Exam #2 Study Guide - Weeks 6-9

name two examples of explicit memories

-Knowing the 2nd president of the United States -Recalling information for your PSYCH 100 exam

Name and describe the 3 stages of the Formation Memory Model

1. To be remembered information is recorded as a sensory memory: immediate, brief recording of sensory information (sights, sounds, etc.) 2. Information that is processed in short-term memory: encoding occurs here via rehearsal, briefly activates the information several times to store it. 3. Information moves to long-term memory for storage/later retrieval: relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system.

Name and describe the 3 stages of the Information Processing Model of Memory

1. encoding: getting information into our brains 2. storing: retaining information over time 3. retrieval: getting the information back out of our brain later

List 8 types of Social Influence

1. social cogntaion 2. conformity 3. obedience 4. presence of others 5. social facilitation 6. social loafing 7. deindividuation 8. group polarization

Based on Cognitive Dissonance Theory, what should happen when an individual who is struggling with an eating disorder writes an essay about why they love their body?

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Jamie is a first-year college student. On his first night in the dorms he has trouble sleeping because he can't stop paying attention to the loud hum of the air conditioning. As Jamie spends more and more time in his dorm, however, he notices the hum less and is able to sleep. This is an example of BLANK

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describe how you may be able to tell if a child has developed Theory of Mind yet

A child has developed Theory of Mind if they have made a milestone in cognitive development. Cognitive development is people's ideas about their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors.

pre-operational

Age Range: age 2 to about age 6-7 Approach to the World: child learns to use language but does not yet understand the mental operations of concrete logic Key Developments: kids at this stage are geo-centric. They have difficulty taking another's point of view. This stage ends with the development of reasoning. Kids now understand conservation.

concrete operational

Age Range: ages 7 to 11 Approach to the World: Children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events Key Developments:

formal operational

Age Range: begins at age 12 Approach to the World: children being to think logically about abstract concepts like love or justice Key Developments:

sensorimotor

Age Range: from birth to the age of 2 Approach to the World: mostly knows the world in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. Key Developments: infants in this phase develop object permanence, the awareness that things continue to exist even when they cannot see them.

Say you want to train your dog how to sit on command. You decide to give her a treat as a reinforcer. Describe how you would administer the treats in each of the following reinforcement schedules: Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Ratio, and Variable Ratio.

Fixed Interval: A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. Variable Interval: Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable intervals. Fixed Ratio: A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. Variable Ratio: A reinforcement schedule that reinforces responses are unpredictable (varying) number of responses.

Using the principle of Shaping, describe how you might train a dog to roll over

Step 1: Give the dog a treat each time he followed my hand motions of rolling over after I said "roll over" even if he delays to roll over or does not fully roll over. Step 2: While still staying to roll over the dog might begin to catch on so I guide him a little less and only give him a treat when he fully rolls over. Step 3: Only giving the dog when he rolls over on command.

In Pavlov's experiments, dogs were presented with bowls of food, which made them naturally salivate. Then, food was paired with the ringing of a bell. Over time, dogs began to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this experiment, what was the Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response.

US: bowls of food UR: the bowls of food made the dogs salivate CS: whenever the food was presented a bell would ring CR: after a while the dogs began to salivate just by the sound of the bell

working memory

Uses focused attention to integrate existing long-term info with incoming sensory memories.

Provide an example of the Fundamental Attribution Error

When we incorrectly attribute a person's actions even though we may later do that same thing: someone cuts you off on the road and you get mad but later on you may be rushing to the hospital to visit a loved one

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

scaffolding

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop high levels of thinking

What three factors influence the psychology of attraction?

a. Proximity b. Physical Attractiveness c. Similarity

accommodation

adapting out current understandings to incorporate new information

attachment

an emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation

You chew gum every day in PSYCH 100. What principle tells us that you'll do better on Exam 2 if you're chewing gum when you take it?

context dependent learning

secondary reinforcer

definition: a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its associations with a primary reinforcer. example: verbal praise, highly preferred activities, stickers and toys.

positive punishment

definition: administer an aversive stimulus example: yelling, spanking, and writing lines.

primary reinforcer

definition: an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. example: food, water, sleep, shelter, safety, and pleasure.

negative reinforcer

definition: used to increase desirable behaviors by removing aversive stimuli when they occur. example: baby won't stop crying to the parent gives the baby a pacifier and baby finally stops crying.

positive reinforcer

definition: used to increase desired behaviors by following them up with a pleasurable stimulus. example: A mother gives her daughter candy for cleaning her room.

negative punishment

definition: withdraw a rewarding stimulus. example: being grounded and losing screens

What is the correct term for a situation where a stimulus no longer evokes the conditioned response?

extinction

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing one

operant conditioning

learning to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequences. we learn to repeat acts that lead to good results and avoid acts that lead to bad results.

priming

memoryless memory, unconscious activation of associations in memory, and can aid retrieval and influence behavior too

When you dislike a song you hear on the radio, but gradually grow to like it because it's played once per hour, you are influenced by BLANK

mere exposure effect

conventional

morality driven by decision to uphold laws/rules and desire to gain social approval

pre-conventional

morality driven by self-interest, commitment to obeying the rules, and desire to avoid punishment

post-conventional

morality rooted in with belief in basic human rights and self-defined ethical principles, like justice

Lily and her mother sit on the floor and play with a doll together. The phone rings and Lily's mother jumps up to answer it. In doing so, she accidentally covers the doll with Lily's blanket which is also on the floor. In the 15 seconds that Lily is sitting on the floor by herself, she has difficulty figuring out where the doll has gone and subsequently begins to cry. Which concept has Lily not yet developmentally obtained?

object permeance

a fill in the blank question tests which skill?

recall

multiple choice questions tests which skill?

recognition

name an example of an implicit memories

singing a familiar song

what phenomenon plagues students in group project experiences?

social loafing

bystander effect:

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

developemental psychology

the branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the lifespan

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the acquirement, storage, and retrieval of information

social facciliation

the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.

Imagine Pavlov took out his dogs, who had been classically conditioned to salivate when they heard a bell. They are enjoying a lovely walk at the park when Pavlov hears an ice cream truck playing its sweet, song. He notices he dogs begin to salivate. This is an example of what?

this is an example of generalization

classical conditioning

we learn to associate two stimuli and how to anticipate events