100 degrees), the information obtained from it is called a scale ______g.
temperatures and pH
Because enzymes can be denatured by certain ________s and ___ values, different structures of enzymes can function in various parts of the body and under different conditions.
food web
Because many animals can consume a range of living organisms, we can combine the many food chains together to produce a food ___b.
vacuum
Because the chest cavity is sealed from air, the downward movement of the diaphragm creates a _____m that causes air to flow into the respiratory system and fill this available space.
abdominal and pelvic cavities
Below the diaphragm are the ________l and _____c cavities.
R group
Besides an amine group and a carboxylic acid group, each one of the 20 amino acids has a special __ ____p that makes it one of the distinct amino acids.
The opinions or beliefs that affect a person's ability to make fair, unclouded judgments or decisions:
Biased
in the liver stored in the gallbladder
Bile, produced by the ____r and stored in the ________r, is released to emulsify fats and oils.
skeletal system
Blood cells are formed in the marrow of bones in the _______l system.
Arteries:
Blood vessels that conduct blood flow away from the heart and into circulation.
Appendicular skeleton structure contains:
Bones of the arms, feet, hands, legs, hips, shoulders
hydrogen oxygen nirtogen carbon phosphorus
Both nucleic acids include what five elements in their structure?
nucleus
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA as the material that carries the genetic code, but a prokaryotic cell does not have a ______s.
Bronchioles or Bronchioli:
Branching air passageways inside the lungs.
Dendrite:
Branching neurons that transmit the nerve impulse toward the cell body.
halogens
By contrast to the alkali families, the ______s (seventh column) may accept one electron for bonding.
100
C
Circumference of a circle:
C=2 x Pi x r
Charles Darwin
C_____ D_____ was the first to study and write about species adaptation. In 1859, he wrote "On the Origin of Species" after spending time in the Galapagos Islands studying the native wild life, and was the first to coin the term "natural selection."
centrosomes
C________s in eukaryotic cells are microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis.
Irrational Number - Define
Cannot be written as fractions. Common ones are some square roots, cube roots, and pie
The tiny blood vessels that transport blood between arteries and veins within the body:
Capillaries
oxygen carbon dioxide fluid nutrients
Capillaries serve as the location for exchange of what four things?
four valence electrons
Carbon possesses ___r valence electrons, which are available for bonding with other carbon and hydrogen atoms within the hydrocarbon structure.
The substance that controls the rate of a chemical reaction:
Catalyst
primary reaction
Catalysts are generally not consumed in a ______y reaction.
activation energy
Catalysts increase reaction rates by lowering _________n energy.
secondary reaction steps
Catalysts may be destroyed or regenerated in ______y reaction steps.
The basic unit of all life:
Cell
cell differentiation
Cell ________n produces a more-specialized cell from a less-specialized cell. It determines what cell type each cell will become.
temperature, pH, and substrate concentration
Cell processes require the use of enzymes for rapid reactions. The activity is driven by external factors such as ________e, ___, and ______e concentration.
stem cell
Cell that remain undifferentiated produce ___m cells. Examples of this are totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent.
What surrounds the cell membrane and is made of cellulose and composed of numerous layers?
Cell wall
tissues
Cells combine in terms of function and type to form _____s.
transcription
Cells copy the instructions in the DNA into RNA (a process called ______tion) and send the messenger RNA to the ribosomes.
protease hydochloric acid intrinsic factor absorption of Vitamin B12
Cells in the stomach lining secrete mucus for lubrication, an enzyme to begin protein digestion (_____e), _________c acid, and ______c ____r, which increases the stomach's absorption of vitamin ___.
DNA polymerase
Cells speed up the process of DNA synthesis by using an enzyme called ___ _______e.
mitochondria
Cells use ________a (an organelle within the cell) to carry out this cycle (cellular respiration).
The process in which glucose is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP);
Cellular respiration
heterotrophs
Cellular respiration is used by ____trophs, which are organisms that cannot produce their own food.
The metric temperature scale defined (at standard pressure) by the melting point of ice (0 C) and the boiling point (100 C) of liquid water:
Celsius
skin diseases
Certain ___n diseases are a result of the excision repair mechanism not functioning properly.
flagella
Certain prokaryotic cells contain _____a for movement. They are long and whip-like, and project outward from the cell.
radioisotopes
Certain radioactive isotopes (__________s) have medical uses. These substances are used by the body as usual because the body cannot distinguish between isotopes of elements. Once in the body, they can be used via a scan to create pictures of the body's internal organs.
economy politics medical care natural resources food land climate
Changes in a population rate are also affected by the country's... (list!)
neurotransmitters
Chemical _____________s pass through the synapse to transmit an impulse to another neuron; a transmission that happens at about 90 meters per second.
ionic and covalent bonding methods
Chemical bonding primarily occurs through ____c and ______t bonding methods.
Acetylcholine (ACH):
Chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve endings.
The green pigment in plants:
Chlorophyll
The organelle in plants that allows photosynthesis to occur is the _____, which contains the chemical _____ to trap energy from the sun.
Chloroplast; Chlorophyll
Threadlike rods of DNA:
Chromosomes
DNA
Chromosomes consist of subunits of genes, and genes consist of ___.
Transportation highway for the entire body (also known as the cardiovascular system):
Circulatory system
Agglutination:
Clumping of foreign cells; induced by crosslinking of antigen-antibody complexes.
propane C3H8
Combustion involves the burning of _____e (C_H_)
Ratio:
Comparison of two numbers by division.
isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures are termed ______s.
has; ligaments
Connective tissue common has/does not have it own supply, with the exception of _______s.
connect
Connective tissue is found throughout the body, and it serves to _____t different structures of the body.
All muscle tissues have the ability to contract or shorten
Contraction
aortic valve, thru aorta
Contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood through the _____c valve, through the ____a, and then out to the entire body.`
Somatic nervous system:
Controls voluntary actions.
The sharing between atoms:
Covalent Bonds
electronegativities
Covalent bonding is greatest between atoms of similar ____________s, or similar attractions for electrons.
peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves that extend beyond the central nervous system make up the _______l nervous system.
crude birth rate
Crude ____h rate is defined by the number of births per 1,000 people per year
crude death rate
Crude ____h rate is defined by the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
____ is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Cytoplasm
In DNA Guanine always pairs with:
Cytosine
500
D
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
The genetic blueprint of the cell is known as:
DNA
The major enzyme responsible for DNA replication in cells is:
DNA Polymerase
double helix
DNA is most often seen in a structure known as the _____e ___x. This complex is able to form because weak bonds are able to form between the hydrogen atoms and oxygen or nitrogen atoms between bases in the complementary strands of DNA.
genes
Darwin did not know the mechanism of heredity, but today we know that ____s (stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism's characteristics) are responsible for heredity.
The ratio of mass per volume for a substance=
Density
superior and inferior vena cava
Deoxygenated blood enters into the heart through the superior and inferior ___a ___a.
The pentose component, or sugar found in DNA is:
Deoxyribose
Represents output or effect:
Dependent variable
decrease
Developed countries that have a fertility rate less than 2 ill see a increase/decrease in the number of their population.
Fetus:
Developmental stage from 9 weeks to birth.
Synonym:
Different words with identical meanings.
During meiosis, a _____ cell will give rise to 4 _____ cells.
Diploid; Haploid
Fraction to decimal:
Divide numerator by denominator. Example: 3/4 = 0.75
yup!
Do you remember how to do proportions?
Biological Classification System
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
dominant = capital letters recessive = lowercase
Dominant alleles are represented by capital/lowercase letters, and recessive alleles are represented by capital/lowercase letters.
Endocrine glands:
Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood.
mistakes! (Eek!)
During DNA replication, a cell must double its DNA and made a duplicate copy of the entire genome, a task not accomplished without mistakes.
cytokinesis
During anaphase of mitosis, _______s, the division of the cytoplasm, begins with the "pinching" of the cell membrane.
glycolysis
During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down by the process of ______s, which transfers some of the energy in glucose to ATP.
divide
During fertilization, the cells do not grow during this time; instead they continue to _____e.
chemicals to UV rays from the sun
During its life, a cell may be exposed to certain substances capable of damaging DNA. These mutagens can be anything from harmful ______ls to ___ rays from the sun.
mitotic spindle
During mitosis, the _____c _____e helps organize and segregate the chromosomes during cell division.
fat-laden chyme longer than carbohydrate-laden chyme thru pyloric sphincter
During the churning in the stomach, ___-laden chyme remains in the stomach longer than __________e-laden chyme, which advances more quickly into the small-intestine (duodenum) through the ____c sphincter.
digestion
During the process of ______n (the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods), teeth grind, chew and tear food into smaller pieces to increase the surface area upon which enzymes can act.
oxygen used up, water and carbon dioxide are by-products
During the processes of cellular respiration, ____n is used up, while both ____r and ____n _____e are formed as by-products.
metaphase
During this phase, with help of the centrioles, asters, and spindle fibers, the chromatids line up near the equator of the cell.
amino acid
Each codon matched to a specific ____o ___d.
substrate
Each enzyme has a specific ______e on which it acts. Because of this, the fitting of a ______e into the active site of an enzyme is often compared to a lock and a key.
period
Each horizontal row in the periodic table is called a _____d.
isomers
Each hydrocarbon and its molecular formula have a special geometry associated with them. However, a given formula may possess two or more molecular structures known as ____ers. So although the bonding is identical, a different geometric structure can lead a widely differing properties.
phosphate group, pentose, nitrogen base
Each nucleic acid contains a _______e group, ___ose, and a ______ base.
codon
Each piece of the genetic code is called a ____n.
arterioles and lymphatic vessels
Each villus contains _______s and ______c vessels through which absorption occurs.
Embryo:
Early development of an animal or plant after fertilization.
Real Number - Define
Either rational or irrational
same side
Electronegativity tends to increase from left to right on the periodic table, so covalent bonding often results between atoms on the opposie/same side of the table.
A chemical bond is primarily determined by:
Electrons
energy shells increase
Electrons are found farther from the nucleus as the number of filled energy shells increases/decreases.
electrons increase
Electrons increase/decrease from left to right across a period on the periodic table, as they are added to the outer energy shell one at a time
oxygen
Electrons tend to gravitate toward the _____n in a water molecule.
compounds
Elements can bond together to form _______s.
high
Elements that have high ionization energies have high/low electronegativity due to the strong pull exerted on electrons by the nuclei.
low
Elements that have ionization energies have high/low electonegativity because their nuclei do not exert strong attractive forces on electrons.
All muscles share the capacity to elongate or relax
Elongate
Joules (J) or calories
Energy and its ability to do work (the results of any change in energy) are often quantified in units of the metric system called _____s or _____ies.
battery or gasoline
Energy may be stored in several ways, as in a common _____y cell or the _______e in a fuel tank.
Anabolism:
Energy required during building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances.
______ act as catalysts for special chemical reactions within the human body.
Enzymes
lower
Enzymes act to raise/lower activation energy.
catalysts
Enzymes are ______s that aim to lower the amount of energy it takes for a reaction to occur. Once the activation energy of the reaction has been lowered, the reaction can take place at a _____r rate.
forward and reverse reactions
Enzymes can also catalyze _____d and _____e reactions equally so that equilibrium is maintained.
regenerate
Epithelial tissue can _______e easily if well nourished.
sheets; does not
Epithelial tissue commonly exists in ____s and does/does not have its own blood supply.
diffusion
Epithelium is dependent on ______n from nearby capillaries for food and oxygen.
Avogadro's Law:
Equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules.
eukaryotic cells
Eukarya have _______c cells, which are not only more complex than prokaryotic cells, but are also many times larger. Some live as single cells, but many exist as part of a larger complex of cells comprisinga multicellular organism.
plasma membrane
Eukaryotic cells have a _____a _______e which envelops the cell and is semipermeable to allow certain substances and water in and out. Within, it also hold cytoplasm which holds all of the organelles.
germ cells
Even though an individual may accumulate mutations over his or her lifetime that lead to certain diseases, disorders, or cancers, those mutations will only pass on to future generatins if they are present in the DNA of ___m cells, which are reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum. FOR EXAMPLE! An individual may develop skin cancer due to excess sun exposure, but that individual's offspring will not also have skin cancer unless those mutations are also found in the gametes.
bronchioles
Eventually, the bronchial tubes have divided and branch out so much that they become very small tubes called ________s which reach the alveoli.
alleles
Every gene exists in different forms called _____s.
Simile:
Example: He is as fast as a speeding bullet.
Metaphor:
Example: I am a rainbow.
Hyperbole:
Example: These books weight a ton.
All muscle tissues have an electric gradient which can reverse when stimulated
Excitability
inform or explain
Expository writing uses facts to ____m or ____n something to the reader in a more general sense.
conjunctions
FANBOYS- for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
teach
Facts in techinical writing are written to ____h the reader how to use a specific object or perform a specific action
insulation
Fats can also provide our bodies with _______n, preventing heat loss.
carbon chains
Fats can contain _____n chains that contain single or double bonds.
February
February
replacement rate
Fertility rates are significant because they coincide with the _________t rate, which is the number of births needed to maintain the population at its current number.
Amnion:
Fetal membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo.
electron transport chain 32 ATP molecules along with water
Finally, in aerobic respiration, the NADH2 and FADH2 work with the electron transport chain to pass the hydrogen atoms present to free oxygen. During this process, ___ ATP molecules are formed along with w____.
except after c or when sounded like a
Finish this basic spelling rule: i before e except after __ or when sounded like __ as in neighbor and weigh.
1 atom of N 3 atoms of I
For NI3, how many atoms of N and I are there?
consistently
For a text feature to be useful, it must be applied ________ly.
8 neutrons
For oxygen, the mass number is 16 and the atomic number is 8. How many neutrons are there?
inference: because electricity involved, take precautions conclusion: main electrical switch in house should be off before working with home's elecitiy
For the following example, what is the inference and what is the conclusion? Consider a set of poorly written instructions on how to rewire an electrical outlet, not saying a word about safety.
reactants
Formulas on the left side of the reaction sign (-->) are substances consumed or altered in the chemical reaction. These are called ______s.
uterus
From the fallopian tube, the egg then passes into the ____s.
four sperm one egg cell three polar bodies
Gametogenesis is different for males and females. In spermatogenesis, the primary spermatocyte develops into ____ sperm. In oogenesis, just ___ egg cell is formed from the oocyte along with ____ polar bodies.
high temperature, low pressure
Gases are found to exist at high/low temperatures and high/low pressure.
Chromosomes contain stretches of DNA called_____ that contain information that control particular traits from an individual.
Genes
base pairing
Genes send messages within the cell and to other cells in form of a code, which is made possible through complementary ___e ___ing.
will remain the same
Given a fixed amount of total energy in a system, an increase in KE will result in a decrease in PE (and vice versa), but the total amount of energy will chnange/remain the same.
Cell cycle
Go Sally Go, Make Children! 1) growth phase 2)DNA synthesis 3) growth phase 2 4) mitosis 5)cytokinesis
OKAY.
Google inequalities, because you forgot all about them.
Chlorophyll:
Green plant pigment found in chloroplast; necessary for photosysthesis.
ion would you expect to dominate in water solutions of acids
H+
covalent bonding
H2O molecules are stable due to the sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and oxygen by _______t bonding.
style
HOW a text is written - in other words, its ____ - is also part of its historical context.
Quoted expressions:
He said, "I will be ready on time."
table of contents
Headings and subheadings are often listed in a book's _____ of _____s, along with the chapter's listings.
nonfiction documents
Headings typically only appear in ________n documents.
If the offspring are given different alleles for a particular trait they are known as:
Heterozygous
higher concentration
Higher/lower concentration cause the molecules to collide more frequently
higher pressure
Higher/lower pressure allow gas molecules to collide more frequently, as they are packed more tightly together.
If offspring are given the same allele from each parent they are known as:
Homozygous
endocrine system
Hormones from the _______e system regulate hair growth and hydration.
endocrine system
Hormones released form the ______e system influence blood pressure.
Estrogen:
Hormones that stimulate female secondary sex characteristics.
1.) If no charge, the # electrons = # protons 2.) If + charge... atomic # - # of charge (2+ charge --> atomic # of 20 - 2) 3.) If - charge... atomic # + # of charge (3- charge --> atomic # of 6 + 3)
How do you determine the number of electrons?
1.) round atomic weight to the nearest whole number (this is the atomic mass) 2.) subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass
How do you determine the number of neutrons?
1.) add up known fractions over least common denominator 2.) subtract from 1, which is the common denominator 3.) simplify if needed!
How do you find a missing fraction (in an equation... think nickel!)?
You add 273 to -196 degrees C to get 77 degrees C
How do you find the Kelvin temperature of a gas at -196 degrees C?
1.) Find the valence electrons for the two elements 2.) put them together!
How do you make a Lewis Dot Structure?
1.) put the smaller (divisor) under each monomial in the dividend to make fractions 2.) once fractions, simplify
How do you simplify division polynomials?
percent decrease = (original value - new value / original value) x 100
How do you solve for percent decrease? (What is the equation?)
percent increase = (new value - original value / original value) x 100
How do you solve for percent increase? (What is the equation?)
1.) Multiply all fractions within the equation with least common denominator 2.) simplify each fraction to get a regular equation with whole numbers 3.) solve for x!
How do you solve for x with fractions?
20
How many amino acids are there?
64
How many codons are there (3-letter combinations)?
11
How many organ systems are in the human body?
.15 x 500 = answer
How should the following word problem be written as an equation? 15% of 500 is what number?
0.25 x n = 8
How should the following word problem be written as an equation? 25% of what number is 8?
n x 250 = 10
How should the following word problem be written as an equation? What percent of 250 is 10?
saturated and unsaturated categories
Hydrocarbons are generally subdivided into _____ed and un_____ed categories.
1
I
Roman Numerals
I-1 V-5 X-10 L-50 C-100 D-500 M-1000 ex.MMMDCXXI= 3621
DNA = genetic blueprint RNA = messenger
If DNA is the genetic _______t of the cell, then RNA can be thought of as the ______er within the cell.
lower
If a country's birth rate is higher/lower than its death rate, the population in that country will decrease unless immigration occurs.
higher
If a country's birth rate is higher/lower than its death rate, the population in that country will grow unless emigration occurs.
saturated
If a fat chain contains all single bonds, the fat is classified as _______d.
north
If a map does not have a compass rose, it will usually have an arrow pointing ____h so that the map can give the reader a sense of compass direction.
cancer
If a mutation is able to pass through the cracks of the repair systems of DNA replication, the DNA sequence from then on is altered. Certain forms of ____r arise because of failure in these repair mechanisms.
closed
If a system is considered ____ed (no mass or energy is entering or leaving), then energy may only be converted from one form of energy to another.
lower!
If a thermometer only goes down to -10 degrees fahrenheit, and it currently seems to be showing -10 degrees, there is a good chance that the actual temperature is higher/lower than 10 degrees fahrenheit.
pH indicator
If activity values are not readily known, a __ _____r is used to qualitatively determine the pH.
mutualism
If both organisms benefit, the relationship is called ______m.
heterozygous
If each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait, the offspring is ____zygous for that trait.
Direct Correlation
If large values of one variable match large values of the other, and small values of the first variable match the small values of the other
qualitative
If mathematics was not used, the best scientific descriptions would be purely ______ive in nature.
shortage
If population growth occurs in a country that currently does not have enough resources for its residents, there will be a abundance/shortage of resources.
wall
If the egg is fertilized, it remains at the uterine ___l to develop into a fetus.
quicker
If the pathogen enters the body again, the body's response will by much quicker/slower than the first time the pathogen invaded the body.
interferon
If the pathogen is virus, ______n is produce so that other cells in that region of body can block the virus from attacking any healthy cells.
car = automotive TV = television
If there are two or more logical choices for a category name, look for the more formal one. Example: Instead of "Car," use _________; instead of "TV," use _________.
unsaturated
If there is a double bond in the fat chain, the fat is classified as __________d.
immigration
Immigration/emigration is the act of an individual moving into a region or country to live, or migrate into.
emigration
Immigration/emigration is the act of an individual moving our of one region or country to live in another, or migrate out of.
synapse
Impulses reach a gap between neurons called a _____e which is where neurotransmitters cross the gap and transmit the impulse to another neuron.
adenine with thymine guanine with cytosine
In DNA, _____ always pairs with _____, and _____ always pairs with _____. (Nitrogenous bases, doesn't matter which order!)
uracil
In RNA, the pyrimidine base of ____l is used instead of the _____ne base found in DNA.
passive immunity
In ____e immunity, the antibodies have been obtained from outside the body, either from another animal or person.
cause-effect
In a ______-______ structure, the author normally presents an action first, and then describes the effects that result (or may result) from that action.
comparison-contrast
In a _______-_______ structure, the author may present two different cases with the intent of making the reader consider the differences (or similarities) between the two cases.
hypertonic solution
In a _______c solution, the outside solution has a higher concentration of solute than the cell. Water moves out of the cell. The causes the cell to shrivel and shrink.
hypotonic solution
In a _______c solution, the solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the solution inside the cell. Water moves into the cell. This causes the cell to swell and/or burst.
positive feedback mechanism
In a positive/negative feedback mechanism, a change in a hormone's concentration causes the same kind of change in some other substance.
negative feedback mechanism
In a positive/negative feedback mechanism, a change in the concentration of a hormone causes a change the concentration of another substance opposite to the changge in the concentration of the hormone.
passive immunity
In active/passive immunity, an individual does not produce his or her antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother ro infant through breast milk.
active immunity
In active/passive immunity, an individual receives a vaccine that stimulates an actual infection by a pathogen, stimulating the body to produce antibodies for future protection.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
In aerobic respiration, acetyl-CoA enters the _____ _____ in which one ATP molecule is produced each time the dydle is performed.
acetyl CoA
In aerobic respiration, after pyruvic acid is formed, the mitochondria of the cell work to convert it to a____-____.
isotonic solution
In an ______c solution, the concentrations inside and out of the cell are the same.
B cells, bindign with T-helper cells.
In antibody-mediated responses, the antigen binds to __ cells (which are types of lymphocytes or small leukocytes) followed by the binding with __-___er cells, which activate the B cells to produce antibodies!
helper T cells
In both viral and bacterial infections, ____r T cells are available to recognize the antigens that have been ingested and displayed by macrophages.
1.) macrophages 2.) cytokine 3.) chemotaxis
In cell-mediated immunity's three-step process: 1.) _______s capture the nonself cell 2.) A T-helped cell binds to it and secretes a ______e that signals the cytotoxic T cell 3.) The cytotoxic T cell responds through _______s and actively DESTROYS the nonself cell
T cells
In cell-mediated immunity, __ cells are primarily responsible for recognizing nonself cells. It is a lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes.
cellular respiration, uses glucose
In contrast to photosynthesis, _____r ________n uses one of the end products of photosynthesis, _____e, to produce ATP for cells.
covalent bonding
In covalent/ionic bonding, the electrons are shared between two nonmetals.
ionic bonding
In covalent/ionic bonding, the electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal, causing ions to form. The oppositely charged ions attract one another.
cell plate
In plants, telophase is completed with the formation of a cell ____e between the daughter cells, which is followed by the formation of a new cell wall.
sum
In redox reactions, the oxidation reaction and reduction reaction yield the ___ of reactants and products.
purine
In the DNA double helix, adenine and guanine have TWO rings, and they are classified as purines/pyrimidines.
pyrimidines
In the DNA double helix, thymine and cytosine only have one ring, and are classified as purines/pyrimidines.
large intestine
In the _____ intestine, water is reabsorbed along with vitamins.
periodic table
In the _____c table, the different elements are shown in order by increasing atomic number.
antibodies produced for the invading antigens
In the antibody-mediated branch, _______s are produced that are specific for the invading ______n.
DNA to RNA to proteins
In the cell, information flows from _NA to _NA to _____s.
ATP; liberating oxygen
In the chloroplast, carbon dioxide, water, and energy from the Sun are used to produce ___, which is a cellular fuel that provides the energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water, liberating _____n in the process.
Henry Moseley; atomic number
In the early 1900s, ____y ______y proposed that the periodic table be modified such that elements would be arranged by atomic _____r rather than atomic mass. His format is recognized as the correct format for the modern periodic table.
The mayor is corrupt and should be thrown out of office
In the example where a political flyer accuses the local mayor of corruption and demands his impeachment, what is the logical conclusion? (Remember the question to ask yourself!)
kidneys
In the excretory system, the _____s work to produce urine. It is the one million of so nephrons in each ____y that do the filtering.
ovaries
In the female, eggs are produced in the _____s and on maturation, move with their follicles to the surface of it.
he
In the following sentence, what is the pronoun? Mr. Clemens reported a high fever for six days, and he added that he had also suffered various aches and pains for as long as he could remember.
less than 1
In the formula for pH, the negative sign means that activity (in scientific notation) must be much more/less than 1.
scrotum
In the male, the testes are located in the _____m.
teeth
In the mouth, ___th grind food as the tongue helps mix food with saliva.
starches
In the mouth, the saliva moistens the food as salivary amylase breaks down _____s.
neurons
In the nervous system, _____s are made of a cell body that contains a nucleus.
dendrites axon
In the nervous system, a number of branched fibers called _______s receive impulses that are carried through the axon.
Aerobic:
In the presence of oxygen.
nostrils
In the respiratory system, the air enters the nasal cavities through the _____s.
hydrochloric acid
In the stomach, _________c acid breaks down the food and kills bacteria.
pepsin
In the stomach, _____n breaks down proteins.
chyme
In the stomach, churning helps break down food and mix it with gastric juices to form ____e.
passive reading
In this type of reading, a reader simply absorbs the text and assumes that it contains facts
estrogen
In women, _____n (a hormone) helps preserve vascular health.
skeletal muscle
Increased ______ muscle activity increases the motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
A factor controlled by scientists:
Independent variable
Towards the lower end of the body or the body structure (opposite superior);
Inferior
blocking
Inhibitors (e.d. drugs and poisons) can compete with the substrate by ____ing its active sites, causing a greatly reduced activity.
second line of defense
Innate defenses' first/second/third line of defense includes fever, inflammation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, interferons, chemotaxis, and the release of cytokines.
first line of defense
Innate defenses' first/second/third line of defense, which includes both physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, and digestive enzymes).
nose
Inside the ___e, olfactory cells are embedded in a mucous membrane. When odors enter this, they enter this mucous lining, causing the olfactory nerves to be stimualted and then be interpreted by the brain.
immune system
Inside the lymph nodes, the body's ______e _____m works to respond to and defend against foreign invaders.
environment
Interactions between the genotype and the _________t affect the phenotype of the organism.
The cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material.
Interphase
Mitosis consists of:
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase
Expository
Introduces or explains a subject, gives ground work information that is necessary for understanding later ideas, or analyzes information objectively.
Comma:
Introductory words, such as yes and no, are set apart by these.
The electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges.
Ionic chemical bonds
Most chemical bonding occurs through ____ & _____ bonding.
Ionic; Covalent
increase; decreasing atomic radii
Ionization energies increase/decrease moving from left to right across a period while increasing/decreasing atomic radii.
Autonomic nervous system:
Is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. A fight-or-flight response.
Radius of a circle:
Is the line segment connecting the center of the circle to any point on the circle.
theme
Is this a topic, a theme, a main idea, or a supporting detail? A few large factories vesus many small factories
main idea
Is this a topic, a theme, a main idea, or a supporting detail? Microchips are increasingly manufactured in a few giant Asian factories
topic
Is this a topic, a theme, a main idea, or a supporting detail? Technology and industry
supporting detail
Is this a topic, a theme, a main idea, or a supporting detail? The new Asian factories can be trusted to keep major brands' secrets
cultural beliefs
It is important to realize that ______l beliefs directly influence authors' opinions and styles
oxygen
It is in the lungs where blood picks up _____n.
thru walls, called arterioles
It is through the ___s of alveoli that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs via small blood vessels called _______s.
monitor progress
Keep an eye on movement
triple point
Kelvin is standardized by what?
kilocalories
Kilojoules are also otherwise known as kilo_____s.
50
L
Also called the "Colon", what concentrates, mixes, and stores waste materials?
Large Intestine
Fascia:
Layers of fibrous tissue covering and separating muscle.
Oxygen and blood flow out of ______.
Left ventricle
tendons
Ligaments should not be confused with _____s, which connect bones to muscles.
twice!
Lipids are stored by the body as an energy reserve, and they can provide about twice/triple as much energy per gram as proteins or carbohydrates.
high temperature, high pressure
Liquid exists at a high/low temperature and high/low pressure.
Filtrate:
Liquid that passes through the pores in a filter.
greater volume
Liquid will spread our over a greater/lower volume.
atoms molecules cells tissues organs organ systems organism
List the heirarchy of the structure of the human body, from the smallest to the most complex. (Start at atom, end at organism.)
What system holds the spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, acting as a blood filter?
Lymphatic system
lymph
Lymphatic vessels carry a clear fluid rich in antibodies called _____.
1,000
M
1000
M
3 types of white blood cells form the body's immune system
Macrophages, T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes
Okey dokey!
Make sure to study the flashcard set for Table 3.8!
symbiosis
Many organisms live in ______s, a relationship in which two or more organisms live close to each other and at least one of them benefits from the relationship.
Active Transport:
Membrane transport processes for which ATP is provided.
Endocrine system regulates:
Metabolism, growth, development, tissue function, and sex function
The spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure.
Metaphase
isotopes
Methods of radioactive dating and measuring the decay of certain ______s can provide a better estimate of the age of a fossil.
killing, grow better
Mild to moderate fevers benefit the body by ___ing pathogens that grow better/worse at lower body temperature.
What produces 2 diploid daughter cells?
Mitosis
mitosis = replacement meiosis = producing offspring
Mitosis is for the ________ of cells, whereas meiosis is for ________ _________.
protons, neutrons, and electrons
Modern physics has shown that an atom has smaller somponents within its confines. These smaller bits of matter, called p____, n____, and e____, contribute to an atom's mass and charge in quantifiable ways.
Adhesion:
Molecular attraction between dissimilar molecules.
Onomatopoeia:
Moo.
new data
More refined models are a better fit for ___ data.
more surface area
More/less surface area allows a reaction to happen faster
compass rose
Most legends contain a symbol that indicates that cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) as they relate to the map. This is called a _____s ___e.
ligaments
Moveable joints have _______s, keeping the bones held together.
How does the digestive system function?
Movement, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption
electrons shells increase, valence electrons stay the same
Moving down a group, the number of electrons and electron shells increase/decrease, but the number of ______e electrons remain the same.
political or social issues
Much discussion of bias and stereotype centers on controversial _____l or _____l issues
Agonist:
Muscle that bears the major responsibilty for effecting a particular movement; a prime mover.
movement
Muscle tissue is dedicated to producing _______t.
variations
Mutations can also be thought of as species _______s that can be passed down from generation to generation, as organisms have environmental pressures, like avoiding predators and competing for food, water, and space. If it causes a positive result that makes it easier for the organism to withstand environmental pressures, it is said to be an adaptation.
genome; via a mutagen
Mutations in the _____e (a compete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes) occur primarily by two mechanisms: errors during DNA replication of via a _____n, which is a substance that induces mutations.
Anonymous
Nameless
perforins
Natural killer cells, or NK cells, produce ______s (or in other words, pore-forming proteins) that target cancer and virus cells, causing them to lyse or rupture.
Electrons carry what charge?
Negative
dendrites
Nerve cells have _______s that receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to the neurons (which are specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages) for interpretation.
sodium-potassium pump
Nerve impulses travel at high speeds and are conducted via a _____-_______ pump.
Axon:
Neuron process that carries impulses away from nerve cell body.
Neutrons carry what charge?
Neutral
The nucleus contains only:
Neutrons and Protons
1.) new consumer products 2.) greater standard of living/quality of life
New innovations may arise that not only solve a problem, but may lead to what two great things?
Coenzyme:
Nonprotein substance associated with activating an enzyme, typically a vitamin.
skin
Not part of the urinary system, the ___n also has a function in the excretion of excess heat. When the body begins to overheat, the blood vessels in the ___n widen, allowing more blood to flow through the capillaries and more heart to be lost through it. It also removes heat from the body by producing sweat.
liver
Not part of the urinary system, the ___r works to detoxify the blood. It does so by working to convert substances into forms that are less toxic or altogether harmless.
can; look the same
Note that organisms can/cannot have different genotypes, but the same phenotype; that is, the organism will look different/the same.
In prokaryotic cells the DNA is located in the:
Nucleoid
In eukaryotic cells the DNA is located in the:
Nucleus
Responsible for the passing on of genetic traits between generations, a small structure containing chromosomes and regulates the DNA of a cell:
Nucleus
Atomic Number:
Number of protons in nucleus.
ion would you expect to dominate in water solutions of bases
OH-
ion would you expect to dominate in water solutions of neutral solutions or pure water
OH- = H+
Dominant traits:
Occurs when one allele masks or suppresses the expression of its partner.
vas deferens
On leaving the epidydimus, the sperm travel through the ___ ______s.
tongue
On the _____e, taste buds pick up tastes that are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. These sensory nerve fibers are located on four regions on the _____e.
cell wall
On the outside of the plant cell, they have a solid ___l ___l that acts as a barrier to the outside and gives structure to the cell.
muscles or glands
Once a threat is detected, the nervous system activates the appropriate ______s or _____s to respond.
excreted (excretion)
Once nutrients have been removed from food in the digestive system, the waste that remains is ______ed from the body using organs in both the digestive system and the urinary system.
bolus
Once swallowed, the ____s of food passed through the esophagus and into the stomach.
DESTROYYYY
Once the immune system has produced antibodies against a pathogen, it is able to recognize that pathogen in the future and ____y it more effectively. (HEHE.)
diagnostic test
One that looks for a cause
Scientific method
One= Observe/ask Gorilla= Gather info Chose to= Construct hypothesis Eat=Experiment/test Apples=Analyze (accept/reject)
some, all prokaryotes
Only all/some eukaryotes have a cell wall, whereas all/some prokaryotes have a cell wall.
OKAY!
Open in TEAS folder "TEAS Science Table 3.8" and memorize after this set!
Hierarchy of the structure of the human body
Organism Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Molecules Atoms
chloroplast
Organisms are able to carry out photosynthesis due to the specialized organelle called _______t.
extensors
Other muscles extend joints of the body and are called _______s.
Follicle:
Ovarian structure consisting of a developing egg surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells; colloid-containing structure of the thyroid gland.
sensory, motor, and integrative functions react to stimuli
Overall, the nervous system has three main functions: to provide ______y, ____r, and ________e functions within the body. All of these functions work together with other body systems to react to ______i and maintain homeostasis within the body.
Allergy (hypersensitivity):
Overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen.
donation and acceptance of electrons
Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the ____tion and _________e of electrons.
cardiovascular system
Oxygen and other nutrients for the skin travel through blood vessels in the __________r system.
Perimeter of a rectangle:
P = 2 Length x 2 Width. The area of a square is the product of the length of its sides.
Perimeter of a square:
P = 4 x s. Where s is the side length.
Perimeter of a triangle:
P = a+b+c
high concentration to an area of low called diffusion!
Particles naturally move from an area of high/low concentration to an area of high/low concentration, in a process called ______n.
Technical
Passes along precise information, usually about a specific topic, and usually in a formal or semi-formal style
The energy from the sun supports all life on earth through a process called:
Photosynthesis
oxygen and sugar
Photosynthesis is carried our by green plants. The plants harnesssunlight energy using a series of redox reactions that produce ____n and ___ar.
Chloroplast:
Plant cell structures containing light-sensitive chlorophyll.
chloroplasts
Plant cells contain ________s, which are organelles that contain chlorophyll (which allows the capture of sunlight to be used for production of glucose during photosynthesis),
central vacuole
Plant cells have much larger vacuoles that contain water compared to eukaryotic cells. They use them to maintain proper cell pressure. They have a distinct vacuole called a ____l vacuole which takes up 3/4 of the whole plant cell.
Okay!
Please review mitosis and meiosis flashcards before you continue on with this set!
Protons carry what charge?
Positive
Towards the back of the body or the body structure(opposite of anterior):
Posterior
Someone who has first hand knowledge, photos, videos, recent, and credible would be considered a:
Primary Source
a.) may not be accurate b.) may be altered to persuade reader
Primary sources may also be websites, but what are two challenges with these type of sources?
Interest formula:
Principal x rate x time.
food chain
Producers and consumers also pass materials to one another in a ____ chain.
cytoplasm, houses organelles
Prokaryotic cells have an inner layer called ______m, which is a rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses _______es, or "tiny organs"
cell wall
Prokaryotic cells have an outside, rigid layer called the ___l ___l that helps separate the inside and outside of the cell, and an inside plasma membrane that is semipermeable, allowing certain subtances in and out of the cell as needed.
mathematics (including algebra, geometry, and calculus); in numerical form
Proper science would not exist without the associated language of _________s, as data is recorded in _______al form using specified measurments.
The chromatic thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate. Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell and spindle fibers begin to form.
Prophase
one gene to one protein
Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, and ___ gene matches to ___ protein.
The atomic number represents:
Protons
protons increase
Protons increase/decrease from left to right across a period as well, causing the atomic radius to decrease
age smoking exposure to pollutants & irritating chemicals
Pulmonary function decreases with what three things, which should be avoided?
7.0
Pure H2O at 25 degrees Celcius is recognized as the standard of neutrality between acids and bases because it has a pH value of _.0.
low
Pure water possesses high/low electrical conductivity.
author's intent
Purpose in a writing is also known as _____'s ____t. By considering this, the reader gets a better understanding of what information or emotions the author intends to convey, and can better decide whether she agrees with the author, likes the writing, or belieces the writing effectively did its job.
numerical
Quantitative otherwise means what?
not
REMEMBER! Mass is/is not the same as weight!
The messenger within the cell is known as:
RNA
cancer
Radioactive particles emitted by radioisotopes can be used to fight ____r.
Basal metabolic rate:
Rate at which energy is expended by the body per unit of time under controlled conditions.
increased = promotors reduced = inhibitors
Reaction rates may be increased by the use of _____ors or reduced by the use of _____ors.
endothermic reactions
Reactions of processes that absorb heat are classified as _______c reactions, literally meaning "enter heat."
Rational Number
Real number that can be a fraction, terminating decimal or repeating decimal
Erythrocytes:
Red blood cells.
Atrophy:
Reduction in size or wasting away of organ or cell from disease or lack of use.
Fermentation:
Release of energy from sugar without the use of oxygen; anaerobic respiration
cycles
Repeated patterns of materials being exchanged are called ____s.
If existing procedures fail to solve a technical problem.
Results of an investigation may also be of great value if what?
contractions
Rhythmic _________s of the heart enables blood to be transported throughout the body.
The pentose component, or sugar found in RNA is:
Ribose
Once the transcription takes place they send the messenger RNA to the:
Ribosomes
Proteins are made by:
Ribosomes
RNA messages
Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells function like ribosomes of prokaryotic cells to make proteins based on __A messages from the cell's genes.
Amino acid sequence:
Rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures
Path of sperm
SEVEN UP -seminiferous tubes -epididymis -vas deferens -ejaculatory duct -urethra -penis
salivary amylase
S_____ _____e, an enzyme from the parotid salivary glands, begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
Children not adequately responding to 55 mcg may use 110 mcg daily
Satisfactory
alkanes, single bonds, saturated
Saturated hydrocarbons (also known as ____es) are the most basic structure of hydrocarbons, as they are composed entirely of ____le bonds and are _____ed (meaning the carbon is completely connected with hydrogen).
models
Scientific explanations (or _____s) are offered s direct results of the evidence that currently supports them.
Someone who makes an observation of others, reviews, or outlines would be considered a:
Secondary Source
inflammation
Secondary defenses bring about _________n. The swelling, redness, and warmth of the infected area cause the body to call in macrophages and neutrophils to consume the bacteria.
Cotyledon:
Seed leaf that stores food for a plant embryo of seed plants.
inside and outside the body
Sensory receptors detect stimuli that an occur both _____ and ______ of the body.
purpose
Several common adjectives are used to explain an author's _______e, or main reason for writing a particular piece.
Gamete:
Sex or germ cell.
larger
Since a larger number of hydrogen ions is associated with an acid than a base, the activity value for acids will be larger/smaller for acids than bases.
over a section, will cut
Since modifications by mutagens often occurs over a ____n of DNA, as opposed to individual bases, the excision repair mechanism will __t the defective strand of DNA, remove those bases that are near, including the mutated ones, and allow DNA polymerase to generate a new, correct piece of DNA.
DNA is double stranded nucleotides and RNA exists as a ___ stranded string of nucleotides.
Single
single-celled = prokaryotes multicellular = eukaryotes
Single-celled organisms such as bacteria are examples of ________es whereas multicellular organisms such as plants and animals are ecamples of ________es.
What are the types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
The body's general immune defenses include:
Skin, Ciliated mucous membranes, Glandular secretions, Gastric secretions, Normal bacterial populations
Axial skeleton structure contains:
Skull, Sternum, Ribs, Spine
What absorbs most nutrients, enzymes from the pancreas, liver, & stomach, and aids digestion?
Small Intestine
high pressures and low temperatures
Solids are often considered to exist at relatively high/low pressures and high/low temperatures.
mutations
Some alleles contain one or more _______s, which are changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions. They are permanent changes in DNA.
alpha beta gamma rays process called radioactive decay
Some atomic nuclei are unstable and lose energy by emitting radioactive a___, b___, and ____a rays. This process is called _______e ___y.
cilia
Some eukaryotic cells have whip-like projections called flagella. If there are more than a few, the projections are called ____a. These structures can beat with movements that allow the cells to move.
oxygen = aerobic no oxygen = anaerobic
Some methods for producing energy require oxygen (_____c), whereas some do not (_______c).
flexors
Some muscles cause joints in the body to flec and are called _____s.
cartilage
Some parts of our bodies contain ______e instead of bone, an example being the ear. It is flexible but serves the same purpose as bone, as a type of connective tissue. It allows for some degree of movement so that bones can bend easily at the joints, and also allows from some protection against impacts.
mine yours his hers ours theirs whose
Some possessive pronouns can stand alone. List some!
units
Some products can be purchased in bulk to reduce the per-unit cost. In such cases it is necessary to calculate the cost based on the number of ____s that will be purchased.
pili
Some prokaryotic cells (bacteria) also have ___i that allow communication and transfer of information between two cells.
amphoteric
Some substances can act like an acid or a base, depending on the environment. Water is one of these substances, and it is termed _______c because of its ability to act as either an acid or a base.
top edge
Sometimes, the top/bottom edge of a map corresponds to the direction north, but this is not always the case.
Culture medium:
Specially prepared nutritious substance used to grow experimental organisms.
cells
Specific molecules combine to form ___s, the basic unit of life.
double
Specifically, any doubling of the height (in regards to gravity) will double/triple/quadruple the PE.
four times
Specifically, any doubling of the velocity will cause the KE to increase by a factor of one/two/three/four/five times.
Deductive reasoning;
Starts with basic premises that are assumed to be correct, and draws a specific logical conclusion.
Corticosteroids:
Steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex.
Hippocampus does what?
Stores memories
smaller
Stronger acids will have greater/smaller numerical values on the pH scales than weaker acids
greater
Stronger bases will have greater/smaller numerical values than weaker bases.
Synonym:
Student and pupil.
elements
Substances that cannot be broken into simpler types of matter are called _____ts.
Disaccharide:
Sugar formed by the combination of two simple sugar molecules.
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds such as:
Sugars and Oxygen
myelin
Support cells, such as _____, help protect nervous tissue.
Emulsion:
Suspension of two liquids which are incapable of mixing or attaining homogeneity.
Colloid:
Suspension that does not separate on standing.
sloow
Synthesis of the complementary strand of DNA could occur solely through base pairing, but this would be exceptionally fast/slow.
large-scale
Technology in ____-scale have also led to model refinements, as greater computing power and processing speeds have enabled details of weather patterns to be studied that were not known until recently, and in addition the observations of our most powerful telescopes have led to refinements in galactic modeling.
Narrative
Tells a story, or relates a chain of events.
add meaning, change meaning, or add clarity
Text features typically do one or more of the following things: ___ meaning, _____ meaning, or add _____y.
sequence
Text structure makes text easier to read, and helps to emphasize the author's point. This can be accomplished by placing related information in close proximity or by following a pre-established layout, such as presenting a ______e of ideas as a bulleted or numbered list.
Cranial nerves:
The 12 nerve pairs that arise from the brain.
gravity
The Earth's _____y may also store energy when an object is held at a certain height.
2
The PEL number 1 can hold a maximum of __ electrons.
8
The PEL number 2 can hold a maximum of __ electrons.
18
The PEL number 3 can hold a maximum of __ electrons.
32
The PEL number 4 can hold a maximum of __ electrons.
weather and climate conditions
The Sun is ALSO primarily responsible for driving ____er and _____e conditions on Earth.
pH scale
The __ scale is used to measure the strength of acidic solutions and the strength of basic solutions.
pH
The __ value is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution.
SA node AV node
The ___ node is responsible for starting the cardiac cycle by contracting both atria and by sending a signal that causes the ___ node to signal to contract the ventricles.
noble gases
The ____ ____s (eighth column) are electronically stable (resistant to bonding) due to their full outer shells.
main idea "To erase depression, one must ______ ______ ______" (as this is reflected by the name of the text and what the writer wants the reader to take out of the text)
The ____ ___a of a work is the work's specific message; the overall reason why the text is written. Example: In the case of "Depression: the Rational Solution," it might be what?
alkali Earth family
The ____ ___th family (second column) may donate two electrons that are available for bonding.
alkali family
The ____ family (first column) may donate one electron that is available for chemical bonding.
mass number
The ____ number is the total number of protons and neutrons found within the nucleus of an atom.
smooth ER
The _____ ER is important for numerous metabolis processes in the cell.
rough ER
The _____ ER is studded with ribosomes, causing it to have a gritty appearance.
killer T cells
The _____ T cells have the task of binding to cells that have been infected by viruses.
atomic mass most common
The _____ mass is the average mass of all of the known isotopes of an element. In most cases, it represents the most/least common isotope when rounded to a whole number.
central nervous system
The _____ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
table of contents
The _____ of ______s provides an overview of a document, outlining its basic structure and allowing the reader to quickly look up (and skip to) the section she wants to read
topic - depression - mental health - psychology
The _____ of a written work is the general subject matter covered by the work. Example: For a book called "Depression: the Rational Solution," what would some of the book's ____s be?
predicate
The ______ of a sentence is the part that contains the action word (verb) that tells what the subject is or does. It tells about the main action word of the sentence.
gaseous state
The ______ state of an atom has a changing volume as well as a changing shape, and movement is nearly random.
immune system
The ______ system (tissues, cells, and organs that fight off illness and disease) is composed of both innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) defenses that are designed to protect the body from pathogens and other foreign invaders.
nervous system
The ______ system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and it serves as the body's control system.
skeletal system
The ______ system provides support and protection for the body and its organs and supplies a framework that, when used in conjunction with the muscles, creates movement.
muscular system
The ________ system consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints.
urinary/excretory system
The ________ system helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance within the body, regulates the acid-base balance of the blood, and removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body.
anatomical position
The _________ position is a standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward.
parasympathetic nervous system
The ____________c nervous system guides the actions of the body that calm the body down.
reproductive system
The ___________e system influences the shape of the skeletal form.
integumentary system
The ___________y system provides Vitamin D necessary for absorbing calcium into bone.
reproductive system
The __________e system encourages larger muscle size in men.
appendicular skeletal system
The __________r skeletal system includes the legs, arms, shoulder blades, collar bones, and the pelvic bone and girdle.
integumentary system
The __________y system allows heat to escape by dilating blood vessels.
ionization energy
The _________n ____y, is the energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.
cardiovascular system
The _________r system supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing wastes, such as lactic acid.
circulatory/cardiovascular system
The _________y system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It supports the circulation and distribution of various subtances throughout the body.
integumentary system
The _________y system consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails. It protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature. It also serves as a barrier to pathogens
mitochondria folds called cristae
The ________a of eukaryotic cells are the powerhouses of the cell because they are the locations where the cellular fuel ATP is produced. They are kidney-bean shaped, and also have membranes inside in series of folds called ____ae in which enzymes are found which help convert sugar into ATP to power the cell.
endoplasmic reticulum
The ________c _______m of eukaryotic cells is a tubular transport netork ithin the cell. It appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs, and is responsible for moving proteins from one part of a cell to another, along with moving proteins to the outside of a cell (secretion).
integrative function
The ________e function uses sensory information to make decisions by joining together sensory input with memories already stored within the brain. It also uses sensory information to develop thoughts and feelings upon which decisions may be based at a later time.
peroxisome
The ________e of eukaryotic cells functions to rid the body of toxic components, such as hydrogen peroxide. They are also the major sites of oxygen use and energy production.
peripheral nervous system
The ________l nervous system is composed of sensory neurons that transmit nerve impulses toward the central nervous system, along with motor neurons that transmit impulses from the central nervous system.
cerebellum
The ________m of the brain controls voluntary movements and some involuntary movements.
ionization energy
The ________n energy of an atom is the energy required to remove the outermost electron from the atom.
capillaries
The ________s are tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body.
phosphate groups
The ________te _____s of nucleiuc acids are what join the nucleic acids in a chain.
autonomic nervous system
The _______c nervous system controls automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion.
lymphatic system
The _______c system picks up excess fluid from the skin to avoid swelling.
lymphatic system
The _______c system provides a means of transportation for some hormones in the endocrine system.
lymphatic system
The _______c system transports sex homones.
parathyroid gland
The _______d gland is located behind the thyroid gland, and its main hormone is parathormone. It regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism.
absolute value n or |n|
The _______e _____e of a number is the distance between the number n and zero on the number line.
digestive system
The _______e system consists of all of the organs from the mouth to the anus, involved in the ingestion and breakdown or processing of food.
endocrine system
The _______e system helps regulate the reabsorption of water of water and electrolytes in the kidneys.
digestive system
The _______e system provides nutrients necessary for the mineralization of bones.
endocrine system
The _______e system released hormones that regulate growth and the release of calcium.
endocrine system
The _______e system releases hormones that influence muscular strength.
endocrine system
The _______e system serves to control body functions; glands in the _______e system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body
biological classification system
The _______l classification system was developed by biologists to name, organize, and categorize organisms.
skeletal system
The _______l system provides shape and support to the integumentary system.
nitrogen bases
The _______n bases of nucleic acids pair up with a complimentary base to form the double-stranded DNA.
muscular system
The _______r system aids in breathin by producing volume changes (via diaphragm and intercostal muscles)
muscular system
The _______r system helps place stress on the bones during exercise, which increases the deposit of calcium into bones.
muscular system
The _______r system is involved in childbirth.
muscular system
The _______r system provides protection for some endocrine glands.
nucleolus
The _______s in eukaryotic cells is a small body within the nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes that get moves to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins.
capillaries
The _______s of the circulatory system have walls that are one cell thick to allow for materials to pass through, and connect arteries to veins
nervous system
The _______s system recognizes painful stimuli in the bones and joints.
subscript
The _______t in chemical equations indicates how many atoms of that element are in the formula.
respiratory and digestive systems
The _______y and _______e systems provide oxygen and nutrients to the skin to help it remain healthy.
respiratory system
The _______y system allows for gases to enter and exit as needed by the body.
respiratory system
The _______y system keeps the body's cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is released from cells.
medulla oblongata
The ______a _______a is responsible for involuntary commands.
lymphatic system
The ______c system is another passageway by which fluids and wastes can be delivered into the circulatory system.
lymphatic system
The ______c system supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes. It also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels.
nucleoid
The ______d of prokaryotic cells is the condensed DNA of the cell that contains the genes and genetic blueprints for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell.
lysosome
The ______e of eukaryotic cells contains digestive enzymes that are capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts
endocrine system
The ______e system releases hormones that regulate the activity of neurons.
adrenal cortex
The ______l ____x is located on the kidney, and its main hormone is cortisol. It governs the rate of metabolism for fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
cerebrum
The ______m of the brain is responsible for activities such as speech, memory, olfaction, and movement.
posterior pituitary
The ______r ______y gland is located in the hypothalamus, and its hormones are oxytocin and vasopressin. It affects uterine contractions and water reabsorption in nephrons.
anterior pituitary
The ______r ______y gland is located in the hypothalamus. It contains growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. It controls growth and thyroxine release.
bladder
The ______r of the excretory system stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.
muscular system
The ______r system generates heat that is expelled through the skin as sweat.
arteries
The ______s of the circulatory system carries blood away from the heart, and are elastic and thick.
nervous system
The ______s system controls the blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood to various parts of the body.
nervous system
The ______s system controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
nervous system
The ______s system regulates and coordinates muscle activity.
nervous system
The ______s system regulates breathing rate and depth.
nervous system
The ______s system regulates the production of sweat, interprets stimuli, and adjusts the diameter of blood vessels in the skin.
Punnett square
The ______t ____e is a graphical way to show all the possible combinations of alleles given the two parents' genotypes.
primary sequence
The ______y sequence of proteins is the order in which amino acids have formed peptide bonds.
urinary system
The ______y system activates Vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption into bone.
urinary system
The ______y system helps dispose of metabolic wastes and maintains the correct electrolyte balance for proper nerve function.
urinary system
The ______y system helps regulate blood volume and pressure by adjusting urine volume.
urinary system
The ______y system helps with proper lymphatic functioning by helping to maintain proper water/acid-base/electrolyte balance of the blood.
sensory-somatic nervous system ganglia
The ______y-______c nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated _____a, which are collections of nerve cell bodies. This system controls voluntary actions like talking and walking.
trachea
The _____a (windpipe) connects the larynx to the bronchi. It uses cilia and mucus to further trap foreign matter before it goes any further into the respiratory tract.
plasma cells memory B cells
The _____a cells in the immune system produce antibodies that bind to antigens, whereas _____y B cells form new plasma cells if the bacteria enter the body again.
urethra
The _____a of the excretory system is the passageway which takes urine from the bladder to outside the body.
atomic number
The _____c _____r is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.
somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system
The _____c nervous system guides the actions of skeletal muscles, whereas the ________c nervous system guides the actions of organs and involuntary muscles.
thyroid gland
The _____d gland is located below the larynx, in front of the trachea, and its main hormone is thyroxine. It regulates the rate of metabolic activities.
vacuole
The _____e of eukaryotic cells is a basic storage unit of the cell that can hold various compounds
adrenal medulla
The _____l ______a is located on the kidney, and its hormones are epinephrine and norepinephrine. It increases the rate of metabolism, and causes the liver to release glucose.
spinal cord
The _____l ____d runs along the spinal column and connects and peripheral nervous system to the brain.
ventral body cavity
The _____l body cavity contains all of the structures within the chest and abdomen
dorsal body cavity
The _____l body cavity contains the cranial cavity and spinal column.
septum
The _____m is a wall that separates the left and right side of the heart, whereas valves ensure that blood flows in only one direction through the heart, to and from the lunges, and throughout the body.
ovaries
The _____s are located in the female reproductive system, with estrogen and progesterone as the main hormones. It affects the development of female reproductive system and secondary reproductive sex characteristics. It also regulates menstrual cycle.
testes
The _____s are located in the scrotum, and its main hormone is testosterone. It affects the development of male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
thymus
The _____s gland is located in the chest and its main hormone is thymosin. It produces lymphocytes during the childhood years.
nucleus
The _____s in eukaryotic cells is a very large organelle in the central portion of the cell that is enclosed by a double membrane with pores in it. It is the control center of the entire clel because it contains the cell's genetic material and directs all of the activities in the cell.
pancreas
The _____s in the digestive system delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion.
celcius
The _____s temperature scale is based on the freezing and boiling point of water (0 degrees C) and the boiling point of water (100 degrees C)
subject
The _____t is what or whom the sentence is about.
marrow
The _____w of the bones is where red blood cells are formed along with white blood cells.
pharynx
The _____x (throat) is the next step after the nasal cavity. In connects the nasal cavity to the larynx.
larynx
The _____x (voice box), which is mostly made of cartilage, contains the vocal cords that can vibrate to produce sounds. Also present is the epiglottic to prevent solids and liquids from entering the ____x while swallowing.
memory T cells
The _____y T cells are ready to produce more killer T cells if the virus enters the body again.
urinary system
The _____y system activates Vitamin D.
liquid state
The ____d state of the same atom generally has a fixed volume of greater size, in addition to a changing shape.
golgi apparatus
The ____i ______ of the eukaryotic cell is involved in the packaging and transport of proteins in the cell, including protein secretion. It is composed of layers of membranes and has multiple functions: refines proteins, sorts proteins and prepares them for transport, and helps in protein movement and processing
axial skeletal system
The ____l skeletal system includes the breastbone, skull, ribs, and vertebrae.
rectum
The ____m stores fecal matter before being defecated via the anus.
brain
The ____n helps control the immune response.
brain
The ____n is composed of the cerebellum, cerebrum, and medulla oblongata.
axon synapse
The ____n of nerve cells connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid-filled gap called a ______e.
Kelvin scale
The ____n scale is baed on the fact that a temperature below absolute zero cannot be achieved.
ureter
The ____r of the excretory system is responsible for taking urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
mass number
The ____s _____r is the total number of nucleons in the nucleus of the atom
genes
The ____s of EACH CELL regulate the process of differentiation during all stages of development. The y direct each cell when to form the particular proteins and structures that make it a specific cell type.
Islets of Langherhands
The ____s of ________ds are located in the pancreas, and are responsible for the hormones insulin and glucagon. They lower and raise blood glucose levels.
veins
The ____s of the circulatory system returns blood to the heart, are thin and less elastic, and uses valves to prevent blood backflow.
lens optic nerve
The ____s then focuses the light on the retina, which is attached to the ____c nerve.
light reactions
The ____t _______s of photosynthesis take place in the grana of the chloroplast, whereas the dark reactions take place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
heart
The ____t is an organ that contracts and pumps blood throughout the body.
index
The ____x provides a way of looking up various topics in the document. It typically consists of a list of names, topics, and ideas mentioned in a text, followed by the page number(s) where those names, topics, or ideas are mentioned.
solid state
The ___d state is considered to have a fixed shape and volume.
liver
The ___er (organ of the body) contains many peroxisomes because toxic substances build up inside of it.
moon
The ___n does not provide its own source of energy. It is but a reflection of the sun's light toward our direction.
axon myelin sheath
The ___n is covered by a fatty substance called the _____n ____th.
liver
The ___r in the digestive system produces bile that helps break down fats.
Law of Conservation of Energy
The __w of _________tion of Energy says that energy is not lost but rather transferred back and forth between KE and PE.
Law of Dominance
The __w of _______e states that if two parents are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait ill appear in the offspring.
electronegativity
The ability to attract electrons is called an element's __________y.
small intestine
The absorption of nutrients actually occurs in the large/small intestine.
humoral and cell-mediated responses
The adaptive (specific) defenses include both the ______l, or antibody-mediated, and ___-_____ed responses.
multiplication principle
The addition/multiplication principle is a rule that makes it possible to isolate the variable in an equation by multiplying both expressions by the reciprocal of the variable's coefficient.
addition principle
The addition/multiplication principle is a rule that makes it possible to move terms from one side of an equation to the other by adding opposites to each expression.
oxygen and carbon dioxide
The alveoli permit the exchange of ____n and ___n _____e to occur in the lungs.
kinetic energy (KE)
The amount of energy associated with an object's motion may be quantified through a calculation of _____s energy, or energy in motion.
potential energy (PE)
The amount of stored energy in an object may be quantified through a calculation of its ______l energy, or stored energy.
phenotype
The appearance of an organism resulting from its genotype is the ______e.
sympathetic nerves parasympathetic nerves
The autonomic nervous system includes both _________c nerves, which are active when a person is excited or scared, and ____________c nerves, which are active when a person is eating or at rest. Both of these types of nerves have opposite effects on the body, which help to maintain a balanced internal environment.
organic chemistry
The basis of _____c chemistry is connected with the study of hydrocarbon structure. (Some are even found in the solar system!)
with proportions 1 yard/3 feet = 4 yards/? feet
The best way to convert between the different measuring scales is with what?
attaching
The biomolecules recognized as enzymes perform their functions by ____ing to substrate molecules and subsequently convert these molecules into products.
pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery and lungs
The blood is when pushed through the _______y valve into the _______y artery and ____s when the right ventricle contracts.
right atrium, thru tricusipd valve, into right ventricle
The blood travels into the right ____m and, during contraction of the ____m, flows through the _____d valve into the right ______e.
Adaptation:
The body receives, interprets and responds to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system.
primary defenses
The body's ______y defenses against infection include the skin, tears, stomach acid, urine, sweat, mucus, and saliva. By having this range of both physical and chemical defenses, the body is able to defend against a range of pathogens.
third line of defense
The body's ____d line of defense is the way the body remembers specific pathogens and their structures.
peptide bond
The bond for proteins is a _____e bond.
skeletal system
The bones of the _______l system provide levers for muscular activity.
central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord are part of the _____l nervous system.
alveoli
The bronchioles arrive at a group of tiny air sacs called _____i. These one-cell-thick air chambers are thin and moist to allow for maximum gas exchange.
activity
The calculation of pH is based on the ____y of hydrogen ions dissolved in solution.
1.) from preexisting cells 2.) carry out processes of life 3.) make up organisms
The cell theory states that: 1.) cells are from... 2.) carry out... 3.) make up...
morula, then blastula, then gastrula
The cells in fertilization form a ball of cells called a ____a, and then a hollow ball called a ______a. A second layer of cells forms then, and the resulting cells make a ______a.
eukaryotic cells
The cells in the human body are ______ic cells, which means they are surrounded by a membrane as are the organelles inside the cells.
homeostasis
The circulatory system takes on this huge task and can adjust the rate at which it performs to help maintain _________s.
ribosome
The code on the DNA strand is copied into RNA within the cell nucleus and transported to the _______e of the cell.
Alkali metals:
The colum of elements from lithium to francium.
dehydration synthesis
The combination of monosaccharides to form disaccharides and starches occurs with the removal of water via ________n _______s.
fast
The conduction of nervous impulses along nerves is extremely fast/slow, making it possible for immediate reflexive responses to protect the body from threats.
less-developed = higher developed = lower continue to rise
The current fertility rate in less-developed countries is much higher/lower than 2.3 and the fertility rate in developed countries is higher/lower than 2.1. For example, the fertility rate of Africa is 7 children per woman, while the fertility rate in eastern Europe and developed Asian countries is closed to 1. The implication of these numbers is that the population in less-developed countries will continue to rise/fall, straining the resources in each particular country.
dependent variable
The dependent/independent variable is the output based on the input.
independent variable
The dependent/independent variable is the variable that is put into the set of data, or the input.
thoracic cavity
The diaphragm divides the central cavity into the _______c cavity (which is above the diaphragm)
alimentary canal and accessory structures
The digestive system is composed of the ______y canal and _______y structures.
enzymes
The digestive system manufactures ______s that break down food so that the nutrients can be easily passed into the blood for use throughout the body.
vector
The displacement is said to be v____ quantity because it involves a direction, ex: one mile west.
scalar
The distance is said to be s____ quantity if it involves just a number (ex: three miles total)
fallopian tube
The egg is then moved through the ______n tube via the action of cilia. If a sperm is present, it meets the egg here!
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
The eight levels in the taxonomy hierarchy are as follows: d____, k______, p_____, c____, o____, f_____, g____, and s_____.
- short, stronger - gamma xray UV visible infrared microwave radio waves - longest and weakest -
The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into bands of wavelengths, ordered from short to long... (list them!)
principal energy levels (PEL)
The electrons are located in regions around the nucleus called orbitals, and are arranged in a series of _____l ____y ____ls.
calcium
The element _____m is a metallic element, which accounts for the hardness of bones and teeth. It must be obtained from foods to keep bones strong and healthy.
citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
The end-products of glycolysis are fed into the ___c ___d ____e to produce even MOOORE ATP. This and glycolysis constitutes cellular respiration.
electrolysis
The energetic input from _______s can chemically split the liquid water molecule into gaseous components.
Sun
The energy from the ___ supports almost all life on Earth by the process of photosynthesis, which converts carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds (usually sugars) and oxygen.
cornea
The eye features the ____a, allowing light into the eye.
amniotic fluid
The fetus continues to develop while surrounded by ______c fluid.
vagina
The fetus then passes through the birth canal (____a) during birth.
secretin and CCK
The first section of the small intestine, called the duodenum, releases two hormones: _____n and __K.
Fulcrum:
The fixed point on which a lever moves when a force is applied to it.
reshape
The flexibility of an enzyme allows its active site surface to _____e when placed in contact with a substrate.
What is blood pressure?
The fluid pressure generated by the cardiac cycle.
synthesis
The following formula is an example of what type of reaction? A + B --> AB
single replacement
The following formula is an example of what type of reaction? AB + C --> AC + B
double replacement
The following formula is an example of what type of reaction? AB + CD --> AD + CB
decomposition
The following formula is an example of what type of reaction? AB --> A + B
peristalsis
The gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines) is a long, muscular tube lined with smooth muscle in which _______s, rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus, occurs. These contractions move food along the gastrointestinal tract as the food is mechanically and chemically broken down.
both parents
The genotype (genetic makeup) of an organism consists of alleles inherited from one/both parents.
ectoderm mesoderm endotherm
The germ layers then form what are called the ___derm, ___derm, and ___therm. These layered will develop into the different organ systems of the body.
greater
The greater the electronegativity of an atom, the greater/weaker its attraction for bonding electrons.
birth and death rates
The growth and decline of a population in a country is a result of the difference between that populations ____h and ____h rates, as well as the number of people who immigrate to or emigrate from that country.
involuntary response
The hand's ability to withdraw from painful stimuli before the brain perceives the pain is an example of an ________y response.
heart attack
The hardening of the arteries as they close can lead to a ____t _____k.
atriums and ventricles
The heart consists of four chambers: the right and left ____s and the right and left _______s
atria, ventricles
The heart contains four chambers, the upper twon being labeled ___a, and the bottom two labeled _______s.
valves
The heart has four _____s that prevent the flow of blood back into the heart's chambers after a contraction.
muscle
The heart, made almost entirely of _____e, works to pump blood through the body.
higher temp
The higher/lower the temperature, the more frequently molecules will collide to initiate a reaction faster
organism
The highest level of anatomical organization is the ______m. It is the result of all organ systems working together within the body.
voluntarily and involuntarily
The human body has the ability to sense and respond to environmental stimuli, both _______ly and __________ly.
ion
The imbalance of charges produces a positively or negatively charged atom called an __n.
maintaining boundaries
The integumentary system that surrounds the entire body protects it from environmental stimuli and pathogens, which is an example of the human body's function of ______ing _______es.
pupil
The iris has an opening called the ____l, which can become larger or smaller depending on how much light is present.
C-14 living organisms U-235 rocks
The isotopes usually used are __-___ for living organisms and __-____ for rocks.
nucleic acids
The job of _____c ____s is to store and transmit hereditary information. It is a chain of nucleotidesthat consists of a pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Articulation (joint):
The junction of two or more bones.
digestive system
The liver from the _______e system synthesizes urea that must be excreted by the kidneys.
alveoli
The lungs in the respiratory system house tiny air sacs called _____i.
lymph nodes
The lymph is cleaned and filtered by _____ nodes.
reproductive system
The main purpose of the __________ system is to produce offspring.
semipermeable
The membrane of cells, which is ___________e, allows substances to pass through while restricting others.
active immunity
The memorization and production of antibodies is called ____e immunity.
ribosomes
The message stored in the bases of DNA must be transferred to the ______es of the cell in order to make proteins.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The molecule that supplies energy is called _______e _________e.
organic and inorganic
The molecules needed for life to carry out its functions can be classified being both _____c (carbon-based) and ______c (without carbon).
gastrulation
The most critical stage of development is called _____tion, in which individual tissue layers begin to form.
effectors
The motor function serves to carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the e_____s, which are most commonly the glands and muscles of the body. In this way, decisions that are made in the integrative function are acted upon by other parts of the body.
voluntary
The movement from the muscular system is voluntary/involuntary.
downward
The movement of air into the lungs first starts with the movement of the diaphragm upward/downward.
contractions
The muscle cells present are tightly locked together to provide ________s strong enough to force the blood to all areas in the body.
esophagus
The muscles in the ________s push food into the stomach via the process of peristalsis.
involuntary
The muscular tissues in the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, urinary, and respiratory systems also supports movements, and this movement is voluntary/involuntary.
Anode:
The negative electrode at which oxidation occurs.
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
The nervous system contains the ____l nervous system and ________l nervous system.
Inferences
The next step or logical conclusion that is not actually written in the text, it is deduced by the reader based on information that IS in the text.
proteins and nucleic acids
The nitrogen-containing wastes in the urinary system are by-products of the breakdown of ______s and ______c ____s.
atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element is the ____c number of the element; it serces as an ordering device for the periodic table.
atomic #
The number of protons is equal to what number?
carbon
The organic compounds, rich in ____n, act as a major source of biomass on Earth.
mouth esophagus stomach small & large intestines rectum anus
The organs along the digestive system's path include...? (list them from mouth to anus)
ingesting and digesting
The organs in the digestive system work to remove nutrients from food and transport those nutrients to other parts of the body using the cardiovascular system. This is an example of the body's ability/function of _____ing and _____ing.
Gregor Mendeleev
The original design of the periodic table of elements is credited to ____r ________v.
red blood cells
The oxygen (from the lungs) is then transported by __d ____d cells into the bloodstream.
by pulmonary veins, into left atrium, thru mitral valve, into left ventricle
The oxygenated blood from the lungs is then carried back to the heart by the ________y ____s, into the left ____m, through the _____l valve, and into the left ______e.
pH = -log(activity) whereas activity is in scientific notation
The pH range of numbers is based on a logarithmic scale (what is it? a formula)
autonomic and sensory-somatic nervous sytem
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the _______c and ______y-______c nervous system.
joint
The point where one bone meets another is called a ____t.
Cathode:
The positive electrode at which reduction occurs.
less energy
The potential barrier of products compared to reactants is reduced due to the lowering of activation energy, resulting in a reaction path requiring more/less energy.
1/100 (tinier meter)
The prefix centi means what? (1/10,1/100, or 1/1000?)
1/10 (tiny meter)
The prefix deci means what? (1/10,1/100, or 1/1000?)
10 (meters)
The prefix deka means what? (1,10,100, or 1000?)
100 (meters)
The prefix hecto means what? (1,10,100, or 1000?)
1,000 (meters)
The prefix kilo means what? (1,10,100, or 1000?)
1/1000 (tiniest meter)
The prefix milli means what? (1/10,1/100, or 1/1000?)
lungs
The primary function of the ____s is breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
movement
The primary purpose of muscular tissue is to support _________t of the body.
secondary structure
The primary sequence causes the protein to form an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet, creating its _______y structure.
ejaculation
The process by which semen exits the penis is called _______n.
ovulation
The process of _______n is the point where the egg is released from its follicle.
Expiration:
The process of breathing out.
adults
The process of differentiation occurs within cells in the developing embryo, but can ALSO occur in a____s.
during inspiration, through expiration
The processes of the respiratory system begins when the diaphragm, an abdominal muscle that contracts, pulls air into the lungs during ____ion, which is the act of taking in oxygenated air. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is forced out of the body through ____ion.
carbon dioxide
The rate at which respiration occurs is governed by the level of ____n _____e.
speed
The rate of motion at which an object travels in a certain amount of time is called the object's ____d.
reactants with catalysts increasing substrate surface area
The reaction rates depend largely on the frequency of the contact of ______s with catalysts. This may be articificially accomplished by increasing the ______e (the molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme) surface area.
colon
The remaining products of digestion that are not absorbed are transported to the ____n.
death rates
The replacement rate in developed countries is approximately 2.1, while the replacement rate in less-developed countries is approximately 2.3, mainly due to higher infant, child, and adult ____h rates.
hormones
The reproductive organs also house _______s that encourage or suppress activities within the body and influence the development of masculine or feminine body characteristics.
testes penis ovaries vagina breasts
The reproductive system consists of what organs? (list them)
men = sperm women = eggs (or ova)
The reproductive system is specialized in men to produce ____m and in women to produce ___s.
reproduction
The reproductive system plays a key role in the body's function of ______ion, and hormones regulate this process.
trachea, into R and L bronchial tubes
The respiratory process begins as air is inhaled through the nose into the ____a, passing into the right and left _____l ___s.
increases
The respiratory rates increases/decreases during birth.
Actinides:
The row of elements below the periodic table.
chemical bonding
The rules of ______l ____ing (the chemical merging of atoms due to their electron arrangements) are determined by an element's location within a given row.
sensory neurons
The sensory functions includes feeling pain, heat, and other stimuli. The face, fingers, and toes are more sensitive to stimuli because they have a greater number of ______y ______ns than do other parts of the body.
monosaccarides
The simplest sugars are called ____________s; examples are glucose and fructose.
calcium and phosphorus
The skeletal system also serves as a storage for minerals such as ______m and _________s.
reproductive system
The skin serves to protect internal organs, including those delicate ones in the _________e system.
products
The substances formed as the results of a chemical reaction are called ______s and are located to the right of the reaction sign.
Free energy:
The thermodynamic quantity measuring the tendency of a reaction to proceed.
tertiary structure
The three-dimensional shaping of a protein is called its ______y structure.
systole disatole
The time during which the heart is contracting is called _____e, whereas the time during which the heart relaxes is called the _____e.
Circumference of a circle:
The total distance around the circle.
latent heat
The transitions between solid, liquid, and gas phases are achieved by adding or subtracting energy from the system. The amount of energy necessary for the transition depends on the value of the ____t heat, which is related to the energy needed to cause a phase transition at a fixed temperature.
hydrogen bond
The type of weak bond found between nitrogenous bases on the DNA double helix is called a _______n bond because one partner in the bond is always a hydrogen atom.
tricuspid and pulmonary = right mitral and aortic = left
The valves of the heart include the _____d and _______y on the right side of the heart and the _____l and _____c on the left side of the heart.
-ly, with the exception of the adverb not
The vast majority of adverbs end in -ly, with the exception of the adverb ___.
replication errors
The vast majority of such mutations passed down from parent to offspring will arise spontaneously due to _____tion errors and may then be passed on to future generations.
groups/families
The vertical columns on the periodic table are called ____s/______s.
- long and weak - red orange yellow green blue indigo violet - short and strong -
The visible part of the spectrum can be further subdivided by color bands from long to short: (list them!)
Charles' Law:
The volume of a gas varies directly with temperature.
Boyle's Law:
The volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure.
brain
The voluntary movements caused by skeletal muscle are controlled by the ____n.
Calculation of Percents
The word "of" = multiply. 15 of 500 = % --- > 15*500 =25% What percent of 250 is 10? ---> set up equation and solve 250X = 10 -->X = 4%
exothermic reactions
There are reactions, such as fusion and fission reactions, that can release energy. These reactions are classified as _______c reactions, literally meaning "exit heat."
adenine cytosine guanine thymine uracil
There ware five types of nitrogenous bases: a_____ c_____ g_____ t_____ u_____
superficial
These are areas near the body's surface
distal
These are areas of the body that are not near the body's trunk
deep
These are areas that are away from the body's surface
proximal
These are areas that are closer to the body's trunk
medial
These are areas that are more toward the middle of the body
lateral
These are areas that are more toward the outer portions of the body
posterior
These are areas that are near the back of the body
anterior
These are areas that are near the front of the body
superior
These are areas that are near the upper end of the body
primary sources
These are firsthand records of events, theories, opinions of actions; may come in the form of either published or unpublished documents, recordings, or artifacts, and they must be contemporary to the events, people, or information that is at issue
like terms
These are terms that have the same variable and with the same exponent.
inferior
These are the areas that are closer to the lower parts of the body
Parentheses:
These are used to enclose supplementary or explanatory material which interrupts the main sentence.
Quotation marks:
These are used to enclose titles of chapters, articles, short poems or stories, songs and essays.
bases
These taste bitter, turn red litmus paper blue, feel slippery, and yield OH- ions.
acids
These taste sour, turn blue litmus paper red, and produce H+ ions.
urethra
These two passageways (vas deferens and epidydimus) lead the sperm into the _____a.
oxidation-reduction reactions
These/this type of reaction yields the sum of the reactants and products
If a patient is being counseled what is happening?
They are being advised
rRNA
This RNA is found as part of ribosomes and helps in the formation of polypeptides
Period:
This follows a declarative sentence.
Period:
This follows accepted abbreviations.
Period:
This follows an indirect question.
locomotion
This function of the human body is its ability to allow voluntary and involuntary movement of the body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems
adaptation
This function of the human body is its ability to recieve, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
elimination
This function of the human body is its ability to remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
nutrition
This function of the human body is its ability to take in a break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
oxygenation
This function of the human body is its ability to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system
circulation
This function of the human body is its ability to transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissue via the renal system
regulation
This function of the human body is its ability to use hormonal control of the body functions via the endocrine system
self-duplication
This function of the human body is its abillity to produce offspring via the reproductive system
transition metals
This group.family is located between groups 3 and 10, and is made up of metals that usually form colored ions and colutions. They have multiple ocidation states.
alkali metals
This group/family is located in group 1, and it is made up of metals with one outermost electron. It forms 1+ ions.
halogens
This group/family is located in group 17 and is made up of nonmetals with seven outermost electrons, forming -1 ions.
noble gases
This group/family is located in group 18, and is made up of nonmetal gases that do not react because they have full outermost PELs/shells.
alkaline earth metals
This group/family is located in group 2, and it made up of metals with two outermost electrons. It forms 2+ ions.
fermentation.
This happens after glycolysis has taken place, and the pyruvic acid can be further used to carry out anaerobic processes. Yeast, for example, changes the pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
neutron
This has an atomic mass of 1 amu, has a charge of 0, and is found in the nucleus.
proton
This has an atomic mass of 1 amu, has a charge of 1+, and is located in the nucleus.
electron
This has an atomic mass of 1/1836 amu, has a charge of -1, and is found on the principle energy levels (shells).
Dash:
This indicates an interruption or an abrupt change of ideas in a sentence.
phenolphthalein
This indicator is colorless if in the presence of an acid, and pink/magenta when in the presence of a base.
litmus paper
This indicator turns red in the presence of an acid, and blue in the presence of a base.
transverse/cross section
This is a cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions
sagittal section
This is a cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts
frontal/coronal section
This is a cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions
Celcius
This is a metric temperature scale that is defined by the melting point of ice (0 degrees) and boiling point of liquid water (100 degrees)
real number
This is a number that appreas either as a rational or an irrational number
constant
This is a quantity that does not change.
critical reading
This is a reading style in which the reader carefully analyzes the text, judging its credibility and the author's intentions, rather than simply accepting the material as fact, and is generally preferable to passive reading; the reader analyzes the material as it is read, considering both the text itself and the author's possible biases in order to decide what is fact, what is opinion, and ultimately, how much trust to place in the written material
rational number
This is a real number that can be a fraction or a decimal
irrational number
This is a real number that cannot be written as fractions; includes pie, square roots, and cube roots
deductive reasoning
This is a reasoning method whereby conclusions follow from general principles. It goes from general to specific. Is illustrated by the following example: 1.) all men are mortal 2.) Sultan is a man
midsagittal section
This is a sagittal section made down the median of the body
hypothesis
This is an explanation formulated to answer the questions being investigated.
variable
This is an unknown quantity in an expression, usually in the form of a letter such as x, y, or z.
deep
This is away from or below the body surface
distal
This is away from the origin of the body part or point of attachment
intermediate
This is between medial and larteral
proximal
This is close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
codon
This is each piece of the code made up of the sequences of nitrogenous bases (A,C,G,T,U)
expression
This is one of more terms consisting of any combination of constants and/or variables.
quotient
This is the answer to the division problem; for example, in 14/2, 7 is this.
divisor
This is the denominator in a division problem; for example in 14/2, the 2 is this.
degree
This is the exponent or sum of exponents of the variable(s) of a term.
dividend
This is the numerator in a division problem; for example, in 14/2, 14 is this.
coefficient
This is the numerical part of a term; the number that is being multiplied to the variable
density
This is the ratio of mass per volume for a substance
inductive reasoning
This is the reasoning method of arriving at general principles from specific facts (specific to general), illustrated by the following example: 1.) I observed the Sun setting this evening. 2.) I have observed the Sun set daily, hundreds of times in my lifetime.
superficial
This is toward or at the body surface
posterior
This is toward the back of the body or body structure
anterior
This is toward the front of the body or body structure
inferior
This is toward the lower end of the body or body structure.
medial
This is toward the middle of the body or body structure
lateral
This is toward the outer sides of the body or body structure
superior
This is toward the upper end of the body or body structure.
tape measures
This measuring tool for length or height is used for larger measurements (room for house) that are usually no more than 50 feet long.
meter sticks
This measuring tool for length or height is used for measurements no longer than 1 meter.
rulers
This measuring tool for length or height is used for measurements no longer than 12 inches.
yard stick
This measuring tool for length or height is used to for measurements no longer than 1 yard, 3 feet, or 36 inches.
caliper
This measuring tool for length or height is used to measure very small lengths, usually 6 inches or fewer with greater precision than a ruler.
bronchi
This part of the respiratory system is where the trachea separates into two pathways, one going toward each lung. They further divide and branch out into bronchial tubes.
condensation
This phase change is from gas to liquid, and is when energy is removed (exothermic)
deposition
This phase change is from gas to solid, when energy is removed (exothermic).
vaporization
This phase change is from liquid to gas, when energy is added (endothermic)
freezing
This phase change is from liquid to solid, and is when energy it removed (exothermic)
sublimation
This phase change is from solid to gas, when energy is added (endothermic)
melting
This phase change is from solid to liquid, and is when energy is added (endothermic)
Prophase II
This phase in meiosis is a brief stage in which the spindle fibers being to reappear, and centrioles move to opposite poles
Telophase I
This phase in meiosis is when cytokinesis has occurred, and two haploid daughter cells are the result.
Telophase II
This phase in meiosis is when four haploid cells are the result of cytokinesis
Prophase I
This phase in meiosis is when homologus chromosomes condense and link in the process-forming tetrads. This allows crossing over or recombination to occur.
Metaphase I
This phase in meiosis is when homologus chromosomes move to the metaphase plate.
Anaphase I
This phase in meiosis is when homologus chromosomes separate, but the sister chromatids stay together
Anaphase II
This phase in meiosis is when sister chromatid separate again!
Metaphase II
This phase in meiosis is when sister chromatids align at a new metaphase plate
metaphase
This phase in mitosis is when the chomosomes align midway along the spindle fibers.
anaphase
This phase in mitosis is when the chromosomes begin to separate from their daughters, and cytokinesis begins!
prophase
This phase in mitosis is when the spindle fibers form and the centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell. The nuclear membrane also disappears.
solids
This phase of matter has a definite shape, has a definite volume, and have molecules in a fixed position
gases
This phase of matter has no definite shape, has no definite volume, and have molecules far apart
liquids
This phase of matter has no definite shape, have a definite volume, and have molecules touching but not fixed in position
telophase
This phase of mitosis is when identical sets of chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reappear, and cytokinesis completes.
acid-base reaction
This reaction involves an acid + base yielding salt + water
metabolism
This reaction involves cellular respiration, and is the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) to carbon dioxide, and the reduction of oxygen to water... glucose to CO2, oxygen to water
photosynthesis
This reaction involves the production oxygen and sugar (glucose)
epiglottis
This structure (_______s) of the mouth prevents food from entering the larynx as the food is swallowed. The food can enter only the esophagus.
≥
This symbol reads as "is greater than or equal to, is AT LEAST."
>
This symbol reads as "is greater than, is more than."
≤
This symbol reads as "is less than or equal to, is AT MOST."
<
This symbol reads as "is less than, is no greater than."
=
This symbol reads as "is, was, measures, becomes."
-
This symbol reads as "less than."
+
This symbol reads as "more than."
2
This symbol reads as "twice."
tRNA
This type of RNA compliments mRNA via an anticodon that corresponds to an amino acid that __RNA will carry
mRNA
This type of RNA copies DNA's genetic code via a process called transcription
combustion reaction
This type of reaction involves the burning of propane; propane + oxygen
alkynes CnH2n-2
Those unsaturated hydrocarbons containing triple bonds are called ____es, with the general formula _______.
alkenes CnH2n
Those unsaturated hydrocarbons with one double bond are called ____es with the general formula _______.
adaptation
Through mutations and combinations of alleles, some individuals of a species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment in which they live. This process is called ________n.
In DNA Adenine always pairs with:
Thymine
What nitrogenous base is unique to DNA?
Thymine
improper fractions; numerator is greater than the denominator
To add or subtract fractions, first convert any mixed numbers into ______ fractions. In other words, convert any number that represents the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction into a fraction whose numerator is greater/less than the denominator.
What is the purpose of a catalyst?
To control the rate of chemical reactions.
multiplication sign, flip the second fraction
To divide fractions, first convert any mixed number into improper fractions. Then, you keep the first fraction as it is written, but change the division sign to a ________ sign, and ____ the second fraction. Then, simplify the factors and multiply through. (Simplify final answer!)
zygote
To form an embryo (an animal or a plant in the early stages of development after fertilization), a fertilized egg called a ____e begins dividing and becomes a mass of cells.
proofreading, mispairing
To lessen errors in DNA replication, DNA polymerase performs _______ing of the newly synthesized strands. If it recognizes a ______ing of bases, it attempts to correct the problem by insertion of the proper base.
genus and species
To name organisms, scientists use a binomial system that includes the organism's ____s and _____s.
RNA
To translate the complementary code on DNA into a protein, ___ is required.
lymphoid tissue
Tonsils in the lymphatic system are made of a special tissue called ______d tissue.
Cells copy instructions in the DNA into the RNA is a process called:
Transcription
Circulation:
Transporting oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues via the cardiovascular system.
Layers of atmosphere (starting closest to earth)
Troposphere-ranges from Earth's surface to between 9km an 17km above Earth > stratosphere > Mesosphere > Thermosphere
TRUE
True or false; cells can divide and remain undifferentiated.
False; they need BOTH mitochondira and chloroplasts to function
True or false; chloroplasts have many structural similarities to mitochondria, but plant calls only need chloroplasts to function
TRUE
True or false; two phases can exist at the same temperature...
Proportion:
Two equal ratios.
liver and the pancreas
Two other important organs of the digestive system include the ___r and the _____s.
The element is named _______ the chemical symbol.
Under
The atomic mass is located ______ the element.
Underneath
Calorie:
Unit of energy equal to 4.184 joules.
single-stranded string
Unlike the double helix structure of DNA, for the most part, RNA exists as a _____-stranded string of nucleotides.
double or triple
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more ____le or ____le bonds between carbon atoms.
fertilization
Upon _______n, the sperm and egg become a zygote, which begins a number of cell divisions called _____e.
In anatomy the word "Superior" means:
Upper/above
What nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?
Uracil
DNA has the base Thymine (T) but not Uracil (U); RNA has
Uracil but not Thymine
Stoichiometry
Use of relative amounts of reagents & products in reaction to find quantities of those reagents & products
Question mark:
Used after a direct question.
Corticosteroids:
Used medically as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Hyphen:
Used to divide a word that won't fit on the same line.
Quotation marks:
Used to enclose slang words, technical terms or other expressions that are unusual.
Hyphen:
Used to form new words beginning with self, ex, all, trans and great.
Comma:
Used to separate quoted expressions.
Hyphen:
Used with compound numbers.
Metaphor:
Using two nouns and comparing or contrasting them.
5
V
Volume of a Cube or Prism:
V = Length x Width x Height or S^3
Volume of a circular cylinder:
V = Pi x Radius ^2 x Height
Action verb
Verb that shows an action performed by the subject of the sentence.
Vitamin D
Vitamin __ also helps with the body's uptale of calcium to maintain overall health in the bones.
osmosis
Water can diffuse across a membrane in a process called _____s.
high specific heat
Water chemically possesses high/low specific heat.
high
Water has a high/low heat of vaporation.
life
Water is a necessity for the formation of __e!
solvent
Water is a universal _____t, as it dissolves many solids, liquids, and gases into aqueous solutions.
star formation
Water is abundant throughout the universe as a byproduct of ___r formation.
4 degrees Celcius
Water is characterized by a maximum density of __ degrees Celcius.
polar molecule
Water is considered a ____r molecule (a molecule that possesses both positive and negative atomic structure) of H and O, with O possessing the higher electronegativity.
polar
Water is considered to be the universal solvent and can dissolve a range of substances that are ____r, or contains ions. They themselves are ____r, too!
metabolic processes
Water is important in many ______c processes, catabolically and anabolically.
cohesive forces
Water molecules are polar and can attract other water molecules via ______e forces (forces between the same molecules).
adhesive forces
Water molecules can also attract other polar molecules via ______e forces (forces between different molecules).
high
Water's polarity results in high/low surface tension and adhesion.
0, 1, 2, 3, etc.
What are examples of whole numbers?
1.) polar molecule 2.) density at 4 degrees C 3.) 2nd highest specific heat 4.) pH of 7
What are four characteristics of water?
ions iron calcium water
What are four inorganic compounds?
beakers graduated cylinders measuring cups pipettes measuring spoons
What are some appropriate measuring tools for volume?
around between by in of to with
What are some common prepositions?
bones cartilage ligaments joints
What are some components (parts) of the skeletal system? (list them)
bone cartilage adipose (fat) blood vessels
What are some examples of connective tissues?
religion culture economy employment government education literacy infant mortality rates abortions accessibility to family planning
What are some factors which can affect birth and fertility rates? (list them)
calipers rulers yard sticks meter sticks tape measures
What are some measurement tools suitable to measure length or height?
oxygen hormones nutrients (from food)
What are some of the substances distributed throughout the body via the circulatory system?
nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
What are some organs in the respiratory system?
birth death role in society role of government marriage
What are some themes are treated differently from one culture to the next?
crowded and loud
What are the adjectives in the following sentence? The doctor's part was crowded and loud.
colorful and distinctive
What are the adjectives in this sentence? Their new uniforms were colorful and distinctive.
1 2 3 4 5 6
What are the characters used in the Arabic numeral system?
M D C L X V I
What are the characters used in the Roman numeral system?
Na Cl K
What are the electrolytes maintained in the urinary system?
lipids carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids
What are the four organis compounds?
epithelial connective muscle nervous
What are the four tissue types?
cytosine and thymine
What are the nucleic acids classified as pryimidines?
adenine and guanine
What are the nucleic acids classified as purines?
lymph nodes lymph vessels spleen thymus tonsils
What are the organs and parts of the lymphatic system?
1.) problem identification 2.) question asking 3.) hypothesis 4.) data collection and experimentation 5.) analysis 6.) conclusion
What are the six steps of the scientific method?
pineal pituitary thalamus hypothalamus thyroid thymus adrenal
What are the the glands of the endocrine system? (list them)
duodenum jejunum ileum
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
squamous cuboidal columnar
What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?
UAG UAA UGA
What are the three stop codons?
skeletal cardiac smooth
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
1.) # cell layers 2.) cell shape
What are the two classifications of epithelial tissues?
1.) provide covering 2.) produce secretions
What are the two functions of epithelial tissue?
growth and metabolism
What are the two main goals of the glands of the endocrine system?
grams/millimeters
What are the units for density?
a.) may be written hundreds of years ago b.) may not always be accurate c.) difficult to analyze
What are three challenges of primary sources?
combustion photosynthesis metabolism
What are three examples of oxidation-reduction reactions?
pancreas testis ovaries
What are three organs of the body which serve endocrine functions, as well as other functions (in other systems) of the body?
vacuoles lysosomes peroxisomes
What are three types of vesicles?
Parentheses Exponents Multiplication Division Addition Subtraction
What does PEMDAS stand for?
"out of 100"
What does percent literally mean? (hint hint! "cent")
animalia fungi plantae protista
What four kingdoms are part of the eukarya domain?
-273 degrees C
What is Kelvin?
"Based on the ideas in the text, what is the author's point?"
What is a good question to ask yourself when seeking logical conclusions?
scales
What is an appropriate measuring tool for weight?
article
What is an example of a journalism primary source?
1st amendment
What is an example of a law primary source?
hieroglyphics
What is an example of an archaeological primary source?
painting
What is an example of an art primary source?
C3H8
What is propane's formula?
"...when I find a decent parking space..."
What is the adjectival clause in the following sentence? "It never rains on the days when I find a decent parking space."
"...who is not from New York..."
What is the adjectival clause in the following sentence? "The only nurse on the shift who is not from New York is Angelina."
unfortunately
What is the adverb in this sentence? The elderly patient stated that she had unfortunately lost 20 pounds.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Glucose + Oxygen ----> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sun Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + Water + Sun Energy ---> Glucose + Oxygen
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
M1V1 = M2V2
What is the equation for changes in molarity?
H = -M x L
What is the equation for condensation?
D = m/v
What is the equation for density?
d = m/v
What is the equation for density?
H = -M x L
What is the equation for heat removed?
H = M x L M = mass L = latent heat
What is the equation for heat?
KE = 1/2mv^2 m = mass v = velocity
What is the equation for kinetic energy?
ph = -log(activity) insert scientific notation into activity
What is the equation for pH?
PE = mgh m = mass g = standard gravity constant h = height of object
What is the equation for potential energy?
CnH2n+2
What is the equation for saturated alkanes?
CnH2n
What is the equation for unsaturated alkenes?
CnH2n-2
What is the equation for unsaturated alkynes?
H = M x L
What is the equation for vaporization (liquid to gas)?
C3H12O6
What is the formula for sugar, or glucose?
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula for saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)?
1.) X + C --> XC 2.) XC + Y --> XYC 3.) XYC --> CZ 4.) CZ --> C + Z
What is the general reaction of catalysts? (4 steps)
you
What is the implied subject in the following examples: Give me a sterile needle now! Call the doctor STAT! Close the patient's curtains. Call for a wheelchair, please.
independent = exercise dependent = blood pressure
What is the independent and dependent variable in the following statement? A person exercises to control their blood pressure.
"...why they have to put up with outdated supplied and equiptment."
What is the noun clause in the following sentence? "The nurses simply do not understand why they have to put up with outdated supplied and equipment."
"Where the patient's chart has gone..."
What is the noun clause in the following sentence? "Where the patient's chart has gone is anyone's guess."
10^0
What is the power of 10 for 1?
10^-2
What is the power of 10 for centi (1/100)?
10^-1
What is the power of 10 for deci (1/10)?
10^1
What is the power of 10 for deka (10)?
10^2
What is the power of 10 for hecto (100)?
10^3
What is the power of 10 for kilo (1,000)?
10^-3
What is the power of 10 for milli (1/1000)?
10^-2
What is the power of ten for centi?
10^3
What is the power of ten for kilo?
10^-6
What is the power of ten for micro?
10^-3
What is the power of ten for milli?
10^-9
What is the power of ten for nano?
"...struggled to explain what had led him to select his chosen profession."
What is the predicate in the following sentence? "The cardiologist struggled to explain what had led him to select his chosen profession.
oct-
What is the prefix for eight carbon atoms?
pent-
What is the prefix for five carbon atoms?
but-
What is the prefix for four carbon atoms?
non-
What is the prefix for nine carbon atoms?
meth-
What is the prefix for one carbon atom?
hept-
What is the prefix for seven carbon atoms?
hex-
What is the prefix for six carbon atoms?
dec-
What is the prefix for ten carbon atoms?
prop-
What is the prefix for three carbon atoms?
eth-
What is the prefix for two carbon atoms?
K = C + 273
What is the relationship between Kelvin and Celcis? (equation)
Shiela
What is the subject in the following sentence? Determined to score better on this test than on the last one, Shiela started studying weeks earlier.
Sharon AND Kimberly
What is the subject of the following sentence? Sharon and Kimberly offered to take the night shift for me this week.
cardiologist
What is the subject of the following sentence? The cardiologist struggled to explain what had led him to select his chosen profession.
1.) Decide what qualities are important 2.) Get product information to compare against the list of qualities 3.) Sort through the product information and decide which product or retailer best matches desired qualities
What is the three-stage process when making any well-thought purchase?
meter (m)
What is the unit of metric measure for length?
liter (L)
What is the unit of metric measure for volume?
gram (g)
What is the unit of metric measure for weight?
verb = was pleased adverb = not
What is the verb and adverb in the following sentence? The hospital staff was not pleased with the new payment rules.
4
What is the √16?
1
What is the √1?
5
What is the √25?
6
What is the √36?
1.73
What is the √3?
7
What is the √49?
2
What is the √4?
2.23
What is the √5?
8
What is the √64?
2.45
What is the √6?
2.65
What is the √7?
9
What is the √81?
2.83
What is the √8?
3
What is the √9?
1.41
What is √2?
adenine, cytosine, and guanine = DNA and RNA thymine = DNA uracil = RNA
What three nitrogenous bases are found in both DNA and RNA? What two nitrogenous bases are only found in DNA and RNA?
detectives, medical personnel, engineers
What three types of professional individuals would be interested in finding solutions to problems within a given time frame, and benefit from the advancement of mathematical and technological skills?
hydrogen bonds disulfide bridges
What two things hold together the tertiary structure of proteins?
(25/1000) and don't forget to simplify! would be (1/40)
What would the fraction be for the decimal 0.025?
inversed relationship (negative correlation)
When a graph shows a curve, what type of relationship is this?
46 chromosomes diploid
When a sperm cell and an egg cell join, the resulting zygote now has ___ chromosomes (___oid).
least common denominator
When adding or subtracting fractions, after converting any mixed number into improper fractions, you must then determine the ____ ______ _______ (LCD), which is the smallest common multiple of the denominators, or the least number that both denominators divide into evenly.
tincture
When alcohol is used as a solvent, the solution is termed a _____e.
homozygous
When both parents give the offspring the same allele, the offspring is ____zygous for that particular trait.
proportion, then subtract
When calculating the rate of change, you must set up a _______n between the two "students" and then ______ to get the answer (rate of change).
written in italics, genus capitalized and species not capitalized. This is the binomial nomenclature. ex: /Homo sapiens/
When classifying individual species, the Latin name of the genus and species is written in ____cs, with the genus capitalized/not capitalized and the species capitalized/not capitalized. This is the bi_____ n_________e.
left to right
When completing the multiplication and division part of PEMDAS, work from ___t to ____t, as well as with addition and subtraction. (No parentheses!!)
vertical 125|3.000
When converting fractions (3/125) to a decimal, you should use the line between the denominator and numerator and flip it clockwise, so that it is horizontal/vertical, and use that as the line for when you manually divide on paper ex: (3/125) to a decimal, when written on paper, will be what?
divide the denominator into the numerator
When converting fractions into percents, you divide the denominator/numerator into the denominator/numerator.
over 100, the numerator
When converting fractions whose denominators can be written as powers of 10 (i.e.,10,100,1000, etc.), first write the fraction as an equivalent fraction over ___ (may need to multiply for this) and then write the denominator/numerator of this fraction with the % symbol.
right two places
When converting from decimals to percents, you move the decimal point left/right two places.
left two places
When converting from percents to decimals, you move the decimal point left/right two places.
over 100
When converting from percents to fractions, you remove the % symbol and write the number in the numerator of the fraction and write ___ in the denominator. Then, you just simplify!
denominator see page 101
When dividing polynomials, if the divisor (right of the division sign) is monomial (-4xy), make it the denominator in a fraction under each monomial in the dividend (left of the division sign)
hours to minutes
When expressing the ratio 30 minutes to 4 hours, you turn hours to ______s and simplify the fraction/ratio.
You subtract the numerator from the denominator, and then put the final number over the denominator to get the answer "out of 1"
When given a set of fractions (within a nickel), after you add all of the fractions together after putting them under their least common denominator, you subtract the denominator/numerator from the denominator/numerator, and then put the final number over the denominator/numerator to get the answer "out of 1."
multiply 6.5 inches x 15 miles = answer
When given the question: "Suppose that 1 inch on a map represents 15 miles on the ground. If a desired distance measures 6.5 inches on the map, how far is this distance on the ground?" the way to solve it is by taking 15 miles and 6.5 and ______ them together to find the distance in miles.
end
When looking for a summary sentence, look near the beginning/end of the given text first.
1.) should be to the point 2.) credible or authoritative
When looking for appropriate sources, appropriate means two things: 1.) The information should be __ ___ _____ 2.) The information should be ______ or authoritative.
beginning
When looking for the topic sentence of any piece of text, look near the beginning/end of that text first.
one
When making an estimation of the solution to a problem, round each number so that there is only one/two nonzero digit in each number. Then, you solve.
criss-cross simplification
When multiplying fraction, after converting any mixed numbers into improper fractions, you must simplify or reduce factors in the numerator (top) with fractions in the denominator (bottom) in a ____-___s type of simplification. Then, you can multiply the numerators and denominators together (and simplify!)
organ system
When organs work together to perform a task, the result is an ____n _____m.
government (.gov) organization (.org) educational (.edu)
When picking internet primary sources, what three types of websites are nonbiased, and are the most reliable?
multiply each term by the least common denominator see page 106
When solving for x with fractions, divide/multiply each term by the ____t _____n _______r and then simplify until they are not fractions. Then, solve for x.
reflex
When the body senses pain, it may automatically withdraw from it. This response is called a ____x and occurs when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turn sends a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain.
stop codon
When the ribosome recognizes a _____ ______ it releases the new protein and the mRNA
1 (meter)
When there is no prefix...
work on innermost, then work outwards
When working on parentheses in the order of operations, work on the ____most set of parentheses first, and then work ____ards.
8 into 5 8|5.0
When you convert (5/8) into a percent, you divide __ into __. (Show how you should write on paper to solve)
Adverb
When, how, why, how much, a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb.
"Whenever the doctor operates..." verb = leaves
Which part of the following sentence is the adverbial clause, and which is the verb? "Whenever the doctor operates, he leaves virtually no scar."
present tense
Which tense is the verb in this sentence? (past, present, or future?) The chiropractor adjusts a patient.
proton and neutron = same electrons = less
While a proton and a neutron have approximately the same mass, an electron's mass contributes much more/less to the atom.
isotopes
While larger atoms have larger mass numbers, a given atom may also have several versions called ______s that also differ by mass number. These are atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
physical bonding
While the atoms within the liquid still maintain intermolecular forces with one another, the ______l bonding, or the physical connection between atoms (or molecules) that does not alter the chemical nature of the atoms (or molecules) is of a weaker attractive nature.
23 chromosomes haploid
While the human cell has just 46 chromosomes, the sex cell needs to be produced so that each sex cell has just ___ chromosomes. These cells are terms _____d.
volatile
With regard to the vaporization of liquids, liquids that evaporate at a very high rate, given the same temperature, are called _____e.
cilia
Within the bronchial tubes are tiny hairs called ___a, which keep airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs.
Anaerobic:
Without the presence of oxygen.
1.) inform 2.) persuade 3.) entertain 4.) express feelings
Writing usually serves a specific purpose, and that purpose usually falls into one of four categories. The writer may want to: 1.) _____m the reader about some fact or event; newspaper articles often fall into this category 2.) _______e the reader to a particular viewpoint; this sort of writing is often called persuasive writing 3.) _______n the reader; for example, most fiction novels serve the purpose of entertainment 4.) _____ ______s; a large amount of poetry is concerned with evoking a feeling or emotion in the reader
10
X
addresses and phone numbers
Yellow book pages typically include ______s and _____ _______s.
category
Yellow pages list businesses by ______y.
DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
_NA, _NA, and r______s work hand in hand to produce the proteins necessary for life in cells.
B cells
__ cells have antigen receptors and antibodies, and they work to fight off bacteria. They can form plasma cells and memory cells.
CCK
__K is released from the duodenum as well and initiates bile release from the gallbladder, while decreasing motility and acid production by the stomach.
red blood cells
___ blood cells are responsible carrying oxygen via the hemoglobin present in the cells.
T cells
___ cells are responsible for recognizing nonself cells. On engagement with nonself cells, they produce killer T cells and memory T cells.
DNA
___ is the macromolecule in cells that codes for how amino acids form proteins. It is a double-stranded helic that had complimentary nucleic acids that are hydrogen bonded to each other.
white blood cells
____ blood cells defend the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.
small-scale
____-scale behaviors have been observed to differ from large-scale behavior; therefore, more precise data often leads to further understanding.
cardiac and smooth muscle
_____ and _____ muscles are not included in the muscular system.
cardiac muscle
_____ muscle is found only in the heart, and its movement is entirely involuntary.
smooth muscle
_____ muscle is under involuntary control, which means it cannot be consciously controlled. It is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as intestines, blood vessels, the bladder, and the uterus.
litmus paper
_____ paper, which is a pH indicator, will indicate red for acidic solutions and blue for basic solutions. Though, they may not always be accurate, but will do the job.
skeletal muscle
______ muscle supports voluntary movement since it is connected to bones in the skeletal system.
topic sentences
______ sentences express the main point of a paragraph, or of a larger text structure (such as an essay or a book chapter). Usually it is at the start of a paragraph, and is supported by supporting ideas. It appears early in the structure and then the remainder of the text goes on to explain upon and illustrate it.
fertility rates
_______ rates refer the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years, which occur between the ages of 15 and 44.
summary sentences
_______ sentences generally appear at (or near) the end of a paragraph, chapter, section, or document; they sum up the point of the earlier text, driving the message home so that the reader does not forget it or miss it. They draw a conclusion that does one step further than the topic sentence. Are also useful for providing closure to a piece of text; without it, a document may feel chopped-off or unfinished.
nervous tissue
_______ tissue provides the structure of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
historical context
________ context means that the time and place in which the piece was written will ifluence the work i some way; these factors may affect what is written (the text's content) and HOW it is written (the text's style). It is crucial to understanding the writing itself!
supporting details
_________ _____s flesh out and help explain the main idea. Without these, the reader has very little reason to believe the main idea. Example: In "Depression: the Rational Solution," it would be hard to believe the main idea if the only words in the book were, "Try to be more logical and less emotional, and you will then be less depressed. The End." Hard to believe, huh?
electronegativity
____________y is a measure of an atom's attraction on electrons in a chemical bond.
electromagnetic waves
___________c waves are waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields.
commensalism
__________m is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected.
condensation
__________n occurs through a phase transition from a gas to a liquid.
emulsifications
__________s are formed hen two substances that have opposite polarities are mixed.
carbohydrates
__________s are organic compounds that contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. They are major sources of energy in the body.
photosynthesis
__________s is the process carried out by green plants, green algae, and certain bacteria, in which the energy from the sunlight is trapped by the green pigment chlorophyll and used for the synthesis of glucose.
mechanical churning
_________l churning of the stomach also continues to break the food down into smaller pieces.
inflammation redness, heat, swelling, and pain
_________n occurs as a response to irritating chemicals, heat, trauma, or infection by pathogens. ___ness, ___t, ___ing, and ___n are four cardinal signs of this.
subheadings
_________s are headings that appear below other headings, within the same category. They typically appear in a smaller typeface than headinds so that they may easily be distinguished.
chromosomes
_________s contain sections called genes, which contain information that specifies the production of proteins.
phagocytosis
_________s is the act of engulfing pathogens by white blood cells.
hydrocarbons
_________s, like methane, propane, and butane bond to hydrogen and carbon atoms.
pancreatic juice
________c juice containing amylase, proteases, and lipase is secreted from the pancreas.
incomplete dominance
________e dominance is when the dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype; a mix of the two traits!
temperature
________e is a meaure of the average kinetic energy of a sample.
microtubules
________es in eukaryotic cells are cellular tracks that, during mitosis, form the mitotic spindle.
formatting
________g may be used to enhance text structure, so it may be maintained by using bold words, new paragraphs, and lists to draw the reader's attention to the text structure, helping them to differentiate where a thought ends or where an important piece of information may be found.
description
________n is a type of text structure that almost never appears with any special formatting; it usually just appears in the middle of a paragraph. Passages that use ________n tend to describe or characterize a person, thing, or idea.
investigations
________s are conducted to identify potential problems and to create solutions to those problems before the actually occur.
stereotypes
________s are oversimplified opinions that do not account for individual differences, about an entire group of people or things
adjectives
________s are words that describe or modify nouns; they give you more information about the subject and other nouns in the sentence, and gives you details that helps guide your response.
decomposers
________s break down the remains of dead animals and plants.
electrolytes
________s conduct electricity in solutions.
chemotaxis, through cytokines
________s is the method by which the leukocytes (WBCs) respond to damaged body tissue. This is accomplished in part through _______s, which are chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues.
metalloids
_______ds, which are found next to the stairstep line on the periodic table, are considered to have transitional properties between metals and nonmetals.
narrative
_______e tells a story, or relates a chain of events.
persuasive
_______e writing tries to get the reader to agree with the author.
phenotypes
_______es are the physical expressions of genetic traits. In some organisms, such as pea plants, these include the seed color, pod shape, or flower color. In organisms like humans, it may be a body characteristic such as brown hair or blue eyes.
terrestrial
_______l (land-based) biomes include deserts and tropical rainforests.
cholesterol
_______l is known to cause a buildup of a plaque in the arteries causing atherosclerosis.
skeletal muscle
_______l muscle is attached to the skeleton of the boyd and is used for voluntary movements.
parasitism
_______m is a symbiotic relationship in which an organism benefits while harming another.
metabolism
_______m is the use of energy by cells as a result of chemical reactions within the cells. The digestive and respiratory systems supply the nutrients and oxygen that the body needs to support _______m.
vaporization
_______n occurs through a phase transition from a liquid to a gas.
globular proteins 3D structure
_______r proteins (proteins that are water soluble) are built from amino acids that form chains ranging from a few dozen to thousands of members. Each amino-acid sequence produces a specific __ structure.
arteries
_______s are blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries.
allotropes
_______s are different forms of the same element (ex: diatomic oxygen O2, or ozone, O3)
pathogens
_______s are microorganisms capable of producing disease.
titrations
_______s are performed to determine the concentration of an acidic or basic solution.
indicators
_______s are substances that change color to indicate the presence of an acid or a base, or the pH of a substance.
interferons
_______s are the body's response to viral infection, activating macrophages and NK cells, and prevent the replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days.
headings
_______s are titles that preface a section of text. They advertise the subject of the text that is found beneath them, making it easier to skim the text or to search for a particular topic. They also give the text extra structure, always following a pattern.
ribosomes
_______s in prokaryotic cells manufacture proteins for the cell from the DNA messages. They are very small bodies that are free-floating within the cytoplasm.
glycolysis
_______s is an anaerobic process that splits a six-carbon glucose molecule into to three-carbon pyruvic acid molecules. Two ATP molecules are needed to start the process, but four ATP molecules are produced, yielding a new of two ATP molecules. Also formed are two molecules of NADH2, which can be used to form more ATP, provided it enters an aerobic process.
photosynthesis
_______s is carried out in the chloroplasts of the plant cell.
hydrolysis
_______s is the opposite of dehydration synthesis, in which larger starches or polysaccharides have water added to them to break down into simple sugars for use by cells.
antibodies
_______s, specific to each pathogen, are ready to respond should this occur.
fahrenheit
_______t is the temperature scale that is used in the United States; 32 degrees freezing point and 212 degrees boiling point
conservation
_______tion of energy occurs when a total constant energy is maintained by the conversion of energy between kinetic and potential.
accessory structures
_______y structures include the teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
bacteria; type of cell is prokaryotic
______a have the most basic types of cells that can exist independently of other cells. This type of cell is called ______ic.
passive transport
______e transport is transportation that occurs from high concentration to a low concentration naturally without any additional energy input.
technical
______l writing passes along precise information, usually about a specific topic, and usually in a formal or semi-formal style; its purpose is to pass along very specific information to the reader; uses lists, text boxes, varying font sizes and colors, and text formatting; the goal is to make individual bits of information easier to read, and also to make them easier to find quickly
reduction
______n involves electron acceptance to produce a more negative ion.
oxidation
______n involves electron donation to produce a more positive ion.
pronouns
______ns are small words that take the place of nouns so that writing does not sound overly repetitive and tedious.
enzymes, found as protein molecules
______s act as catalysts for special chemical reactions within the human body. These enzymes are found as ____n molecules within body tissue.
Metalloids
______s are elements that may accept or donate electrons readily, and possess a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties.
enzymes
______s are examples of complex proteins that function to regulate the rate at which reactions occur.
platelets
______s are responsible for helping the blood clot and seal breaks in the walls of blood vessels.
plasmids
______s are small, circular portions of DNA in prokaryotic cells, and are not associated with the nucleoid, which has a larger number of genes in comparison.
elements
______s are substances that cannot be broken down chemically.
catalysts
______s control the rate of chemical reactions, or reactions in which atoms react to come to a stable state.
vesicles
______s in eukryotic cells are small membrane-bounded sacs within the cytoplasm. They are used to transport proteins or other substances in or out of the cell.
genetics
______s isthe study of heredity or how traits are passed on from parent to offspring.
covalent bonding
______t bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms.
physiology
______y is the study of the function of the organs and body systems.
anatomy
______y is the study of the structure of organs and body systems.
velocity
______y takes into account the speed and direction.
aquatic
_____c (water-based) biomes incluse oceans and lakes.
nucleic acids
_____c ____s are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, along with nitrogen and phosphorus atoms as well!
specific heat
_____c ____t is the energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree Celcius.
abiotic factors
_____c factors are the factors that are not living, such as amounts of light available, temperature, amounts of water available, and levels of minerals present in the soil.
cardiac muscle
_____c muscle is present in the heart.
Kinetic theory
_____c theory states that atoms (or molecules) are always in motion.
active transport
_____e transport takes place when materials need to be moved from an area of low concentration to one of higher concentration. Requires energy!
smooth muscles
_____h muscle is used involuntarily and is present in the diaphragm, digestive system, and arteries.
Measuring and observational
_____ing and _______al devices have been developed so that smaller increments of time and length have become accessible.
natural selection
_____l _______n occurs when some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than others; otherwise known as survival of the fittest.
excision repair mechanisms
_____n ____r mechanisms inspect the DNA for these types of damage (chemicals, UV rays) and attempt to repair it.
secretin
_____n travels to the pancreas to trigger the release of bicarbonate, which neutralizes the stomach acid entering the duodenum. It also triggers the release of pancreatic enzymes that further aid chemical digestion in the small intestine.
Gregor Mendel
_____r _____l began researching how characteristics of pea plants were passed to offspring from parent plants in the 1800s.
opinions
_____s are beliefs based on personal judgements, rather than on indisputable facts.
enzymes
_____s are chemicals that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream.
lipids glycerol and fatty acid molecules
_____s are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are made from the dehydration synthesis of ______l and ___y ___d molecules.
nerves
_____s are made up of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body.
electrons
_____s are negatively charged subatomic particles found in various energy levels (orbital shells) around the nucleus.
neutrons
_____s are neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
protons
_____s are positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. The number of these distinguishes one atom from another.
themes
_____s are subjects that a written work frequently touches upon; they are simply ideas or concepts that the book comes back to again and again Example: For "Depression: the Rational Solution," the _____ would be despair, hope, redemption, self-improvement
buffers
_____s are substances that are added to a solution so that the solution resists changes in pH.
proteins
_____s contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are long chains of amino acids joined via dehydration synthesis.
proteins
_____s do most of the work in prokaryotic cells.
adverbs
_____s tell you when or how something happened, or how something looks or sounds or feels.
fossils
_____s within rocks, amber, and ice provide the remains of organisms that were once on earth but are now extinct.
evaporation
_____tion of a liquid is often achieved due to the high heat, low humidity, and fast movement of the surrounding air mass; occurs by physical collisions at the surface layer of a liquid, and it acts to remove the faster-moving liquid molecules.
ecology
_____y is the study of relationships between organisms and between organisms and their surroundings.
ionic bonding
____c bonding is the electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges.
biotic factors
____c factors are factors that are living.
basic solutions
____c solutions are solution with a pH value greater than 7.
acidic solutions
____c solutions are solutions with a pH value less than 7.
blood
____d is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
chyme
____e is the mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach.
biomes
____es are large regions inhabited by ecologically similar communities of living organisms.
metals
____ls are elements that donate highly conductive electrons to their environment.
Kelvin triple-point of water
____n is a metric temperature scale defined by an absolute zero reference point, and is standardized by the t____-____t of water (the temperature and pressure at which water will coexist as a solid, liquid, and gas)
Lewis Dot Structures
____s ___t ______s provide visual representations of covalent bonding between atoms of a molecule.
veins
____s are blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart.
facts
____s are information based on real, provable events, or situations
biases
____s are opinions or beliefs that affect a person's ability to make fair, unclouded judgments or decisions
atoms
____s are the smallest parts of elements that still retain all the original properties of the element
text features
____t _______s include such formatting devices as bold or italicized fonts, indented text, and bulleted or numbered lists. They can be meaningful (and useful) if they are used consistently to achieve a distinct purpose
growth
____th occurs due to changes in several body systems. 1.) skeletal & muscular = change shape 2.) digestive = removes needed nutrients from food 3.) cardiovascular = transports nutrients to cells 4.) endocrine = releases hormones that signal when ____th should occur!
matter
___er is anything that takes up space and has mass.
villi and microvilli
___i and _______i increase the surface area within the small intestine, increasing the area from which absorption can take place.
villi and microvilli
___i and ______i increase the surface area of the small intestine and greatly increase the level of absorption of nutrients.
mass
___s is the quantity of matter an object has.
heat
___t is the flow of energy due to a difference in temperature.
heat of vaporation
___t of _______n is the amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas.
Acidic solution
a pH < 7
Basic solution
a pH > 7
Neutral solution
a pH of 7.0
quandary
a state of uncertainty
pythagorean theorem
a2+b2=c2
Pythagorean Theorem:
a^2 + B^2 = C^2 Hypotenuse is denoted by letter C.
Clairvoyant
able to see the future
preposition
about, above, according to, across, after, against, along, along with, among, apart from, around, as, as for, at, because of, before, below, beneath beside, between, beyond, by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, during, except, except for, excepting, from, in, in addition to, in back of, for, in case of, in front of, in place of, inside, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, onto, on top of, out of, outside, over, past, regarding, out, round, since, through, throughout, till, to, toward, under, underneath, unlike, until, up, upon, under, underneath, unlike, until, up, upon, up to, with, within, without
superior
above
accept
accept
accidentally
accidentally
accommodate
accommodate
accompanied
accompanied
achieved
achieved
across
across
Abstinence
act of refraining
supplement
add to
address
address
aggravate
aggravate
Amicable
agreeable
Reconciliation
agreement after a quarrel
aisle
aisle
all right
all right
allot
allot
allotted
allotted
alright
alright
amateur
amateur
vivify someone is to
animate them
annual
annual
anxiety
anxiety
apparent
apparent
appearance
appearance
to critique something is to
appraise it
appropriate
appropriate
arctic
arctic
argument
argument
A truculent patient is
argumentative
arrangement
arrangement
Haughty
arrogant, condescending
association
association
attendance
attendance
auxiliary
auxiliary
lateral
away from the median plane
awkward
awkward
bachelor
bachelor
barbarian
barbarian
barbarous
barbarous
barren
barren
beggar
beggar
Novice
beginner
believe
believe
inferior
below
beneficial
beneficial
benefited
benefited
abbreviation YOB in a medical chart is
birthdate
biscuit
biscuit
A UTIs likely to involve the
bladder
an infected swelling with liquid inside
boil
medicine that is given in inhalant form is
breathed in
Concise
brief
brilliant
brilliant
To cauterize a wound is to
burn it.
business
business
cafeteria
cafeteria
calendar
calendar
Nonchalant
calm, casual
"Scattered" Correlation
can suggest various kinds of correlations between variables with a certain confidence interval. For example, weight and height, weight would be on x axis and height would be on the y axis
candidate
candidate
career
career
A patient who is heedless is
careless
carriage
carriage
ceiling
ceiling
cemetery
cemetery
changeable
changeable
changing
changing
characteristic
characteristic
chauffeur
chauffeur
area & perimeter
circle- A=pieXR2 P=2pieR=pieD triangle- A=bXh/2 P=s1+s2+s3 square- A=s2 P=4s rectangle A=lXw P=2l+2
superficial
closer to the body surface
proximal
closer to the point of attachment or origin
colonel
colonel
column
column
commit
commit
committed
committed
committee
committee
comparative
comparative
comparatively
comparatively
comparison
comparison
compel
compel
compelled
compelled
competent
competent
competition
competition
completely
completely
compulsion
compulsion
conceivable
conceivable
conception
conception
conceive
concieve
confident
confident
quarantine
confinement away from the general population
conqueror
conqueror
conscience
conscience
conscientious
conscientious
conscious
conscious
exposure
contact
contemplate
contemplate
a condition that is ongoing is
continuous
Restrained
controlled, restricted
convenient
convenient
another word for paroxysm
convulsion
coolly
coolly
DNA is self-replicating, RNA is
copied from the DNA so it is not self-replicating
course
course
courteous
courteous
courtesy
courtesy
Congregation
crowd of people
cruelty
cruelty
another word for panacea
cure
curiosity
curiosity
cylinder
cylinder
4 nitrogenous bases
cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine.
deceit
deceit
deceive
deceive
deception
deception
decide
decide
decision
decision
defer
defer
deference
deference
deferred
deferred
definite
definite
ethereal
delicate
elated
delighted
The abbreviation DT on a patient chart
delirium tremens (alcohol consumption)
one muscle in the shoulder is
deltoid
To censure something is to
denounce it
descent
descent
describe
describe
description
description
desirable
desirable
desperate
desperate
A treatment that is detrimental is
destructive
establish
determine
device
device
dictionary
dictionary
N.B. ATP is also a nucleotide, with ribose as the pentose sugar
differences between RNA and DNA
diphtheria
diphtheria
Tactful
diplomatic, polite
disappear
disappear
disappoint
disappoint
disastrous
disastrous
discipline
discipline
discuss
discuss
discussion
discussion
disease
disease
Discredit
dishonor, disgrace
Perfidious
disloyal
Ostentatious
displaying wealth
dissatisfied
dissatisfied
dissipate
dissipate
distribute
distribute
dormitories
dormitories
another word for deluge
downpour
Parched
dried up
drudgery
drudgery
ecstasy
ecstasy
Apply the gel on the gingival margin
edge
efficacy
effectiveness
efficiency
efficiency
eighth
eighth
eligible
eligible
eliminate
eliminate
Subtle
elusive, sly, ambiguous
medicine to induce vomiting
emetic
eminent
eminent
vent
emit
emphasize
emphasize
enemy
enemy
environment
enviroment
A&P prefixes
epi- on/upon hyper-over hypo-under intra- within para- beside per-through peri- surrounding sub- under
equip
equip
equipment
equipment
equipped
equipped
equivalent
equivalent
especially
especially
projected
estimated
exaggerate
exaggerate
exceed
exceed
excel
excel
excellent
excellent
except
except
exercise
exercise
exhaust
exhaust
exhilaration
exhilaration
existence
existence
prognosis
expected outcome
gravid
expecting a child
undergo
experience
explain
explain
explanation
explanation
frontal (coronal) plane
extends vertically, but it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
extraordinary
extraordinary
Arid
extremely dry
the patient is lying prone next to the monitor
face down
counterfeit
fake
familiar
familiar
deep
farther from the body surface
fascinate
fascinate
Intrepid
fearless, adventurous
the outer bone in the lower leg is
fibula
fiery
fiery
finally
finally
financial
financial
plastic mean
flexible
Florid
flushed, ornate
Emulate
follow an example
Conformist
follower of customs
forehead
forehead
foreign
foreign
foremost
foremost
forfeit
forfeit
disintegrates
fragments
fraternity
fraternity
Benevolent
friendly, helpful
anterior refers to which part of the human body
front
ventral refers to which part of the body
front
furniture
furniture
Something that is viscous is thick and sticky
gelatinous
deteriorating
getting worse
ghost
ghost
government
government
grammar
grammar
grandeur
grandeur
grief
grief
grievous
grievous
guidance
guidance
Extenuating
guilt diminishing
handkerchief
handkerchief
Assiduous
hard-working
Diligent
hard-working
Deleterious
harmful
deleterious
harmful
Rancorous
hateful
height
height
hesitancy
hesitancy
hesitate
hesitate
Adulation
high praise
euphoric
high spirited
higher
higher/lower levels will trigger the body to increase breathing rate to dispose of this excess carbon dioxide.
inhibiting
hindering
hindrance
hindrance
Integrity
honesty, decency
hoping
hoping
hurriedly
hurriedly
hygiene
hygiene
hypocrisy
hypocrisy
disregard
ignore
imaginary
imaginary
imitation
imitation
imminent
imminent
Enhance
improve, augment
If a patient condition is upgraded, he is
improving in status
Spontaneity
impulsive action
contraindicated
inadvisable
incidentally
incidentally
incredible
incredible
incorrigible
incurable
indigestible
indigestible
Circuitous
indirect, roundabout
indispensable
indispensable
inevitable
inevitable
septic
infected
permeating
infiltrating
Provocative
inflammatory
influential
influential
innocence
innocence
another word for paltry
insignificant
instance
instance
instant
instant
Intuitive
instinctive, untaught
intellectual
intellectual
intelligence
intelligence
intelligent
intelligent
intelligible
intelligible
acute
intense
intentionally
intentionally
intercede
intercede
interest
interest
irresistible
irresistible
Querulous
irritable
Exasperation
irritation, frustration
a restricted diet
is limited
Convergence
joining of parts
Jubilation
joy, exultation
formula of momentum
kg x m/sec (product of velocity and mass)
Superficial
lacking in depth
The voice box
larynx
legitimate
legitimate
leisure
leisure
Unit conversions
length- inch/foot/yard/mile OR meter mass-ouce/pound/ton OR gram volume- cup/pint/quart/gallon OR liter force- pound-force OR newton pressure- pound-force per sq.in OR pascal work & energy- cal/British thermal unit OR kelvin temperature- Fahrenheit OR kelvin charge- faraday OR coulomb
liable
liable
library
library
iris
light then passes through the ___s (the colored portion of the eye).
lightning
lightning
likely
likely
Longevity
long life
Fortuitous
lucky
exacerbated
made worse
predispose
make susceptible
the jawbone maybe called the
mandible
yard stick
measures no longer than 1 yard, 3 feet, or 36 inches
Submissive
meek
Asexual reproduction:
method of reproducing from one parent by means of mitosis.
Adversity
misfortune
qualms
misgivings
Ephemeral
momentary, fleeting
Superfluous
more than enough
principally
mostly
HPV is likely to involve the
mucous membrane
nonspecific defenses
nonspecific/specific defense mechanisms occur the same way every time, regardless of the type or number of pathogens that are present.
An overt symptom is
obvious
This is a disease that is likely to recur in a patient's progeny
offspring
Contralateral
on opposite sides of the body
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
Antagonist
opponent
Mundane
ordinary, common
Anachronistic
out-of-date
Exemplary
outstanding
riddled
overrun
Hackneyed
overused, cliched
Acid-base balance:
pH of blood is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45.
anodyne
painkilling
PEMDAS
parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction
what is the best description for selected plants
particular plants
transverse (horizontal) plane
passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis. Divides body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
sagittal plane
passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions (but not into equal halves)
kneecap
patella
Condescending
patronizing
Tenacious
persistent, resolute
Lobbyist
persuader of legislator
Aesthetic
pertaining to beauty
Spurious
phony, false
Hedonist
pleasure seeker
another word for toxin
poison
Pretentious
pompous, self-important
posthumous
postmortem
posing
pretending
Reverence
profound respect
Conditional
provisional, contingent
bellicose
quarrelsome
Resilient
quick to recover
Demagogue
rabble-rousing leader
Impetuous
rash, impulsive
perused
read thoroughly
rationale
reasoning
alimentary
related to nourishment
Venerable
respectable due to age
What is another word for deferentially
respectfully
accountable
responsible
Prosaic
run-of-the-mill
simple epithelium
s_____ epithelium contains one layer of cells, and is found in body structures where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur.
stratified epithelium
s_______ epithelium has more than one layer of cells and serves as protection.
median (midsagittal) plane
sagittal plane that divides the body or organ into equal halves
Asylum
sanctuary
another word for cicatrix
scar
Surreptitious
secret, stealthy
contour
shape
Empathy
sharing of feeling
Anecdote
short account of event
Evanescent
short-lived, as an image
Abbreviate
shorten, abridge
DNA is double stranded while RNA is
single stranded
DNA is very long (billions of bases); RNA is
smaller (hundreds to thousands of bases)
palliative care
soothing
Orator
speaker
What is the central nervous system is made up of?
spinal cord;brain
Renovation
state of being renewed
Digression
straying from main point
suppress
subdue
precipitous
swift
A blood vessel that is distended is
swollen
Compassion
sympathy, mercy
Precocious
talented beyond one's age
Transient
temporary, fleeting
units of measure
tera- T- 1,000,000,000,000 (12) giga-G- 1,000,000,000 (9) mega-M- 1,000,000 (6) kilo- k- 1,000 hecto- h- 100 deca- da- 10 ----base unit----- deci- d- 0.1 centi-c- 0.01 milli- m- 0.001 micro- u- .0000001 (6) nano- n- .0000000001 (9) pico- p- .0000000000001 (12)
another word for gonads might be the
testes
"logarithmic"
the exponent to which another fixed value, the base, must be raised to produce that number. For example, 1000 to base 10 is 3.
DNA contains the pentose sugar deoxyribose; RNA contains
the pentose sugar ribose
a recall policy in pharmaceuticals
the withdrawal of products
Hypothesis
theory requiring proof
When directions are convoluted, what is wrong with them?
they are confusing
Frugal
thrifty
Enervating
tiring, weakening
Impute
to attribute to someone
Vindicate
to clear from blame
Censure
to criticize harshly
Procrastinate
to delay unnecessarily
Suppress
to end an activity
Scrutinize
to observe carefully
Disdain
to regard with scorn
Compromise
to settle differences
Substantiate
to verify, confirm
Collaborate
to work together
Contact dermatitis occurs through the sense of
touch
dorsal
toward the back* or spine
posterior
toward the dorsal side*
Rostral
toward the forehead or nose
ventral
toward the front* or belly
Cephalic
toward the head or superior end
medial
toward the median plane
caudal
toward the tail or inferior end
anterior
toward the ventral side*
Inconsequential
trivial
Camaraderie
trust among friends
A sore with disintegration of tissue might be called
ulcer
Incompatible
unable to work together
Inevitable
unavoidable, certain
another word for asymmetric
uneven
mercurial
unpredictable
inconclusive
unsettled
volatile
unstable
The crystalline compound that is a product of protein metabolism is known as
urea
Divergent
variant, moving apart
Pulse, temperature, and respiration are
vital signs
Wary
watchful, alert
Prosperity
wealth, success
Opulent
wealthy
intact
whole
Sagacity
wisdom
Prudent
wise, careful cautious
Reclusive
withdrawn, hermit-like
|n| = n when is it a positive number |n| = -(n) when n is a negative number
|n| = n when when n is a negative/positive number |n| = -(n) when when n is a negative/positive number
|x - n| = x - n when x - n is positive |x - n| = -(x - n) when x - n is negative
|x - n| = x - n when x - n is positive/negative |x - n| = -(x - n) when x - n is positive/negative
