Human Biology: Chapter 11: The CVS: Blood, Chapter 12: The CVS: The Heart, Chapter 13: The CVS: Blood Vessels and Circulation
Blood Volume
- excessive sweating - blood donation
Decreases blood pressure
- increase blood vessels
During mitral valve prolapse, some regurgitation of blood occurs during contraction of the a. left ventricle b. left atrium c. right atrium d. right ventricle
a. left ventricle
Which of the following structures is found between the right atrium and right ventricles? a. tricuspid valve b. mitral valve c. pulmonary semilunar valve d. bicuspid valve
a. tricuspid valve
Which of the following supplies blood to the muscle tissue of the heart? a. great cardiac veins b. coronary sinuses c. coronary arteries d. aorta
c. coronary arteries
Which heart chamber recieves blood from the pulmonary veins? a. right ventricle b. left ventricle c. left atrium d. right atrium
c. left atrium
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk? a. right atrium b. left atrium c. right ventricle d. left ventricle
c. right ventricle
During their Formation, RBCs a. are saturated with oxygen b. recycle hemoglobin into iron and pigment molecules c. flatten d. eject their nucleus e. multiply their mitochondria
d. eject their nuclues
Which structural feature of cardiac muscle cells enable action potentials to travel rapidly from cell to cell? a. myofibrils b. desmosomes c. mitochondria d. gap junctions e. myoglobin
d. gap junctions
Which of the following will only apply to veins? a. deoxygenated blood b. arising from the heart c. two layers thick d. valves
d. valves
Total Peripheral Resistance
- high-alititude - growht - increase sympathetic activity - growth
Increases blood pressure
- increase cardiac output - increase total peripheral resistance - increase blood volume - increase blood vessel lenght - increase blood viscosity
During the long-term response to hemorrhage, which hormone(s) prominently promotes fluid retention and reabsorption at the kidneys? a. ADH and aldosterone b. angiotensinogen II c. renin d. epinephrine and norepinephrine e. EPO
a. ADH and aldosterone
Choose the correct description of a typical medium-sized vein. a. It ranges from 2 mm to 9 mm in diameter, and the relatively thick tunica externa has longitudinal bundles of elastic and collagen fibers. b. It has a diameter of approximately 0.4 cm and has more smooth muscle cells and fewer elastic fibers. c. It has a diameter up to 2.5 cm, and its tunica media is dominated by elastic fibers rather than smooth muscle cells. d. Ranging from 2 mm to 9 mm in diameter, its thin tunica media consists of one to two layers of smooth muscle cells. e. In these vessels, the thin tunica media is surrounded by a thick tunica externa composed of mostly collagen fibers.
a. It ranges from 2 mm to 9 mm in diameter, and the relatively thick tunica externa has longitudinal bundles of elastic and collagen fiber
Which ABO blood type has neither A, B, nor RH antigens? a. O negative b. O positive c. AB negative d. AB positive
a. O negative
Which of the following hormones are released in response to a decrease in blood volume? Check all that apply. a. Renin b. ACTH c. Erythropoietin d. Angiotensin e. ADH
a. Renin e. ADH
Which of the following is the correct flow of blood? a.SVC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk. b. IVC, right atrium, bicuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries c. SVC, IVC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve d. right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, bicuspid valve, left atrium
a. SVC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. T wave: atrial diastole b. P wave: atrial systole c. QRS wave: ventricular systole d. ventricular diastole: ventricular relaxation
a. T wave: atrial diastrole
Which statement is correct regarding the heart wall? a. The epicardium is a serous membrane that consists of an exposed epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue. b. The endothelium consists of cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. c. The myocardium is comprised of a simple squamous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue. d. The endocardium is the visceral pericardium. e. The cardiac muscle tissue forms bands that wrap around the ventricles and spiral into the wall of the atria.
a. The epicardium is a serous membrane that consists of an exposed epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.
Which of the following is a short-term response involved in cardiovascular regulation? a. adjustment of peripheral resistance b. alterations in blood volume c. adjustments that affect the transport of oxygen to active tissues d. adjustments that affect the transport of carbon dioxide from active tissues
a. adjustment of peripheral resistance
The normal immune system ignores surface antigens on self RBC's, which are also called a. agglutinogens b. globulins c. Rh factors d. compatibility factors
a. agglutinogens
During the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule? a. amino acid b. urobilins c. stercobilins d. bilirubin e. transferrin
a. amino acids
The valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle is the _____________________. a. aortic valve b. mitral valve c. pulmonary valve d. tricuspid valve
a. aortic valve
The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are called a. capillaries. b.veins. c. venules. d. arterioles. e. arteries.
a. capillaries
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. a. capillary; interstitial fluid b. interstitial fluid; capillary
a. capillary; interstitial fluid
What process makes it easier for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelia cells to make necessary repairs in damaged vessels? a. clot retraction b. fibrinolysis c. hemostasis d. thrombus formation
a. clot retraction
The function of an atrium is to a. collect blood returning to the heart b. pump blood to the lungs c. pump blood into the systemic circuit d. stabilize the position of the heart valves e. prevent the movement of blood back into the ventricles
a. collect blood returning to the heart
The visceral pericardium is located where? a. covering the outer surface of the heart b. the muscular layer of the heart c. lining the inside of the heart d. lining the inner surface of the pericardial sac
a. covering the outer surface of the heart
Leukopenia is to leukocytes as anemia is to ______________. a. erythrocytes b. thrombocytes c. eosinophils d. platelets
a. erythrocytes
Which hormone is released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low? a. erythropoietin b. ADH c. angiotensin II d. renin e. ANP
a. erythropoietin
Which hormone(s) would be increasingly released at higher elevations where oxygen levels are lower? a. erythropoietin b. antidiuretic hormone c. angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide d. epinephrine and norepinephrine
a. erythropoietin
Which of the following supplies blood to the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, and face? a. external carotid arteries b. basilar artery c. cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) d. internal carotid arteries
a. external carotid arteries
What feature of cardiac muscle allows for the rapid deployment of action potentials throughout the heart? a. gap junctions b. cardiac skeleton c. desmosomes d. axons
a. gap junctions
When large numbers of RBC's break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called a. hemoglobinuria b. leucopenia c. septicemia d. pernicious anemia e. sickle cell anemia
a. hemoglobinuria
Which of the following changes will result in increased blood flow at an injury site during inflammation? a. increased vessel diameter b. increased blood pressure c. increased blood volume d. relaxation of precapillary sphincters e. decreased peripral resistance
a. increased vessel diameter d. relaxation of precapillary sphincters
Blood from the viscera and the lower limbs is conducted to the heart through which vessels? a. inferior vena cava b. coronary sinus c. cardiac vein d. pulmonary veins e. superior vena cava
a. inferior vena cava
The primary effect of parasympathetic acetylcholine release is a. inhibition b. depolarization c. excitation d. repolarization
a. inhibition
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit? a. left ventricle b. right atrium c. right ventricle d. left atrium
a. left ventricle
Excess transferrins are removed in the ______________, where the iron extracted from heme molecules is stored in special protein-iron complexes. a. liver and spleen b. thymus and spleen c. liver and thymus d. spleen and bone marrow e. thymus and bone marrow
a. liver and spleen
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the a. lungs b. pancreas c. kidneys d. brain e. heart
a. lungs
Which of the following leukocytes are granulocytes? a. neutrophils b. platelets c. lymphocytes d. monocytes
a. neutrophils
The loose-fitting sac around the heart is lined by the a. parietal pericardium b. parietal endocardium c. parietal myocardium d. epicardium e. endocardium
a. parietal pericardium
The difference in pressure from one end of a vessel to the other is called ________, which greatly determines the rate of flow. a. pressure gradient b. pressure point c. pulse pressure d. osmotic pressure e. pulse point
a. pressure gradient
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. a. proteins in the blood b. blood pressure
a. proteins in the blood
Deoxygenated blood is carried away from the right ventricle by the a. pulmonary trunk. b. inferior vena cava. c. pulmonary arteries. d. aorta. e. pulmonary veins.
a. pulmonary trunk.
Which chamber recieves blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae? a. right atrium b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle
a. right atrium
The right atrium recieves blood from the systemic circuit and pumps it to the __________. a. right ventricle b. pulmonary trunk c. muscle tissue of the heart wall d. aorta e. left atrium
a. right ventricle
The fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed is known as a. serum b. fibrin c. fibrinogen d. plasma
a. serum
Autonomic effects on rate primary reflect the responses of the ____________ node to _________. a. sinoatrial; acetylcholine and norepinephrine b. atrioventricular; dopamine and acetylcholine c. sinoatrial; norepinephrine and dopamine d. atrioventricular; acetylcholine and norepinephrine
a. sinoatrial; acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Which of the following statements is correct regarding blood flow? a. The flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure difference. b. The flow rate equals the pressure difference. c. The flow rate is indirectly proportional to the pressure difference d. The greater the difference in pressure, the slower the flow.
a. the flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure difference
Which vessel wall layer form a sheath of connective tissue and has collagen fibers that may intertwine with those of adjacent tissues? a. tunica externa b. tunica interna c. tunica intima d. tunica media
a. tunica externa
Deoxygenated blood leaves the fetus and enters the placenta by way of the a. umbilical arteries. b. umbilical vein. c. ductus venosus. d. ductus arteriosus.
a. umbilical arteries
If valve function deteriorates such that the heart cannot maintain adequate circulatory flow, symptoms of ______________________ appear. a. valvular heart disease b. mitral valve prolapse c. coronary artery disease d. rheumatic fever e. carditis
a. valvular heart disease
A decrease in peripheral vein diameter is called a. venoconstriction. b. vasoconstriction. c. vasodilation. d. peripheral resistance. e. viscosity.
a. venoconstriction
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? a. venous b. arterial
a. venous
A normal WBC count is about ________________ cells per microliter. a. 150,000-500,000 b. 5,000-10,000 c. 1,800-7,300 d. 4.4 million- 6 million e. 1,500-4,000
b. 5,000-10,000
Considering the factors affecting blood flow, choose the correct relationship. a. When resistance increases, blood flow increases. b. Under normal circumstances, blood flow equals cardiac output. c. . Resistance and blood flow are directly related. d. Vessel length and blood flow are directly related. e. When pressure rises, blood flow decreases
b. under normal circumstances, blood flow equals cardiac output
How long after an injury occurs do platelets begin to attach to sticky endothelial surfaces and exposed collagen fibers? a. within 5 milliseconds b. within 15 seconds c. within 10 minutes d. within 2 hours
b. within 15 seconds
Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance? View Available Hint(s) a. 10% change in cardiac output b. 10% change in vessel length c. 10% change in vessel diameter d. 10% change in blood viscosity
c. 10% change in vessel diameter
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? a. 1 mm Hg b. 12 mm Hg c. 34 mm Hg
c. 34 mm Hg
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. vena cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins a. 5,3,1,7,8,2,6 b. 1,2,7,8,3,5,6,5 c. 5,1,3,7,8,2,4,6 d. 1,7,3,8,2,4,6,5 e. 5,1,3,8,7,2,4,6
c. 5,1,3,7,8,2,4,6
A person with Type B blood will have antigens on the surface of RBC and antibodies in plasma. a. A, anti-B b. B, anti-B c. B, anti-A d. A, anti-A
c. B, anti-A
____________ directly stimulates red blood cells production. a. Thyroxine b. Intrinsic factor c. EPO d. GH e. Vitamin b12
c. EPO
What ECG characteristic wave pattern appears as the ventricles depolarize? a. P wave b. nodal wave c. QRS complex d. T wave
c. QRS complex
Why do veins have relatively thin walls? a. it allows a typical vein to change the diameter of its lumen b. a typical vein's wall allows exchange to occur quickly by diffusion across endothelial cells or through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells c. a typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure d. there are sphincters associated with the walls of veins, which allow vasomotion to occur e. it allows a typical vein to be stretched as its diameter increases during ventricular systole
c. a typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure
___________________ are substances, often proteins, that can trigger an immune response a. antibodies b. globulins c. antigens d. albumins
c. antigens
The semilunar valve of the left side of the heart prevents backflow from the a. pulmonary veins b. left ventricle c. aorta d. pulmonary trunk e. right ventricle
c. aorta
Which of the following hormones does not increase blood pressure? a. erythropoietin (EPO) b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) d. angiotensin II
c. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
The cardiac cycle begins with what event? a. ventricular systole b. ventricular diastole c. atrial systole d. atrial diastole
c. atrial systole
Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________. a. blood volume b. blood viscosity c. blood vessel diameter d. cardiac output
c. blood vessel diameter
During capillary exchange __________ causes filtration, whereas __________ causes reabsorption of water back into the capillaries. a. venous blood pressure; arterial blood pressure b.blood osmotic pressure; capillary hydrostatic pressure c. capillary hydrostatic pressure; blood osmotic pressure d. arterial blood pressure; venous blood pressure
c. capillary hydrostatic pressure; blood osmotic pressure
Which of the following occurs in the pulmonary circuit? a. Oxygen stores are depleted. b. Carbon dioxide-laden blood is returned to the heart. c. Carbon dioxide is released and oxygenated blood is returned to the heart. d. Oxygenated blood is sent to the lungs by the heart.
c. carbon dioxide is released and oxygenated blood is returned to the heart
When the ventricles are relaxed, the ____________ are loose and there is no resistance to the flow of blood from atrium to ventricle. a. papillary muscles b. trabeculae carneae c. chordae tendineae d. aortic sinuses e. auricles
c. chordae tendineae
A patient's cardiac output is 5000 mL/min, based on a heart rate of 100 beats/min and a stroke volume of 50 mL/beat. Which of the following will not change her cardiac output? a. keep HR the same and increase SV to 70 b. Increase HR to 120 and keep SV the same c. decrease HR to 50 and increase SV to 100 d. increase HR to 100 and increase SV to 80
c. decrease HR to 50 and increase SV to 100
The phase of the cardiac cycle when a chamber fills with blood and prepares for the start of the cardiac cycle is called? a. systole b. hyperpolarization c. diastole d. depolarization
c. diastole
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting blood flow? a. turbulence b. resistance c. direction d. viscosity
c. direction
Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions a. when blood flow to the thymus declines b. when the carbon dioxide content of air in the lung declines c. during anemia d. when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are optimally enhanced e. during erythocytosis
c. during anemia
Which blood vessels are able to absorb the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle? a. arterioles b. arterial anastomoses c elastic arteries d. muscular arteries e. capillaries
c. elastic arteries
Which mechanism(s) of cardiovascular regulation direct(s) long-term changes in cardiovascular performance? a. exocrine mechanisms b. autoregulation c. endocrine mechanisms d. neural mechanisms
c. endocrine mechanisms
Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of _______________ in the body. a. whole blood b. lymphatic fluid c. extracellular fluid d. serum e. packed blood
c. extracellular fluid
During exercise, cardiac output rises as a result of what factor? a. increased peripheral resistance b. decreased venous return c.increased venous return d. decreased breathing rate
c. increased venous return
Which of the following pathways is slower and reinforces the initial blood clot, making it larger and more effective? a. common pathway b. endothelial pathway c. intrinsic pathway d. extrinsic pathway
c. intrinsic pathway
Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the __________ in ___________. a. right ventricle; 1 beat b. left ventricle; 1 beat c. left ventricle; 1 minute d. right ventricle; 1 minute
c. left ventricle; 1 minute
A white blood cell count of 3000 per microliter would indicate what condition? a. leukemia b. leukocytosis c. leukopenia d. polycythemia
c. leukopenia
Which vessels have valves to prevent backflow? a. medium-sized arteries b. large veins c. medium-sized veins d. capillaries
c. medium-sized veins
Which of the following sequences correctly states the relative number of each leukocyte type, from highest to lowest, in normal blood? a. basophils-Eosinophils-Monocytes-Lymphocytes-Neutrophils b. neutrophils-Monocytes-Lymphocytes-Eosinophils-Basophils c. neutrophils-Lymphocytes-Monocytes-Eosinophils-Basophils d. neutrophils-lymphocytes-Eosinophils-Basophils-Monocycles
c. neutrophils-Lymphocytes-Monocytes-Eosinophils-Basophils
What is the primary functions of neutrophil? a. secrete antibodies b. release histamine c. phagocytize bacteria d. fight allergens
c. phagocytize bacteria
The primary function of the venae cavae includes which of the following? a. anchor the heart to surrounding structures b. pump oxygenated blood into circulation c. return blood to the right atrium d. prevent expansion of the heart e. remove excess fluid from the heart chambers
c. return blood to the right atrium
The pH of blood is a. slightly acidic b. very acidic c. slightly alkaline d. very alkaline
c. slightly alkaline
________ tend to diffuse across the capillary lining, driven by their individual concentration gradients. a. Plasma proteins b. Platelets c. Solute molecules d. Red blood cells e. White blood cells
c. solute molecules
For which disease might a patient receive tissue plasminogen activator? a. hemophilia b. leukemia c. stroke d. hypoxia
c. stroke
The right atrium recieves blood from the ____________ circuit through the _____________. a. systemic; great cardiac veins b. pulmonary; pulmonary vein c. systemic; superior and inferior venae cavae d. pulmonary; superior and inferior venae cavae
c. systemic; superior and inferior venae cavae
Consider a blood pressure reading of 120/80. 120 corresponds to the a. diastolic pressure. b. blood osmotic pressure. c. systolic pressure. d. pulse pressure. e. mean arterial pressure.
c. systolic pressure
In a process called autoregulation, ________ in response to a decline in dissolved oxygen levels within a tissue. a. the volume of blood arriving at the venules decreases b. vasomotion is not a factor c. the precapillary sphincters relax d. blood flow to the area decreases e. the diameter of the supplying capillaries' entrance narrows
c. the precapillary sphincters relax
Intro which of the following structures does the coronary sinus open? a. the right atrium near the base of the superior vena cava the left ventricle b. the left ventricle c. the right atrium near the base of the inferior vena cava d. the pulmonary trunk near the aortic semilunar valve
c. the right atrium near the base of hte inferior vena cava
How can the impact of a temporary or even permanent occlusion (blockage) of a single blood vessel be reduced? a. by increasing vessel length b. by increasing blood viscosity c. through the presence of anastomoses d. through decreasing body temperature e. by increasing blood flow
c. through the presence of anastomoses
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps? a. three pumps b. one pumps c. two pumps
c. two pumps
Hemolytic disease of the newborn will most likely occur if the mother has _____________ blood and the fetus has ________ blood. a. type A-: type O- b. type AB+: type AB- c. type O-: type AB+ d. type B+: type B-
c. type O-: type AB+
What contributes most to peripheral resistance? a. venous return b. turbulence c. vascular resistance d. viscosity
c. vascular resistance
Which of the following is(are) the only factor(s) that can be adjusted by the nervous or endocrine system to regulate blood flow? a turbulence b. turbulence and viscosity c. vascular resistance d. viscosity e. vascular resistance and viscosity
c. vascular resistance
How does the body compensate for dehydration? a. activation of ANP b. inhibition of angiotensin II c. venoconstriction d.increased ACh release by vagus nerves
c. venoconstriction
Which vitamin is necessary for erythropoiesis and, if deficient, develops into pernicious anemia? a. vitamin A b. vitamin K c. vitamin B12 d. vitamin D
c. vitamin B12
A single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ____________ molecule(s) of oxygen gas (O2). a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
d. 4
What is the pulse pressure in a patient with a blood pressure of 130/85? a. 130 mm Hg b. 100 mm Hg c. 85 mm Hg d. 45 mm Hg
d. 45 mm Hg
Blood is approximately ____________ percent plasma by volume. a. 12-33 b.37-54 c. 99.9 d. 46-63 e. 25-39
d. 46-63
What plasma proteins are important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma? a. globulins b. fibrins c. regulatory proteins d. albumins
d. albumins
Under normal circumstances, the heart pumps blood into the aorta at the same rate at which it a. arrives at the left atrium. b. exits the right ventricle. c. exits the left ventricle. d. arrives at the right atrium.
d. arrives at the right atrium
Identify the correct match between the blood vessel and its corresponding characteristic. a. artery/largest lumen b. capillary/has valves c. vein/may be elastic or muscular d. arteriole/controls blood pressure e. venule/most permeable
d. arteriole/controls blood pressure
When necessary, blood bypasses a capillary bed through a. an arterial anastomosis. b. precapillary sphincters. c. venous valves. d. arteriovenous anastomoses. e. venules.
d. arteriovenous anastomoses
Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining? a. phlebitis b. pulmonary embolism c. thrombus d. atherosclerosis e. aneurysm
d. atherosclerosis
When blood flow in a capillary bed decreases in response to locally high oxygen levels, it is caused by a. angiotensin. b. endocrine processes. c. intercellular chemicals. d. autoregulation. e. neural processes.
d. autoregulation
Where is the largest pressure gradient? a. between the pulmonary circuit and pulmonary trunk b. between arterioles and capillaries c. between capillaries and venules d. between the systemic circuit and aorta
d. between the systemic circuit and aorta
When the venous valves become weak and lose elasticity, which of the following events will most likely occur? a. varicose veins b heart murmur c. blood pools in the veins d. both blood pools in the veins and varicose veins are correct
d. both blood pools in the veins and varicose veins are correct
Which irons are necessary for both clotting pathways? a. sodium b. chloride c. potassium d. calcium
d. calcium
What cardiac structure consists of dense bands of elastic connective tissue that encircle the bases of the large blood vessels, which carry blood away from the heart? a. visceral pericardium b. mediastinum c. parietal pericardium d. cardiac skeleton
d. cardiac skeleton
As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries, a. viscosity decreases. b. vascular flow increases. c. vascular resistance decreases. d. cardiovascular pressure decreases. e. both cardiovascular pressure and vascular flow increase.
d. cardiovascular pressure decreases
What connects each AV valve to the papillary muscles? a. ligamentum arteriosum b. interventricular septum c. trabeculae carneae d. chordae tendineae
d. chordae tendineae
Which structural feature of the heart is a deep groove usually filled wiht substantial amounts of fat, marking the border between the atria and the ventricles? a. anterior interventricular sulcus b. coronary sinus c. posterior interventricular sulcus d. coronary sulcus e. interventricular septum
d. coronary sulcus
What might be indicated by a missing P wave on a patient's ECG? a. damage to the AV node b. damage to the ventricle c. tachycardia d. damage to the SA node
d. damage to the SA node
Which fetal structure allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic trunk? a. umbilical vein b. foramen ovale c. ductus venosus d. ductus arteriosus
d. ductus arterosus
What heart sound marks the start of ventricular systole? a. second heart sounds b. third heart sound c. fourth heart sound d. first heart sound
d. first heart sound
Regarding forces acting on capillary walls, what occurs when blood osmotic pressure (BOP) is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)? a. fluid is forced out of the capillary b. there is no net movement to fluid c. blood loses its oxygen load d. fluid moves into the capillary
d. fluid moves into the capillary
The leukocyte Basophil releases __________ that functions to ___________________. a. chemicals: attract neutrophils to an area of injury or infection b. chemicals: attract fibroblasts to the site of injury c. antibodies: protect against infections d. heparin: prevent blood clotting
d. heparin: prevent blood clotting
What extracellular ion imbalance causes powerful and prolonged heart contractions? a. hypokalemia b. hyperkalemia c. hypocalcemia d. hyperkalemia
d. hypercalcemia
Shock is an acute circulatory crisis marked by a. hypotension and increased tissue perfusion. b. high blood pressure and inadequate peripheral blood flow. c. low blood pressure and increased blood volume. d. hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow.
d. hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow
Plasma cells of the lymphatic system produce a. albumins b. platelets c. fibrinogen d. immunoglobulins
d. immunoglobulins
Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called ____________. a. sacromeres b. fossa ovalis c. myofibrils d. intercalated discs e. trabeculae
d. intercalated discs
In general, for a vessel of a given size, a typical artery ________ compared to a typical vein. a. has less smooth muscle in its tunica media b. has thinner walls c. has no endothelium d. is more elastic e. has a larger lumen
d. is more elastic
What is the role of transferrin in the bloodstream? a. it binds to amino acids b. it produces bilirubin c. it recycles heme d. it transports iron
d. it transports iron
The venae cavae and their tributaries in the abdominopelvic cavities are examples of a. capillary beds b. medium -size veins c. venules d. large veins
d. large veins
Which of the following are the primary sites of hemopoiesis from the second to the fifth month of development? a. spleen and bone marrow b. thymus and liver c. thymus and spleen d. liver and spleen
d. liver and spleen
Which leukocytes are involved in the body's specific defenses? a. neutrophils b. eosinophils c. monocytes d. lymphocytes
d. lymphocytes
Arteries with a thick tunica media are _________ arteries. a. anastomotic b. elastic c. large d. muscular e. conducting
d. muscular
How does blood overcome gravity and low pressure as it moves along a tibial vein back to the heart? a. muscular compression, respiratory pump, and venous valves b. muscular compression and respiratory pump c. respiratory pump and venous valves d. muscular compression and venous valves
d. muscular compression and venous valves
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation? a. hemocytoblast, myeloblast, reticulocyte, megakaryocyte, RBC b. monoblast, promocyte, myelocyte, band cells, RBC c stem cell, erythroblast, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC d. myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC e. lymphoblast, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, band cell, RBC
d. myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC
A person's blood type is determine by the a. chemical character of hemoglobin b. size and shape of red blood cells c. number of antibodies in the plasma d. presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane e. type of oxygen- and carbon dioxide- binding sites on the hemo
d. presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is the a. capillary pressure. b. arterial pressure. c. venous pressure. d. pulse pressure. e. hydrostatic pressure.
d. pulse pressure
What would happen if the SA node failed to initiate action potentials? a. the heart would fail to beat b. Ectopic pacemakers would lead to fibrillation c. the heart would go into tachycardia d. the AV node take over heart rate
d. the AV node take over heart rate
Individuals with which blood type were once called "universal recipients" because they lack anti-A or anti-B antibodies? a. type O b. type A c. type B d. type AB
d. type AB
During what phases of the cardiac cycle are all the chambers relaxed, so that the ventricles fill passively? a. ventricular systole- second phase b. ventricular diastole- early c. end of atrial systole d. ventricular diastole- late
d. ventriclar diastole - late
In which instance would an arterial puncture be more appropriate than a venipuncture? a. when donating blood b. when testing for hepatitis c. when preparing a blood smear d. when testing for gas exchange efficiency
d. when testing for gas exchange efficiency
The term _____________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together. a. packed cell volume b. hemopoiesis c. thrombocytes d. whole blood e. hematocrit
d. whole blood
What is the connection between breathing and venous return? a. Both inhalation and exhalation increase pressure in the pleural cavity, thus less blood flows into the inferior vena cava. b. Inhalation increases pressure in the pleural cavity, thus more blood flows into the inferior vena cava. c. Both inhalation and exhalation decrease pressure in the pleural cavity, thus less blood flows into the inferior vena cava. d. Exhalation decreases pressure in the pleural cavity, thus more blood flows into the inferior vena cava. e. Inhalation decreases pressure in the pleural cavity, thus more blood flows into the inferior vena cava.
e. Inhalation decreases pressure in the pleural cavity, thus more blood flows into the inferior vena cava.
The right and left coronary arteries originate at the ___________. a. pulmonary trunk b. marginal artery c. coronary sinus d. fossa ovalis e. aortic sinuses
e. aortic sinuses
Which of the following indicates the start of the systemic circuit? a. pulmonary trunk b. cardiac veins c. vena cavae d. pulmonary arteries e. ascending aorta
e. ascending aorta
Regarding endocrine processes in cardiovascular regulation, long-term adjustments a. involve sympathetic responses that adjust cardiac output and peripheral resistance to stabilize blood pressure and blood flow to tissues. b. cause immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments. c. drastically alter blood pressure and blood flow to vital organs. d. involve the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medullae, which stimulate cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction. e. involve alterations in blood volume that affect cardiac output and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from active tissues.
e. involve alterations in blood volume that affect cardiac output and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from active tissues.
The marginal artery branches off the a. left coronary artery b. coronary sinus c. interventricular artery d. aorta e. right coronary artery
e. right coronary artery
Blood from the systemic circulation returns to the heart by way of the a. pulmonary arteries b. coronary sinus c. pulmonary veins d. aorta e. venae cavae
e. venea cavae
What are the 5 functions of blood?
1. transports dissovled gasses, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes 2. regulates intersitial fluid pH and ion composition 3. restricts fluid loss at injury sites 4. defends agaisnt toxins and pathogens 5. stabilizes body temperatures
Which organ synthesizes more than 90 percent of plasma proteins? a. liver b. thymus c. bone marrow d. spleen e. kidney
a. liver
Cardiac muscle cells have abundant reserves of myoglobin, which function in ______________. a. storing oxygen b. removing carbon dioxide c. removing waste products d. storing iron e. the shortening of individual sarcomeres
a. storing oxygen
Starting with entry of blood into the right atrium, how many valves does the blood pass through before it enters the left atrium? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
b. 2
What fetal structure allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium? a. umbilical vein b. foramen ovale c. ductus venosus d. ductus arteriosus
b. foramen ovale
Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood of an individual with type AB? a. type AB blood does not contain A or B antigens b. type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies c. type AB blood is known as the universal donor d. people wiht type AB blood can only receive type AB blood
b. type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies
The plasma of which blood type contains anti-A antibodies? a. type AB b. type B c. type Rh d. type A
b. type B
The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in ________ of the cardiovascular system. a. the venous component b. the arteriovenous component c. the arterial vessels d. all the vessels e. the capillary vessels
c. the arterial vessels
Which layer is thicker in a medium-sized artery versus a medium-sized vein? a. tunica externa b. tunica intima c. tunica media d. endothelium
c. tuncia media
During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell? a. erythrocyte b. myeloid stem cell c. hemocytoblast d. reticulocytes e. proerythroblast
d. reticulocytes
Blood returning directly from the systemic circulation enters the a. left ventricle b. pulmonary trunk c. right ventricle d. right atrium e. left atrium
d. right atrium
A function of lymphocyte is to _______________________. a. form pus b. release histamine c. engulf toxins produced by parasitic infections d. secrete antibodies
d. secrete antibodies
Which of the following monitors blood pressure at the end of the systemic circuit? a. carotid body chemoreceptors b.carotid sinus baroreceptors c. aortic body chemoreceptors d. aortic baroreceptors e. atrial baroreceptors
e. atrial baroreceptors
The least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the a. eosinophils b. lymphocytes c. neutrophils d. monocytes e. basophils
e. basohils
Regarding the typical structure of blood vessel walls, those that have only a tunica intima are the a. arteries. b. arterioles. c. venules. d. veins. e. capillaries.
e. capillaries
Malfunctioning chordae tendineae would a. inhibit closure of the semilunar valves. b. enable the cusps of the AV valves to swing into the ventricles. c. block blood flow into coronary arteries. d. allow blood to flow back into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. e. cause regurgitation into the atria
e. cause regurgitation into the atria
The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called a. normovolemic b. reticulocyte count. c. hemoglobin concentration d. differential count. e. hematocrit
e. hematocrit
Red blood cells result from the division of cells called a. lymphoblasts b. monoblasts c. progenitor cells d. myeloblasts e. hemocytoblasts
e. hemocytoblasts
The right ventricle pumps blood to the a. systemic circuit b. left atrium c. right atrium d. left ventricle e. lungs
e. lungs
Blood
is a liquid connective tissue that has 3 general functions: transportation, regulation, and protection
Regarding aging, what can form at atherosclerotic plaques? a. scar tissue b. thrombi c. calluses d. aneurysms
b. thrombi
The innermost layer of the heart wall is the a. parietal pericardium b. endocardium c. epicardium d. mediastinum e. myocardium
b. endocardium
Formation of red blood cells is called a. leukocytosis b. erythropoiesis c. leukopoiesis d. erythrocytosis e. thrombopoiesis
b. erythropoiesis
Regarding ECG results, possible heart muscle enlargement is indicated by which of the following? a. rapid hyperpolarization b. excessively strong depolarization c. weak repolarization d. excessively strong repolarization
b. excessively strong depolarization
Rising blood pressure inside the ventricle a. simultaneously opens the atrioventricular and semilunar valves b. first closes the atrioventricular valves and then opens the semilunar valves c. first closes the semilunar valve d. simultaneously closes the atrioventricular and semilunar valves
b. first closes the atrioventricular valves and then opens the semilunar valves
The primary function of white blood cells is to a. clump together and stick to the blood vessels walls b. help defend the body against pathogens c. remove carbon dioxide from active cells d. carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells e. carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells
b. help defend the body against pathogens
Recall that the surface of the skin, the epidermis, lacks blood vessels. Its cells depend on the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes with capillaries in the dermis (as you saw in Chapter 5: The Integumentary System). Arteries supplying the skin form two networks in the dermis. One is a deep cutaneous plexus, and the other is a superficial subpapillary plexus. Loops of capillaries extending from the subpapillary plexus provide the sites where materials are exchanged with epidermal cells by diffusion. Blood in the capillaries drains into small veins of the subpapillary plexus. These veins then empty into those of the cutaneous plexus. The layer deep to the dermis contains the large blood vessels of the cutaneous plexus. What is the name of this layer? a. reticular b. hypodermis c. basement membrane d. basale
b. hypodermis
Plasma proteins known as clotting factors are converted to active enzymes from which of the following? a. active endothelial proteins b. inactive proenzymes c. bilirubin d. inactive immunoglobulins
b. inactive proenzymes
In the short-term response to hemorrhage, ________ occurs. a. decreased vasomotor activity b. increased venous return through venoconstriction c. a recall of fluids from the interstitial spaces d. immediate erythropoietin activation e. increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
b. increased venous return through venoconstriction
Which chamber of the heart build up the greatest pressure? a. left atrium b. left ventricle c. right atrium d. right ventricle
b. left ventricle
The layer of the wall of the heart, which contains cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves, is called the a. epicardium b. myocardium c. pericardium d. endocardium
b. myocardium
What is the muscular layer of the heart containing cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves? a. epicardium b. myocardium c. tunica media d. endocardium
b. myocardium
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? a. net hydrostatic pressure b. net osmotic pressure
b. net osmotic pressure
The most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample is the ___________. a. lymphocyte b. neutrophils c. eosinophil d. basophil e. monocytes
b. neutrophils
What of the following pairs are mismatched? a. eosinophils: allergic reactions b. neutrophils: antibodies production c. basophils: release histamine d. monocytes: phagocytosis
b. neutrophils: antibodies production
EPO is released when a. carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase b. oxygen levels in the blood decrease c. carbon dioxide levels in the blood decreases d. protein levels in the blood increases e. oxygen levels in the blood increases
b. oxygen levels in the blood decreases
The first blood vessels to branch from the pulmonary trunk are the a. superior vena cavae b. pulmonary arteries c. coronary arteries d. circumflex arteries e. pulmonary veins
b. pulmonary arteries
Blood leaving the right ventricle will immediately flow through which of the following valves? a. aortic semilunar valve b. pulmonary semilunar valve c. bicuspid valve d. tricuspid valve
b. pulmonary semilunar valve
What vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? a. pulmonary arteries b. pulmonary veins c. venae cavae d. coronary arteries
b. pulmonary veins
In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originates primary in the a. liver b. red bone marrow c. thymus d. spleen e. yellow bone marrow
b. red bone marrow
Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells? a. thalassemia b. sickle cell anemia c. aplastic anemia d. jaundice e. hematuria
b. sickle cell anemia
The cardiovascular system transports calcium, phosphate, EPO, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin to the ________ system. a. integumentary b. skeletal c. muscular d. nervous
b. skeletal
The ______________ circuit carries blood to and from all parts of the body except the lungs. a. systolic b. systemic c. coronary d. diastolic e. pulmonary
b. systemic
The vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata primarily controls which of the following? a. the diameter of arterioles through parasympathetic innervation b. the diameter of arterioles through sympathetic innervation c. the diameter of venules through sympathetic innervation d. the diameter of capillaries through parasympathetic innervation
b. the diameter of arterioles through sympathetic innervation
Periods of cardiac muscle contraction continue until a. rapid depolarization ends b. the plateau ends c. the plateau begins d. repolarization ends
b. the plateau ends
The Monocyte can migrate into tissues to become _______________________ a. neutrophil b. tissue macrophage c. platelet d. erythrocyte
b. tissue macrophage
When blood pressure rises, increased output from the baroreceptors stimulates which center? a. vasomotor b. cardioinhibitory c. pulmonary d. cardioacceleratory e. respiratory
b. cardioinhibitory
Systemic circulation is to the body as the _______________ circulation is to the heart. a. oxygenated b. coronary c. pulmonary d. deoxygenated
b. coronary
Which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow? a. decrease in cardiac output b. decrease in blood viscosity c. decrease in blood pressure d. increase in vascular resistance
b. decrese in blood viscosity
The skeleton of the heart consists of a. a bone in the interatrial septum. b. dense bands of tough, elastic connective tissue. c. a reticular connective tissue within the myocardium. d. fibrous connective tissue in the auricle of the atrium. e. a bone in the interventricular septum
b. dense bands of tough, elastic connective tissue
Which of the following situations will most likely result in an increased production of EPO? a. a daily jogging routine b. development of a lung disease c. moving to a drier climate d. leukocytosis
b. development of a lung disease
Thick-walled vessels, which are large and extremely resilient, are called ________ arteries. a. arteriolar b. elastic c. muscular d. coronary e. pulmonary
b. elastic
Genes from both parents determine the surface antigens on a person's RBC. For this reason, a child's blood type can differ from that of either parent. During pregnancy, when fetal and maternal circulatory systems are closely intertwined, the mother's antibodies may cross the placenta, attacking and destroying fetal RBCs. The resulting condition is called hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). some forms are quite dangerous and other so mild as to remain undetected. The sensitization that causes HDN usually takes place during delivery. Bleeding at the placenta and uterus exposes an Rh-negative mother to an Rh-positive fetus's Rh antigens. This event can trigger the production of anit-Rh antibodies in the mother. The first Rh-positive infant is not affected because these antibodies are not produced in large amounts until after deliver. However, a sensitized Rh-negative mother will produce massive amounts of anti-Rh antibodies in response to a second Rh-positive fetus. These antibodies attack fetal RBC's, producing a dangerous anemia. In addition to Rh, what are the other main surface antigens on red blood cells that determine blood type? a. O only b. A and B c. D only d. D and C
b. A and B
___________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced. a. Leukopenia b. Anemia c. Lymphopoiesis d. Erythropoiesis e. Leukemia
b. Anemia
________ is a condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. a. Bradycardia b. Tetanus c. Cardiac arrhythmia d. Summation e. Tachycardia
b. Bradycardia
Following a major car accident, the patient is brought to the hospital after losing 3 liters of blood. To save the patient's life, the ER medical staff should transfuse what blood type? a. O+ b. AB- c. AB+ d. O-
b. O-
Which of the following is the correct order in which the electrical impulse travels through the heart in the conduction system? a. SA node, AV bundle, bundle branches, AV node, Purkinje fibers b. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers c. SA node, AV node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers d. SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
b. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170% to meet the body's increased O2 demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40% . What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn't reach dangerously high levels during exercise? a. Hematocrit decreases as more interstitial fluid enters the blood vessels. b. Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle. c. Blood vessels shorten in the contracting skeletal muscles. d.Blood volume decreases due to sweating.
b. Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.
Type AB blood contains a. B agglutinogens on the red blood cells b. agglutinogens A and agglutinogen B c. B agglutinogens in the plasma d. agglutin A and B e. agglutinogens on the red blood clot
b. aggultinogens A and aggulinogen B
Which of the following reduces the impact of blood vessel occlusion? a. thrombi b. anastomoses c. emboli d. aneurysm
b. anastomoses
What structure connects the ascending aorta with the descending aorta? a. brachiocephalic trunk b. arch c. pulmonary trunk d. internal thoracic artery
b. aortic arch
Due to the refactoring period, a normal cardiac muscle cell is limited to a maximum rate of how contraction per minutes? a. approximately 25 b. approximately 200 c. approximately 100 d. approximately 350
b. approximately 200
When comparing arteries and veins, which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. Veins have thinner walls than arteries. b. Arteries contain a tunica media, whereas veins do not. c. Arteries contain more elastic fibers than veins. d. Veins can withstand significantly less pressure than arteries.
b. arteries contain a tunica media, whereas veins do not
Cardiovascular performance improves significantly with training. Trained athletes have larger hearts and stroke volumes than do nonathletes. These functional changes are important. Recall that cardiac output is equal to stroke volume times heart rate. So, for a given cardiac output, a person with a larger stroke volume has a lower heart rate. A professional athlete at rest can maintain normal blood flow to peripheral tissues at a heart rate as low as 32 bpm (beats per minute), compared with about 80 bpm for a nonathlete. And, when necessary, the athlete's cardiac output can increase to levels 50 percent higher than those of nonathletes. If you are NOT a trained athlete, regular exercise still has several beneficial effects. Even a modest exercise routine (jogging 5 miles per week, for example) can lower total blood cholesterol levels. Large-scale statistical studies indicate that regular moderate exercise can cut the incidence of heart attacks almost in half. What is the name of the type of neural receptor that monitors the degree of stretch in the walls of expandable organs like the heart? a. vasoconstrictors b. baroreceptors c. chemoreceptors d. vasodilators
b. baroeceptors
Which leukocytes have granules that contain heparin and histamine? a. eosinophils b. basophils c. neutrophils d. lymphocytes
b. basophils
Blood flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle flows through the _____________ valve. a. tricuspid b. bicuspid c. pulmonary d. papillary e. aortic
b. bicuspid
In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigment organic compound? a. urobilin b. biliverdin c. transferrin d. bilirubin e. stercobilin
b. biliverdin
A heart murmur occurs due to the ______________. a. contraction of papillary muscles b. blood flowing back into the atria from the ventricles c. closing of the aortic valve d. closing of the AV valves
b. blood flowing back into the atria from the ventricles
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. a. proteins in the blood b. blood pressure
b. blood pressure
Which blood vessels permit exchange between the blood and surrounding interstitial fluid? a. venules b. capillaries c. lymphatic vessels d. arterioles
b. capillaries
_____________ permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gasses, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. a. veins b capillaries c. arteries d. arterial trunk e. vena cavae
b. capillaries
