Holt psychology chapter 1
health psychologists
examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health
associationism
experiences often remind us of similar experiences in the past approach was scientific
industrial and organizational psychologists
focus on people and work study the behavior of people in organizations
evolutionary perspective
focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes
sigmund freud
founded school of psychoanalysis ideas that people are driven by hidden impulses and that verbal slips and dreams represent unconscious wishes
school psychologists
identify and help students who have problems that interfere with learning
personality psychologists
identify characteristics, or traits
wilhelm wundt
individual who established first psychology laboratory in leipzig, germany
introspection
looking within
biological
perspective of psychology that emphasized the influence of biology on behavior
learning
perspective of psychology that emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior
sociocultural
perspective of psychology that examines the effects of factors such as ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on human behavior
humanistic
perspective of psychology that stresses the importance of human consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices
psychoanalytic
perspective of psychology that stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior
cognitive activities
private mental processes, such as thoughts and memories
william james
psychologist who believed that experience is a fluid and continuous stream of consciousness
BF skinner
psychologists who introduced the concept of reinforcement
forensic
psychologists who work within the criminal justice system
principle
rule or law
functionalism
school of psychology that focuses on how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment
structuralism
school of psychology that is concerned with discovering the basic elements of conscious experience
psychoanalysis
school of psychology that maintains that human behavior is determined by unconscious motives
behaviorism
school of psychology that maintains that organisms behave in certain ways because they are reinforced to do so
gestalt school
school of psychology with the idea that perception of something is affected by the context in which it occurs "shape" or "form" in german based on the idea that perceptions are more than the sums of their parts
developmental psychologist
studies physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes that occur over a lifetime
consumer psychologists
study the behavior of shoppers to explain and predict their behavior assist others in applying the findings of such studies
social-learning theory
suggests that people can change their environments or create new ones
learning perspective
the effects of experience on behavior
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and the mental processes
educational
type of psychologists who are involved in preparing standardized tests
experimental
type of psychologists who conduct research into basic processes, such as the functions of the nervous system of sensation and perception
counseling
type of psychologists who deal with people who have adjustment problems
clinical
type of psychologists who deal with people who have psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression
environmental
type of psychologists who study the psychological effects of the environment on people's behaviors
ethnic group
united by their cultural heritage, rage, language, or common history
behavior
any action that people can observe or measure
psychodynamic thinking
assumed that most of what exists in an individuals mind is unconscious, and consists of conflicting impulses, urges and wishes
survey
a research method in which psychologists collect data by asking questions of people in a particular group
theory
a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do
socrates
ancient greek who believed that people could learn much about themselves through introspection