General Biology and Lab Lecture exam study guide
Which of the following represents the phenotype for the recessive human trait, albinism?
Absence of the pigment melanin and Absence of the enzyme tyrosinase from the individual's cells
Besides Darwin, the theory of evolution by means of natural selection was independently proposed by
Alfred Wallace
Which of the following is not a property of carbon?
All compounds made from carbon are soluble in water.
Which of the following is not true concerning microtubules?
Microtubules are the powerhouses of the cell.
What is the relationship between mutations and evolution?
Mutations can create new alleles.
Which of the following is a significant coenzyme involved in photosynthesis?
NADP+
Darwin used which of the following terms to describe the process by which those individuals that possess superior physical, behavioral, or other attributes are more likely to survive than those that are not so well endowed, and thus more likely to pass their traits to the next generation?
Natural Selection
During__________of mitosis, sister chromatids move towards opposite poles of the cell.
anaphase
Which of the following does NOT contribute to genetic diversity?
asexual reproduction
Organisms are composed of molecules, which are collections of smaller units, called
atoms
In which of the following locations is simple squamous found?
both alveoli and capillaries
The physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into two daughter cells is called
cytokinesis
In eukaryotes, the enzymes catalyzing the reactions of glycolysis are found in the__________. In other words, in what part of the cell does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
Actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form the cell supporting structure called the__________.
cytoskeleton
The regulation of metabolic pathways sometimes involves the end-product binding to the allosteric site of the first enzyme in the sequence. This mode of regulation is__________.
feedback inhibition
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of__________.
fibers and ground substance
If a cell did not have ribosomes, it would be unable to
form proteins
Plants typically achieve cytokinesis by
forming a cell plate across the middle of the cell
Animals typically achieve cytokinesis by__________.
forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two
Okazaki fragments are
found on the lagging strand
Which of the following is not a disaccharide?
fructose
Which of the following is not a polysaccharide?
galactose
The simplest and most common monosaccharide is a six-carbon sugar called
glucose
A process common to all living organisms, aerobic and anaerobic, is
glycolysis
Flattened sacks of membranes apparently involved in the packaging and export of molecules synthesized in the cell are known as
golgi bodies
Gametes contain__________the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells.
half
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
has a very weak regenerative capacity
As energy is being converted through the many forms, it is continuously lost as
heat
The same basic array of bones is modified to give rise to the wing of a bat and the fin of porpoise. Such anatomical structures are called
homologous
A testcross is used to determine if an individual is
homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
Which of the following protein classes are not found as membrane proteins?
hormones
Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative charges. Such opposite charges make water molecules attract each other through bonds called
hydrogen bonds
Evolutionary conservation occurs when a characteristic is
important to the life of the organism.
An organism is said to be diploid if
it contains genetic information from two parents.
Imagine that you were able to see a nucleotide under a very special microscope. As you scan the nucleotide you see a U nitrogen base. Without seeing any other part of the nucleotide you know that
it is an RNA nucleotide.
Which of the following is NOT true about adipose tissue?
it is an epithelial tissue
Water is extremely important in living things for all of the following reasons except
it is an excellent buffer
By what process does a cell take in large, particulate matter such as a bacterium?
phagocytosis
An organism's__________is determined by its__________.
phenotype; genotype
Which of the following is not one of the four most abundant elements found in living things?
phosphorus
_________is a process that uses the sun, water, and carbon dioxide to make food and oxygen.
photosynthesis
Molecules that absosrb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others are called
pigments
Which of the following is not associated with animal cells?
plasmodesmata
__________is the shrinking of the cytoplasm of a plant cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution.
plasmolysis
When a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits the effect is called
pleiotropy
Because oxygen is more electroenegative than hydrogen, the water molecule is
polar
Under anaerobic conditions skeletal muscle cells
produce lactic acid
RNA polymerase binds to a__________to initiate__________.
promoter; transcription
During__________of mitosis, the nucleolus disappears and the spindle is in the process of forming
prophase
During which phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur?
prophase I
Which sequence of stages in mitosis is correct?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
A chain of amino acids linked together end-to-end can only be found in a
protein
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are examples of which level of protein structure?
secondary
When two atoms share a pair of electrons, the bonding is referred to as
Covalent
The cell wall of fungi contains cellulose. T/F
False
The heads of the phospholipid molecules of the plasma membrane are hydrophobic. T/F
False
Which represents the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
Which of the following could not pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion?
amino acids
Sex linkage in humans occurs when
an allele is located on the X chromosome.
Which of the following is a C4 plant?
corn
What products of light reactions of photosynthesis are used in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
Sodium has 11 electrons arranged in three energy levels. The outer energy level only has one electron. In order to become stable, the atom loses an electron thus exposing the previous level with 8 electrons and subsequently becomes an ion with
1 positive charge
What is the probability of obtaining an individual with the genotype CC from a cross between two individuals with the genotype CC and Cc?
1/2
What is the probability of obtaining an individual with the genotype bb from a cross between two individuals with the genotype Bb?
1/4
If a parent cell has 24 chromosomes, the daughter cells following mitosis will have_____chromosomes and following meiosis will have_____chromosomes.
24,12
Recent discoveries of microscopic fossils have extended the known history of life to about
3.5 billion years ago
What is the theoretical energy yeild for aerobic respiration in eukaryotes?
34 ATP per glucose molecule
Which of the following best describes a photosystem?
A collection of pigment molecules that transfer energy captured from light to a reaction center pigment
What is a polygenic trait?
A single phenotypic trait determined by more than one gene.
A multiple allelic trait has more than two alleles for a single trait. Which of the following is an example of multiple allelic inheritance in humans?
ABO blood types
Muscle contraction is accomplished by a mechanism known as the cross-bridge cycle, in which myosin heads bind to actin and cause the actin filaments to move across the myosin filaments. Which of the following is capable of providing the energy needed for this process?
ATP
The chief energy currency of all cells is a molecule called
ATP
Which of the following statements is true?
An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink.
The first person to reportedly see living, moving cells using a microscope was
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
How is the process of natural selection different from that of artificial selection?
Artificial selection is a result of human intervention.
What are Barr bodies?
Barr bodies are X chromosomes inactivated to prevent overexpression of the alleles found on the X chromosome in females.
Why is the white-eye phenotype always observed in males carrying the white-eye allele?
Because the allele is located on the X chromosome and males only have one X
Which of the following is NOT true about C3 and C4 plants?
C4 plants undergo the Calvin cycle in mesophyll cells.
Which of the following statements is/are true concerning CAM photosynthesis?
CAM photosynthesis is prevalent in desert plants and allows them to live under stressful conditions, CAM plants close their stomata during the day in order to conserve water, and Photosynthesis in a CAM plant is minimal because of the limited amount of CO2 is fixed.
which occurs in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up along the equator of the dividing cell.
How are active transport and coupled (secondary active) transport related?
Coupled transport uses the concentration gradient established by active transport.
When Hershey and Chase differentially tagged the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages and allowed them to infect bacteria, what did the viruses transfer to the bacteria?
DNA
Macromolecules that are used by organisms to store hereditary information are called
DNA molecules
Which of the following statements is not true about enzymes?
Enzymes function best at very high temperatures.
Which of the following statements is not part of the cell theory?
Eukaryotic cells have evolved from prokaryotic cells.
Select the correct sequence concerning glucose catabolism.
Glycolysis --> Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA --> Krebs Cycle --> Electron Transport Chain
Which of the following molecules (a reactant) is utilized by the noncyclic electron pathway during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
H2O
The oxygen given off by plants during photosynthesis comes from
H2O (water)
Which of the following occurs during Anaphase I?
Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
Information passes from DNA to RNA to protein
What is the role of NAD+ in the process of cellular respiration?
It functions as a coenzyme (an electron carrier).
what is a nucleosome?
It is a region of DNA wound around a collection of histone proteins.
The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is:
O2
Which of the following examples of nondisjunction of sex chromosomes is lethal?
OY
Which of the following is the correct order of steps involved in the scientific method?
Observation, hypothesis formation, prediction, experimentation, results, conclusion
Darwin's book in which he described his views on evolution is
On the Origin of Species.
Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning gametogenesis?
Oogenesis produces four ova per meiosis.
Kingdom__________consists of all the unicellular eukaryotes except yeasts, as well as multicellular algae.
Protista
How does maternal inheritance of mitochondrial genes differ from sex linkage?
Since mitochondria are inherited from the mother, females and males are equally affected.
What occurs during anaphase of Meiosis II?
Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.
Which of the following is NOT true concerning the Calvin cycle?
The Calvin cycle is dependent on the presence of chlorophyll.
Which of the following statements about light dependent reactions is NOT true?
The cyclic electron pathway involves PSI and PSII.
What is genomic imprinting?
The expression of different phenotypes dependent upon the parental origin of alleles
What determines whether an individual is a genetic mosaic?
The inactivation of an allele on the X chromosome of a heterozygous female
What is Chargaff's rule?
The proportions of A equal that of T and G equals C.
Which of the following is not part of the Watson-Crick model of the structure of DNA?
The two DNA strands are oriented in parallel (5' to 3').
What are homologous chromosomes?
Two genetically similar chromosomes, one from each parent
The disease sickle cell anemia is caused by
a change of a single amino acid in the protein hemoglobin and a change in the HBB gene.
Each amino acid in a protein is specified by
a codon
A hypothesis in biology is best described as
a possible explanation of an observation
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains__________.
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
Which of the following is not a function of lysosomes?
allowing bacteria to pass through the cell unaffected
What are alleles?
alternate forms of a gene for a single trait, such as free earlobes and attached earlobes
The type of membrane transport that requires specific protein carrier molecules and energy to move substances against their concentration gradient is
active transport
The normal function of the p53 gene in the cell is__________.
all choices are correct
The genetic material of which kind of cells is included in a single, circular molecule of DNA devoid of any histone proteins?
bacteria
Science is NOT based on
biased opinions
Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called
binary fission
The area of science that studies life and its processes is called
biology
What type of tissue consists of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes suspended in plasma?
blood
Which of the following is NOT found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in the matrix of bone?
blood vessels
Which domain contains unicellular prokaryotic organisms?
both Archea and Bacteria
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is the product of the Calvin cycle. G3P is used by plants to form all of the following except__________.
carbon dioxide
This type of muscle has cells connected by intercalated discs that allow all cells to form a single functioning unit.
cardiac
The job of a ribosome during translation can be best described as
catalyzing peptide bond formation between amino acids.
Which is the correct order of heirarchial levels of living things?
cellular, organismal, population, community, ecosystem
Plants often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances. This organelle is called a
central vacuole
Which of the following is not present in all eukaryotic cells?
centriole
_____is the point of attachment for sister chromatids.
centromere
Which of the following is not a type of lipid?
chitin
What is the only pigment that directly participates in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis?
chlorophyll a
The__________is the organelle that carries on photosynthesis.
chloroplast
Coiled and condensed chromatin is called a__________.
chromosome
An exon is a sequence of RNA that
codes for protein
The inorganic non-protein components that participate in enzyme catalysis are known as
cofactors
_______is a form of enzyme inhibition where the substrate and inhibitor are both able to bind to the enzyme's active site.
competitive inhibition
Skeletal muscle cells differ from the typical mammalian cell in that they_________.
contain multiple nuclei
Which of the following types of tissue is found in tendons and ligaments?
dense regular
The movement of a solute from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without the aid of a protein carrier is called
diffusion
Somatic cells are__________, whereas gametes are__________.
diploid; haploid
DNA replication occurs
during the S stage of interphase.
Negatively charged particles of atoms with almost no mass are called
electrons
Proteins possess all of the following functions except
encode genetic information
All cells have all of the following except
endoplasmic reticulum
The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that
energy cannot be created or destroyed, just changed from one form to another.
Protein catalysts that speed up the various metabolic biological reactions in an organism are called
enzymes
The proposal that one type of organism can change gradually into another over a long period of time is known as
evolution
a monohybrid cross
examines two variants of a single trait.
When homologous chromosomes form chiasmata, they are
exchanging genetic information
The type of diffusion that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all the protein carriers are in use is
facilitated diffusion
__________is defined as the energy of motion.
kinetic energy
Which of the following is characteristically water-insoluble?
lipids
The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) is a cyclical metabolic pathway located in the
matrix of the mitochondria
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. Which of the following would you not find in a prokaryotic cell?
membrane bound nucleus
The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called
metabolism
Homologous pairs of chromosomes align at the spindle equator during__________.
metaphase I
The haploid number of still duplicated chromosomes align at the spindle equator during__________.
metaphase II
Peroxisomes in animal cells, and glyoxosomes in plant cells are examples of
microbodies
The endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding of non-nuclear DNA in which of the following organelles?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy in macromolecules is stored in ATP is the
mitochondrion
The events of Meiosis II are similar to_________.
mitosis
Carbohydrates are polymers formed of structural units called
monosaccharides.
Which of the following is NOT a property unique to living things?
movement
Axons, dendrites, and glial cells are terms associated with what type of tissue?
nervous
Down syndrome is the result of
nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis.
DNA, RNA, and ATP contain functional units known as
nucleotides
The chromosomal hereditary material is located in this organelle in eukaryotic cells.
nucleus
Which structure is the repository of the genetic information that directs all of the activities of the cell?
nucleus
Darwin studied the different species of finches
on the Galapagos islands
The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions. These are called
organelles
Oxygen ordinarily has 8 protons and 8 neutrons. Another rare form has two extra neutrons. These two forms are
oxygen isotopes
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of
protons only
Low density lipoproteins (LDL) molecules bring cholesterol into the cell where it can be incorporated into membranes. What type of membrane transport is used to bring LDLs into a cell?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
An allele present but unexpressed is
recessive
The scientific process involves
rejection of hypotheses that are inconsistent with experimental results.
Which of the following is NOT a negative feedback mechanism?
release of oxytocin during labor contractions
The nucleolus is the site of__________.
ribosome assembly
The inability to absorb nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which type of epithelial tissue?
simple columnar
A(n)__________is one of two genetically identical chromosome units that are the result of DNA replication.
sister chromatid
In the liver, this type of organelle helps detoxify drugs. Therefore, this organelle increases in quantity when a person consumes alcohol on a regular basis. This organelle is also important in lipid synthesis.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
______is found in the walls of the hollow organs (except the heart).
smooth muscle
A__________is a microtubule structure that brings about chromosome movement during nuclear division.
spindle apparatus
A(n)__________is a type of lipid that has a skeleton of four fused carbon rings. Testosterone and estrogens are examples of this type of lipid.
steriod
What type of epithelial tissue is found in areas of the body subject to abrasion?
stratified squamous
The Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis take place in the
stroma of the chloroplast
An anticodon would be found on which of the following types of RNA?
tRNA
During__________of meiosis, nuclear membranes reform around four different clusters of chromosomes. Chromosomes are single-stranded (chromatids)
telophase II
The difference in the leading- versus lagging- strand synthesis is a consequence of
the antiparallel configuration of DNA and DNA polymerase III synthesizing only in the 5'-to-3' direction.
The majority of ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by__________.
the movement of hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzyme
Which of the following is not a component of DNA?
the pyrimidine uracil
Life's ultimate source of energy is derived from
the sun
The most important factor that limits the size of a cell is
the surface-area-to-volume ratio of the cell.
The process of inductive reasoning involves
the use of specific observations to develop general principles.
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the
thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts
Which of the following is NOT an exocrine gland?
thyroid gland
The manufacture of a new protein is termed__________, and the production of a messenger RNA corresponding to a specific gene is called__________.
translation; transcription
A common lipid for energy storage is
triglycerides.
True or False: A trait determined by a dominant allele will be seen in both the homozygous dominant and the heterozygote.
true
Telophase I results in the production of
two cells containing one homologue of each homologous pair.
A heterozygous individual is one that carries
two different alleles for a given gene.
Which of the following traits is an example of codominance?
type AB blood
Which of the following is not a method used in genetic counseling?
ultrasound
In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are the reactants. Glucose and oxygen are the products. What molecule is oxidized during photosynthesis?
water
In pea plants, the round seed allele (R) is dominant to the wrinkled seed allele (r). Yellow seed color (Y) is dominant to green seed color (y). What is the phenotype of a pea with the genotype rrYY ?
wrinkled and yellow
