Geology Final Exam
What are ventifacts? How do they form?
(Wind-sculped stones) are often the result of prolonged periods of sand blasting.
Which four statements are true regarding this image? Look at question 9 quiz 14
1.) 'A' is showing a wave-cut platform. '2.) B' is showing a marine terrace. 3.) 'B' used to be an 'A'. 4.) 'A' and 'B' are both produced by wave erosion.
Which four items below are possible traps for oil and gas? Look at question 13 quiz 15
1.) Anticline 2.) Salt dome 3.) Fault 4.) Pinchout
Which three statements below are correct regarding beach nourishment?
1.) Beach nourishment is an alternative to hard stabilization methods. 2.) Beach nourishment requires large quantities of sand. 3.) Beach nourishment may actually have detrimental environmental effects such as harming coral reefs.
Which three statements are true regarding breakwaters?
1.) Breakwaters are hard stabilization structures. 2.) Breakwaters are build to block wave energy and create a quiet water zone near shore. 3.) Whether desirable or not, sand often accumulates in the area behind a breakwater
What are the two major environmental concerns regarding the burning of coal?
1.) Burning coal, like any fossil fuel, produced CO2, a known greenhouse gas. 2.) Coal typically has some sulfur in it and burning the coal may result in acid rain (precipitation)
Which three statements below are correct regarding this map? Look at question 1 quiz 13
1.) Deserts and steppes are both considered "dry regions" of the Earth. 2.) The dry regions cover approximately 30% of all land. 3.) The Sahara and Arabian are low-latitude deserts.
Which three statements below are true regarding the coastal zone?
1.) Foreshore is located between low and high tides. 2.) The foreshore is exposed during low tide. 3.) The backshore is affected by waves only during storms.
Which three statements are true of groins?
1.) Groins are hard stabilization structures. 2.) The longshore current and beach drift in this photo are in the direction of the pink arrow. 3.) Groins interrupt the flow of longshore currents and beach drift.
What are headlands, sea arches, and sea stacks? What is the relationship between them?
1.) Headlands-are resistant rocks landward 2.) Sea Arch- an opening in a narrow headland that has been undercut by wave action attacking its sides. 3.) Sea Stack- is an isolated rock that was once part of a headland
Which four statements are true regarding jetties?
1.) Jetties are a form of hard stabilization. 2.) Jetties are usually built in pairs. 3.) Jetties help to keep entrances to many harbors and rivers from becoming chocked with sand. 4.) Jetties may act as a barrier to the sand migration produced by longshore currents and beach drift.
Which two statements are correct regarding this image? Question 7 quiz 14
1.) Longshore currents and beach drift move sediment parallel to the shoreline. 2.) Beach drift is the result of waves moving sand up the beach face at the angle of the incoming wave, yet the backwash moves the sand straight back perpendicular to the shoreline.
Deflation:
1.) May result in the build up and formation of desert pavement. 2.) Is the lowering of the land surface by the removal of sediment by wind. 3.) May produce a blowout.
Which two statements are true regarding sand migration in a desert?
1.) Most windblown sand travels in a jumping fashion called saltation. 2.) Most windblown sand travels close to the ground.
Which three below are regarded as fossil fuels?
1.) Natural gas 2.) Coal 3.) Petroleum
Which three statements are true regarding rainshadow deserts?
1.) Rainshadow deserts are a common type of desert in the middle latitudes. 2.) The Great Basin is a rainshadow desert. 3.) The Sierra Nevada Mountains serve as a barrier for moist Pacific air traveling any further east because as the air lifts going over the mountains, it cools and the moisture is "expelled".
Which two statements are correct regarding this image? Look at question 8 quiz 14
1.) Rip currents are dangerous currents that flow away from the shore. 2.) If caught in a rip current, swim parallel to the shoreline until you are out of its pull.
Which two statements below are correct regarding seawalls?
1.) Seawalls are built along the shoreline to protect the coast from wave energy. 2.) Seawalls may inadvertently heavily erode the beaches in front of them.
Which answers below are renewable sources of energy?
1.) Solar 2.) Wind 3.) Flowing water
Which four statements are true regarding tides?
1.) Spring tides are very high high tides and very low low tides. 2.) Spring tides occur during a new and full moon. 3.) The east coast has a semidiurnal tidal pattern with two high tides and two low tides each tidal day. 4.) There is typically a high tide on the side of the Earth facing the moon, and also on the opposite side of the Earth away from the moon.
Which three statements are true regarding emergent and submergent coasts?
1.) Submergent coasts are often highly irregular. 2.) Chesapeake and Delaware Bays are the result of a submergent coast. 3.) Chesapeake and Delaware Bays are estuaries.
Which three statements are correct regarding this image? Question 13 quiz 14
1.) The "drowned" river valleys shown in this image are called estuaries. 2.) The narrow strips of land paralleling the mainland are barrier islands. 3.) The much quieter waters between the narrow strips of land and the mainland may be referred to as lagoons or sounds.
Which three statements below are correct regarding hurricanes?
1.) The deadliest hurricane to every hit the U.S. was in Galveston in 1900. 2.) In the western Pacific hurricanes are called typhoons. 3.) In the Indian Ocean hurricanes are called cyclones.
Which four statements are true regarding this image? Look at question 6 quiz 13
1.) The image is showing a alluvium (stream deposited sediment) collecting along the mountain front. 2.) The alluvium is being deposited in "fans" (semi-circular deposits) at the mouth of the stream valleys. 3.) The sediment was brought down and deposited by ephemeral streams in the mountains. 4.) Where the alluvial fans coalesce they form a blanket of sediment along the mountain front referred to as a "bajada".
Which four statements about this image are correct? Question 11 quiz 14
1.) The isolated rock in the distance is a sea stack. 2.) These rocks were probably once part of a headland. 3.) These rocks have been shaped by erosion from waves. 4.) The rock with the 'opening' is called a sea arch
What are the two main reasons humans use more and more of Earth's resources each year?
1.) The population is growing rapidly 2.) The standard of living is increasing for much of the world
Which three statements are correct regarding this image? Look at question 10 quiz 14
1.) The sand deposit is a tombolo. 2.) The waves refracting around the small island have allowed the sand to accumulate. 3.) The sand deposit connects the island to the mainland.
Which three answers are correct regarding waves?
1.) The size and speed of the waves are affected by wind speed, the length of time the wind has blown, and the fetch (distance that the wind has traveled across the open water). 2.) In open water waves transfer energy by the water moving in a circular orbital motion. 3.) The dashed line in the image is showing the depth that the orbital motion is negligible. This depth is approximately 1/2 the wavelength and known as wave base
As waves advance into shallower water near shore:
1.) The wavelength decreases because the waves in shallow water are "dragging the bottom" and slow down while the waves in deeper water are still traveling fast. 2.) The wave height increases because the waves are "bunching up". 3.) The rising height of the wave causes the wave to collapse creating "breakers". 4.) The turbulent water created by breaking waves is called surf.
Which three statements below are true regarding this image? Look at Question 17 quiz 13
1.) These are longitudinal dunes. 2.) This type of dune can grow to heights of several hundred feet. 3.) These dunes may grow many tens of miles in length.
Which three statements below are true regarding this image? Look at Question 18 quiz 13
1.) These are parabolic dunes. 2.) These dunes are commonly found along coasts. 3.) Unlike barchans, these dune tips point into the wind.
Which two statements below are true of these dunes? Look at question 16 quiz 13
1.) These dunes are barchans 2.) These dunes form on a hard ground with limited sand supply
Which three statements are true regarding this rock? Look at question 13 quiz 13
1.) This rock has been wind-sculpted and is called a ventifact. 2.) This rock has been polished and sculpted by sandblasting. 3.) If the rock has never rotated, it is apparent that the wind has blown from three different directions.
Which three statements are true regarding this image? Look at Question 14 quiz 13
1.) This sliding sand may produce cross-bedding. 2.) The sand is sliding to the angle of repose. 3.) This is the slip face of the sand dune.
Because of wave refraction:
1.) Wave impact is concentrated on headlands. 2.) Because of wave refraction, most wave fronts approach nearly parallel to the shoreline. 3.) Headlands are worn back, while bays fill with sediments. 4.) An irregular shoreline will tend to straighten out as the headlands are worn down and the bays are filled with sediment.
Which four statements below are true about loess?
1.)Loess is a deposit of windblown silt. 2.) Loess is easily eroded sediment. 3.) Loess is principally derived from deserts or glacial outwash. 4.) Loess produces some of the most fertile soil in the world.
As good stewards of the earth, we should all do these three things.
1.)Recycle 2.) Reduce 3.) Reuse
Which four statements are correct regarding this aerial photograph? Question 7 quiz 13
1.)The green areas in this image are playa lakes. 2.) The smaller white linear band to the left is snow cap on the mountain peaks. The long white linear band is a series of salt flats on the valley floor. 3.) The salt flats form as playa lakes evaporate and the dissolved salts in the water are precipitated out. 4.) Immediately to the left of the salt flat are a series of coalescing alluvial fans forming a bajada.
On average, _______ of a barrel of oil is converted into gasoline.
1/2
Water tends to transfer energy by moving water in a circular motion until you go down its depth. What is the depth of the wavelength:
1/2 Wavelength
Wave base is a depth of approximately:
1/2 wave height
How many gallons are in a barrel of oil
42
There are______ gallons in a barrel of oil.
42
How much oil is converted to gas:
50%
How much of the atmosphere is comprised of CO2?
<1%
What is global warming? How does it occur? What by-product of burning fossil fuels is believed to be generating global warming? Why are we currently so concerned about global warming?
A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. We are concerned because it will increase in sea levels.
What is a tombolo?
A sand deposit that builds behind and connects a small island or large sea stack to the mainland.
Americans make up 6% of the world population so if everyone in the world used the same amount of energy and mineral resources, we would use 6%. But in reality Americans use 30% of the energy and mineral resources each year. This means that the average American uses _________ of the energy and mineral resources compared to the world average.
About five times as much
A(n)________ sand dune migrates by erosion on the windward side and deposition on the leeward side.
Active
Stream deposits that form at the mouth of a desert mountain valley
Alluvial Fan
Semicurcular landform that forms in the mouth of a valley
Alluvial fan
What landform might commonly form at the mouth of a desert mountain valley?
Alluvial fan
Bauxite is the primary ore of this metal
Aluminum
What are flood and ebb currents? When do they occur?
An incoming tidal flow is known as a flood current or flood tide; an outgoing flow is an ebb current or ebb tide. They occur when tides rise and fall
As far as BTU's per pound, _______ is the highest grade of coal.
Anthracite
Which type of coal generates the greatest amount of BTU's per pound?
Anthracite
This upfold is a common structural trap for oil and gas
Anticline
What are some common oil traps? What is a reservoir rock?....... a cap rock?
Anticlines faults, salt domes, and strati-graphic pinch-outs. A reservoir rock is a place that oil migrates to and is held underground. A cap rock is a layer of hand, impervious rock overlying and often reeling in a deposit of oil, gas, or coal.
What are tides? What causes them?
Are a daily rise and fall of sea level due to the gravitational pull of the moon, and to a lesser extent the sun.
Where are most dry land deserts located?
Around 30 degrees north and south of the equator
Rip currents are strong water currents flowing ______ the shoreline
Away from
The______ generally only affected from storm waves.
Backshore
Sloping skirt of sediment along mountain front formed from coalescing alluvial fans
Bahada
Alluvial fans form _________ when they coalesce at the skirt of the alluvial fans
Bajada
When alluvial fans coalesce along a mountain front they form a:
Bajada
Dune with horns (tips) pointing in the direction the wind is blowing
Barchan
When you have a dune horns pointed upwind it is a:
Barchan
A crescent-shaped dune with the slip face on the inside of the crescent is called a:
Barchan dune
Shale formation under metroplex producing natural gas
Barnett
A major gas field in North Texas is the:
Barnett Shale
If you have a map of North Texas a gas bill is located where?
Barnett Shale
What is the name of the geologic formation containing vast amounts of natural gas in the Fort Worth area?
Barnett Shale
42 gallons equals one of these
Barrel of oil
Padre is a good example of this
Barrier Island
Common coastal features along much of the gulf and Atlantic shorelines are:
Barrier islands
A ridge of sand that completely crosses a bay
Baymouth bar
If a spit builds completely across a bay, it is called a:
Baymouth bar
What is an alternative to hard stabilization methods?
Beach nourishment in which sand is brought in and deposited in an area where beach drift will dispose it into the desired region.
Water motion is unaffected by waves_____ wave base
Below
The U.S. has currently what percent of crude oil exported from foreign countries:
Between 30 and 60
The #1 form of renewable energy used in this country is:
Biomass
The most abundant form of renewable energy currently used in the U.S
Biomass
The most abundant type of coal in the U.S
Bitunimous
Deflation in an area may result in a
Blowout
Deflation often results in the formation of a:
Blowout
____ are hard stabilization structures built offshore and parallel to the shoreline
Breakwaters
What are seawalls, and what are they used for?
Built along the shoreline to prevent further inland coastal erosion.
Where does this "global warming" gas come from?
Burning fossil fuels
Most coal is mined:
By strip mining
Which atmospheric gas does man generate by burning fossil fuels that is proposed to be largely responsible for global warming?
CO2`
In _____, a major source of crude oil production comes from the strip mining of tar sands.
Canada
This part of an oil trap is often the rock shale
Caprock
An increase in this atmospheric gas may be causing global warming
Carbon Dioxide
What gas is thought to be largely responsible for "global warming"?
Carbon Dioxide
Because structural traps are often destroyed through time, the greatest production of oil and gas comes from rocks of this era.
Cenozoic
What is the name of the desert located in West Texas?
Chihuauan
Which country currently produces the most CO2?
China
How waves travel in the open ocean
Circle Orbital Motion
A "dust storm" is typically comprised of ______-sized material.
Clay, silt, and fine sand
Over 50% of the electric generation in this country is produced from:
Coal
This fuel fueled the Industrial Revolution.
Coal
Which energy source below fueled the industrial revolution?
Coal
How is coal formed? What is coal mainly used for in the United States? What are some environmental concerns regarding coal production and usage?
Coal forms from plant debris that accumulates in a anox (low oxygen) environment. It is mainly used as electric generation in the U.S.
What are barrier islands, and where are most located in the U.S.?
Common coastal features along much of the gulf and Atlantic shoreline.
The chain reaction within a nuclear reactor is slowed by using ______ to absorb free neutrons.
Control rods
In the U.S. what crop is grown to produce most of the ethanol we manufacture?
Corn
Most ethanol in the country is made from:
Corn
When sand is deposited at an angle to horizontal, it results in a sedimentary feature called:
Cross-bedding
Sloping layers commonly formed in migrating sand dunes
Crossbeds
In the U.S. oil production is currently:
Decreasing
Erosion of sand and silt by wind
Deflation
The lowering of the land surface by wind erosion is termed:
Deflation
Gravels coating the desert floor when finer-grained particles have been removed by wind
Desert Pavement
If you have a concentration of gravel in the desert is called
Desert Pavert
A dark stain found on many rocks in desert regiions
Desert Varnish
The accumulation of gravel on the desert surface due to removal of the finer-grained materials is termed:
Desert pavement
The dark staining common on many desert rocks is called:
Desert varnish
The driest of the dry climates
Deserts
The world population is expanding most rapidly in______ countries
Developing
What is fetch?
Distance wind travels over the water.
The movement of sand along the beach is termed beach:
Drift
What is an estuary?
Drowned river channels that are a common characteristic of a submergent coastline.
Why are the most desert streams ephemeral?
Due to the lack of soil and plant growth in arid regions, there is more runoff and less infiltration than in more humid regions. The quick downpours on the barren land also stimulates runoff. The net result is rapid runoff through normally dry desert stream channels. These streams are referred to as ephemeral (short lived) since they typically only flow during or shortly after a rain event.
The SEER rating of an appliance defines its:
Efficency
In this country where do most of our "global warming" emissions come from?
Electric generation
Coal is used primarily to generate this
Electricity
An emergent ___ shoreline would tend to be relatively straight.
Emergent
Water waves transfer:
Energy
Most desert stream are this type
Ephemeral
Most stream valleys in deserts only carry water during rain events they are referred to as?
Ephemeral
Most streams in deserts only carry water occasionally. These streams are referred to as ______ streams.
Ephemeral
_____ are drowned river valleys, and tend to be common on submergent shorelines
Estuaries
Drowned river valley from rising sea level or subsiding coastline
Estuary
If sea level rises it may form a drowned river channel called
Estuary
Perennial streams that flow through desert regions are referred to as _____ streams.
Exotic
The center of a hurricane
Eye
If global warming continues, the temperature rise will help prevent further coastal erosion. True or False
False
Nuclear energy is the most expensive way to produce electricity. True or False
False
The number one erosional agent in a desert is wind. True or False
False
True or False: All structural traps contain either oil or gas.
False
True or False: Desertification is a natural phenomenon that man has no control over.
False
True or False: The U.S. gets the largest percentage of its oil from Saudi Arabia.
False
True or False: Because the desert floor is dry when it rains it soaks up more than a humid region
False, it runoff
Nuclear power is created by the ________ of U-235
Fission
Which process below explains how energy is derived in a nuclear reactor?
Fission
Tidal current flow advancing onto land
Flood
Three different beds that go to crossbeds of a sand dune:
Fore set Top set Bottom Set
The ____ is located between the normal low and high tides.
Foreshore
What is called the area between high and low tides:
Foreshore
Zone between low and high tide
Foreshore
Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are collectively referred to as _______ fuels
Fossil
These include oil, coal, and natural gas
Fossil Fuels
Gas production from this "tight" formation requires both horizontal drilling and:
Fracturing
In time a (n) _______ may turn into a barrier reef.
Fringing reef
What phase of the moon do you have spring tides
Full and moon
How would you describe the world population growth in the last 200 years? What reasons do you think account for most of this growth?
Global population is increasing exponentially. Energy and materials have become more available which accounts for this growth.
What is the name of the largest desert located in the western U.S.?
Great Basin
In the United States the _______ Oil Shale formation is a potential reserve of crude oil if costs and environmental issues can be satisfied.
Green River
This formation contains roughly half of the world's oil shale
Green River
In the U.S. what is the oil shale located in Utah, Colorado
Greenwater
Barrier build at right angle to shoreline to trap the sand moving by beach drift
Groin
Hard stabilization structures built perpendicular to the shoreline:
Groins
_____ are hard stabilization structures built perpendicular to the shoreline to prevent beach erosion due to beach drift and longshore currents.
Groins
This mineral is used in wallboard
Gypsum
What are breakwaters, and what are they used for?
Hard stabilization structures built offshore and parallel to the shoreline.
On an irregular coastline refracting waves use their energy to create:
Headings
Refracting waves tend to attack the _____ of an irregular-shaped shoreline.
Headlands
Geothermal energy taps_______ within the Earth to produce electricity.
Heat
What is the most energy used for in the American home?
Heating and A/C
Atmospheric condition where most deserts are located
High pressure
Why are so many deserts in the 20 degree and 30 degree area north and south of the equator
High pressure
Where are tides typically located in regards to the moon's location?
High tides face the moon, and on the backsides as well.
One major concern about generating electricity with nuclear power is:
How to store the radioactive waste
Where are the terms hurricane, typhoon, and cyclone used?
Hurricanes are called (typhoons in the West Pacific; Cyclones in the Indian Ocean)
Dams are often build on rivers to generate this type of energy
Hydroelectricity
What are spits and baymouth bars? What is the relationship between them?
If the shoreline changes direction, a finger of may build out into the water this sand deposit is called a spit. If a spit builds completely across a bay, it is called a baymouth bar.
What is deflation, and how does deflation produce blowouts?
If thick deposits of sand, silt, and clay cover the desert floor, the removal of this material by wind often results in a slight lowering of the land elevation, a process called deflation. A blowout is an area that has undergone deflation.
A(n) _______ caprock is typically found atop a structural trap
Impermeable
The tips of a barchan point:
In the direction the wind is blowing
Natural gas production in the U.S. has been ____ over the last twenty years or so.
Increasing
Erosional remnants protruding through accumulations of sediment
Inselbergs
Mountain tops projecting through the accumulation of sediment built up around them in a desert setting are termed:
Inselbergs
What are alluvial fans and bajadas? How do they form?
Inselbergs are stream deposits that accumulate at the mouth of a mountain valley. As alluvial fans grow they often coalesce into a skirt of sediment along the base of the mountain. This skirt of alluvium is called a bajadas. They form when the water leaves the confined channel, it slows and sediment is dropped out. After sediment builds too high in one region, the stream will change course and begin building in another part of the fan.
Most streams in the Great Basin Desert have____ drainage, meaning they do no flow out of the area.
Interior
Because of this condition water seldom flows out of a desert region
Interior Drainage
What happens to the wave speed when a wave enters shallow water and "feels the bottom"?
It Decreases
Foreshore
It between normal low and high tides
What happens to the wavelength when a wave enters shallow water and "feels the bottom"?
It decreases
As water moves to shallow water what happens:
It feels the bottom, slows down, waves get closer together, waves get higher and they break over, and it forms a surf zone.
What happens to the wave height when a wave enters shallow water and "feels the bottom"?
It increases
What percentage of the world's population lives in the United States? How much of the energy and mineral resources do we use?
It is about 4.4% of the worlds population. We use about 94% of nonrenewable energy and 6% of renewable energy?
What portion of the U.S energy consumption comes from renewable sources?
It is about 6% or 7%
Backshore
It is affected by waves only during storms
Nearshore
It is between the offshore and the shore, and it reaches up to the low-tide shoreline.
What is desert pavement, and how does it form?
It is the accumulation of gravel on the desert surface due to removal of the finer-grained materials.
What is the suspended load of wind? What it is commonly called?
It is wind blown particles of silt and clay and it is commonly called dust storms.
Through time what effect does refracting energy have on a sloping shoreline
It straightens it out
Walls built perpendicular to the shoreline to prevent deposition of sand in a navigational channel
Jetties
____ are hard stabilization methods often used to keep channels open.
Jetties
Tidal deltas often form at a tidal inlet in the _____ located behind a barrier island.
Lagoon
What are some benefits to using renewable energy sources?
Little to no global warming emissions, improved public health and environment quality, a vast and inexhaustible energy supply, jobs and other benefits, stable energy prices a more reliable and resilient energy system.
Deposit of wind-blown silt
Loess
Wind blown silt deposits are referred to as
Loess
Windblown dust deposits are referred to as:
Loess
Straight dune with crest parallel to major wind direction
Longitudinal
Currents running parallel to the shoreline in the surf zone
Longshore
Name for deserts located in the 20 degree and 30 degree north or south of the equator
Low latitude
What are the deserts in these regions collectively called?
Low latitude
Describe the effect of the equatorial low pressure belt?
Low pressure belts occur where air masses rise. Rain is frequent in low pressure zones because as warm, moist air rises, it expands and cools. Cold air cannot hold moisture like warm air so the moisture is removed by precipitation.
Collective name for deserts located around the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
Low-latitude
A wave-cut platform that has been elevated above sea level is referred to as a _____.
Marine terrace.
An uplifted wave-cut platform
Marrine Terrace
The _____ has the strongest gravitational pull on Earth.
Moon
As man becomes more industrialized and technological he tends to use _____ energy
More
What sedimentary feature may be commonplace on a playa lake bed due solely to the evaporation of the water?
Mud cracks
Star dunes form from _____ wind direction(s).
Multiple
These tides result in the least amount of tidal fluctuation
Neap
When you have the moon and the sun at a right angle which tide do you have:
Neap tide
The largest desert on Earth is the Sahara. Can you name an exotic stream that flows through it?
Nile
Approximately 90% of energy comes from
Nonrenewable
Ninety four percent (94%) of energy use in the USA come from ______ resources.
Nonrenewable
This process is controlled with neutron-absorbing rods in a nuclear reactor
Nuclear Fission
Organization of petroleum exporting countries
Opec
In the open ocean waves travel in a(n) _____ fashion
Orbital
OPEC stands for:
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Spring tides occur approximately ever:
Other week
The tips of parabolic dunes point into the wind, and the slip face is on the ____________ of the crescent.
Outside
The Middle Eastern countries possess ____ 60% of the world's proven oil reserves.
Over
Where would you least likely find a barrier island:
Pacific Coast
Dune with horns (tips) pointing into the wind
Parabolic
_________ dunes are commonly found along shorelines.
Parabolic
. Longitudinal dunes have relatively straight crests that run __________ to the prominent wind direction.
Parallel
In the surf zone longshore currents move sand ______ to the shoreline.
Parallel
If you get caught in a rip current, swim ______ the shoreline to escape the current.
Parallel to
Long shore currents tend to move sand:
Parallel to shoreline
What are the different varieties of coal? Which do we have the most of in this country? Which has the highest BTU value per pound?
Peat, lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. Anthracite has the highest BTU value per pound.
Transverse dunes have relatively straight crests that run __________ to the prominent wind direction
Perpendicular
In 2005-2006 the U.S. imported 60% of its ______ from foreign countries
Petroleum
Coal form s from
Plant debris
Where desert stream water pools, a ____ lake may form.
Playa
Where are and how do playas and playa lakes form?
Playa lakes are often very shallow and commonly dry up. A dried up playa lake is simply called a playa.
Dry climates are regions where the potential for evaporation exceeds the actual amount of:
Precipitation
Desert found on the leeward side of a mountain range
Rainshadow
Deserts located on the leeward side of a mountain range are referred to as ____ deserts.
Rainshadow
After strip mining has occurred, the land is ____________ by bringing back and reworking the overburden that had previously been removed.
Reclaimed
What we should do with aluminum, plastic, metal, gas, etc.
Recycle
To save energy, we should all:
Recycle Reuse Reduce
The bending of waves as they approach the shoreline
Refraction
The bending of waves is called:
Refraction
These resources can be replenished over a relatively short period of time
Renewable
What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources? What three nonrenewable energy sources account for most of America's energy supply? Why are they referred to as "fossil fuels"?
Renewable resources can be replenished after a short period of time. Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to recover. Petroleum, natural gas, and coal account for most of America's energy supply.
When sand cascades down the slip face, it will finally stop moving as soon as it reaches a stable angle. The stable angle is called the angle of:
Repose
List some things you do as an individual to help save energy
Riding a bike and recycling
Dangerous currents flowing seaward
Rip currents
Much of the loess deposits in North America probably came from_____ created during the last ice age.
Rock flour
What mountains are located to the east of the Great Basin Desert?
Rocky
What is the number one erosional agent in a desert?
Running Water
The #1 erosional agent in a desert is:
Running water
The number 1 erosional agent in deserts
Running water
This country has the largest natural gas reserves
Russia
What country has the largest natural gas reserves?
Russia
Largest desert in world
Sahara
What is the largest desert on the planet?
Sahara
If a playa lake dries up and salts precipitate out, a _______ may form.
Salt flat
If a playa lake dries up what do they form
Salt flat
Much wind-blown sand travels in a jumping fashion in a process called:
Saltation
The process of jumping grains common during sand migration by wind
Saltation
Most wind blown __________ is traveling mainly by saltation:
Sand sized
A ____ is an opening in a narrow headland that has been undercut by wave action attacking its sides.
Sea arch
This may rise if global warming continues and the glaciers melt
Sea level
Wave energy predominantly attacks the land at:
Sea level
A ______ is an isolated rock that was once part of a headland.
Sea stack
An isolated remnant of rock produced by wave erosion
Sea stack
Which hard stabilization structure was built on the Galveston shoreline:
Sea walls
Rock wall built on land to prevent erosion of the shoreline
Seawall
One way to locate structural traps in the ground
Seismic Surveying
One way to help locate structural traps is by:
Seismic surveying
The east coast of the North America has _____ tidal pattern with two high and two low tides each day.
Semidiurnal
Which rock type below is impermeable and therefore typically forms a cap rock overlying the reservoir rock of a structural trap?
Shale
What mountains prevent moist Pacific air from entering the desert southwest?
Sierra Nevada
What's the name of the mountains that prevent pressure from entering the southwest basin?
Sierra Nevada
A dust storm, suspended sediment is comprised of
Silt and clay
The leeward side of a sand dune is referred to as the:
Slip face
The steep side of a sand dune
Slipface
This energy comes directly from the sun
Solar
In this country solar power could best be generated in the:
Southwest
Where in the U.S. would solar power be most beneficial?
Southwest
Before a baymouth bar became a baymouth bar it most likely was a:
Spit
If the shoreline changes direction, a finger of sand may build out into the water. This sand deposit is called a:
Spit
When you have a shoreline that is irregular to the bay. The sand is in this shape
Spit
Elongated ridges of sand that project out from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay
Spits
Tides that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned
Spring
_____ tides occur whenever there is a new moon or full moon.
Spring
_______ tides occur when tidal fluctuation are at a maximum. High tides are very high, and low tides are very low.
Spring
What creates tidal fluctuations:
Spring tides
Dune formed from multiple wind directions
Star
Through time refracting wave energy tends to _____ an irregular-shaped shoreline.
Straighten out
The most common way to mine coal
Strip mining
Most coal in the U.S. is either bituminous or:
Subbituminous
Describe the differences between an emergent and submergent coast.
Submergent coasts may be the result of global sea level rise, or regional subsidence. Emergent coasts are the result of global lowering of sea level or regional uplift. They expose the relatively uniform sediments that have been deposited offshore and therefore have a relatively straight shoreline.
What are the belts around Earth called that contain these deserts?
Subtropical high pressure
What season of the year is typically dominated by storm waves that erode the beach?
Summer
Zone of turbulent water created by breaking waves
Surf
Silt is generally carried by wind in this fashion
Suspension
What is the bed load of wind? What is saltation? What common desert feature forms from deposits of bedload?
Suspension and saltation is the bed load of windClay, silt, or sand-sized material. Saltation is the jumping, fashion of coarse grained sand travels closer to the ground. Dust storm is the common desert feature.
Coal forms from plant debris that accumulates in a(n) _____ environment.
Swamp
Environment where coal typically forms
Swamp
Which sedimentary environment would coal most likely form in?
Swamp
What should you do if you are caught in a rip current:
Swim parallel to it
The #1 oil-producing state in the nation is:
TEXAS
What state is #1 in generating electricity via wind power?
TEXAS
What is geothermal energy? What is required for energy produced from his source?
Taps the heat within the Earth and uses it to generate electricity.
Approximately 15% of the price you pay at the pump is for:
Taxes
Which "man" uses more energy?
Technological
Number one wind and oil producing state
Texas
Which state has developed, and continues to develop more wind power than any other state?
Texas
What other factor besides population growth helps explain the huge increase in resources needed for today and future populations?
The advancement in industry and technology (predominantly in less developed nations), world energy consumption is projected to keep increasing well into the future.
How does the average American rate in regards to energy consumption when compared to the rest of the world?
The average American uses much more energy than most other people of the world. (Over 5 times the worlds average.)
What are sand dunes? How do they develop?
The buildup of sand may eventually result in the formation of a sand dune.
What is desert varnish, and how does it develop?
The dark staining common on many desert rock is desert varnish. They are dark red to black colored.
What is interior drainage, and why is this common in many deserts?
The lack of moisture has most streams simply flowing into the lowest portions of a valley where the water pools.
What is the slipface of a sand dune? Why is it called this?
The leeward side of a sand dune is referred to as the slip face.
The sun is much larger than the moon, but the moon is closer to earth. Which has a stronger gravitational pull?
The moon has a stronger gravitational pull
What is, and how does beach drift occur?
The net result is an overall movement of sediment along the beach, a process called beach (or littoral) drift.
How does resource consumption compare between a "technological" society and a more "primitive" society?
The primitive society all they had to think about and use was hunting. The technological man however uses energy for different things such as transportation, industry and agriculture, home and commerce, and even food.
Why is flash flooding common in many deserts?
The rapid downpours and runoff often produce flash flooding along these stream channels.
What is the shore?
The shore is the combination of both the foreshore and the backshore
What is the greenhouse effect?
The tapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.
Hydroelectric power is renewable, but:
There are often environmental concerns to deal with.
What are longshore currents, and how do they develop?
There is also a water current created parallel to the shoreline in the surf zone (the longshore current) as the water swashes onto and backwards off the beach face. This current also moves sediment in the same direction as the beach drift.
Parabolic dunes form.....
These dunes are common along many coastlines where there is abundant sand, a strong prevailing wind, and a moderate amount of vegetation. Look at parabolic dunes
Where are the low-latitude deserts located? Why?
They are around the 30 degrees north and south of the equator.
What are rip currents? If caught in a rip current, what should you do?
They are dangerous stretches of water along the shoreline. If caught in a rip current, swim parallel to the shoreline to escape the current.
What are jetties, and what are they used for?
They are hard stabilization methods often used to keep channels open.
What are groins, and what are they used for?
They are hard stabilization structures built perpendicular to the shoreline to prevent beach erosion due to beach drift and longshore currents.
What are dry climates?
They are roughly defined as regions where the annual precipitation is less than the potential for evaporation.
Star dunes form...
They are the result of multiple wind directions. Look at picture for star dunes.
Describe the effects of the surbtropical high pressure belts located about 20 degrees to 30 degrees north and south of the equator?
They contain many dry land deserts. most deserts are located around 30 degrees north or south of the equator (where the subtropical high pressure belts exist). Deserts in these regions are referred to as the low latitude deserts.
Most desert streams are ephermeral because:
They exist only during and shortly after a rain event.
How are petroleum and natural gas formed? How are these energy sources typically concentrated?
They form from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals. They are typically concentrated from drilling into the earth.
Transverse dunes form..
They form in similar climatic regions as barachans and barachanoidal, but sand is more abundant. Note the crests of the dunes is perpendicular to the wind direction. Look at picture of transverse dunes.
Barchans dune form.....
They form when there is limited sand, little to no vegetation, and the region is relatively flat with a hard base. Look at picture of the barchan.
Where do most ocean waves get their energy? What three factors determine the height and length of the waves?
They get their energy from wind. The three factors are 1.) Wind Speed 2.) Duration of wind 3.) Distance wind travels over the water (fetch)
How do waves travel in the open ocean?
They travel through an orbital fashion
Where does much of Canada's oil production come from? What is the organic material called? How would you describe it viscosity? How is steam used in the mining operation?
They typically come from oil reserves. Biomass is organic material.
Why are storm surges so damaging? Which side of the eye has the worst surge in the Northern Hemisphere? Why?
This rise in water level can cause extreme flooding in coastal areas particularly when storm surge coincides with normal high tide, resulting in storm tides reaching up to 20 feet or more in some cases.
For____ energy to be productive you need a restricted bay and a large tidal fluctuation.
Tidal
This energy can be tapped in some coastal areas
Tidal
A break in a barrier island where tidal waters surge in and out is called a:
Tidal inlet
Daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface
Tides
This pie chart shows the major uses of coal. What is the number one use (88%) of coal?
To generate electricity
A sand deposit that builds behind and connects a small island or large sea stack to the mainland is called a:
Tombolo
A sand deposit that connects a small island to the main island
Tombolo
Ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland
Tombolo
Since 1950 the largest increase in U.S. oil demands has been from what sector of the economy?
Transportation
Since 1960, what sector of the economy has used the most from crude oil
Transportation
Dune with crest perpendicular to the direction the wind blows
Transverse
As running water does most of its work during floods, so too do waves accomplish most of their work during storms. True or False
True
Because the Basin and Range Province has interior drainage, the valleys are filling up with sediment weathered from the surrounding mountains. True or False
True
Due to the lack of moisture, the dominant type of weathering in a desert is mechanical. True or False
True
There are 42 gallons in a barrel of oil
True
True of False: Nuclear power is a cost-effective way to generate electricity in the U.S.
True
True or False: A typical person in the USA uses more than five times the amount of energy than the average person in the world.
True
True or False:Crude oil and natural gas are typically found concentrated in a structural trap.
True
True or False:Typhoons, cyclones, and hurricanes are the same thing
True
Yardings are wind-sculpted landforms that generally contain sharp, elongated ridges. True or False
True
Along most coastlines there is/are_____ high tides(s) and _____ low tide(s) each tidal day.
Two
In most regions in the world, how many low and high tides do they have each day?
Two high and two low
What is the typical frequency interval between high and low tides? Why?
Two high and two low tides per day.
What hurricanes are called in the western Pacific
Typhoon
Thhis country has the largest coal reserves
United States
What country has the greatest proven reserves of coal
United States
Which country below has the largest proven reserves of coal?
United States
This element is used to create nuclear energy
Uranium
U-235 is an isotope of:
Uranium
What one non-Middle East country was an original founder of OPEC?
Venezuela
A sandblasted (wind sculpted) rock
Ventifact
When you have a rock that has been wind sculpted it is called a
Ventifact
What is surf? How does water travel landward of the surf zone?
Water motion becomes translational rushing up onto the shore (swash) and then back of (backwash)
A flat bench-like rock surface left behind by a retreating sea cliff
Wave Cut Platform
As waves enter into shallow water the ____ begins to grow.
Wave height
As waves near the shoreline the _____ gets shorter
Wave length
Wave base is approximately 1/2 of:
Wave length
Resistant rock planed off to sea level by wave erosion is called a:
Wave-cut platform
What are wave-cut platforms and marine terraces? What is the relationship between them?
Wave-cut platforms they are the result of wave energy eroding resistant rocks (head lands) landward. Marine terraces are old wavecut platforms that have been elevated above sea level (by either a drop in sea level or uplift of the land)
The vertical distance between the crest and trough of a wave
Waveheight
Distance from crest to crest
Wavelength
The #1 erosional agent on a shoreline is:
Waves
Which way does the currents flow
West to east
The ______ U.S. is best suited to produce energy from geothermal sources.
Western
What portion of Texas is best suited for generating energy via wind?
Western
How does a rainshadow desert form?
When air is lifted over a high mountain range it cools and the moisture is squeezed out. They cool, dry air descending on the leeward (back) side of the range warms as it sinks. As the air warms it is able to hold even more moisture, therefore precipitation is very unlikely. The result is a rainshadow desert.
Longitudinal dunes form.....
When barachan dunes become highly elongated, they may form into longitudinal dunes, also known as linear dunes. In other parts of the world such as in Africa, great fields of longitudinal dunes can dominate the landscape for hundreds of miles. Look at picture of longitudinal dunes
What is cross-bedding, and how does it develop?
When sand is deposited at an angle to horizontal, it results in a sedimentary feature.
What are inselbergs, and how do they form?
When sediment has filled into the valleys to the extent that only the highest elevations of the mountains are showing, these mountain tops are called inselbergs.
What are neap tides? When do they occur in relation to the moon's phases?
When the moon and sun are at right angles to the earth, neap tides form. Neap tides produce minimal tidal fluctuations with low high tides and high low tides.
What is nuclear fission? What fuel is used? What are some of the pros and cons of nuclear reactors?
When the neutron hits the U-235 nucleus it causes it to split into two smaller atoms
What are spring tides? When do they occur in relation to the moon's phases?
When the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned (during full and new moon), spring tides form. They produce the maximum tidal fluctuations with high tides and low tides.
Most water waves are created by:
Wind
Ventifacts are stones faceted by:
Wind
What is the fastest growing renewable energy source? Which state is number one in production?
Wind power and the state is Texas.
What is loess? Why is loess important agriculturally?
Windblown dust deposits. It is important agriculturally because it can make very fertile soil.
The gentle slope of a sand dune is on the _______ side.
Windward
Sandblasted bedrock formations are called:
Yardangs
Current produced as the tides goes out
ebb
Which below is the correct order of coal formation as temperatures and pressures are increased?
lignite > subbituminous > bituminous > anthracite