MED SOCIOLOGY EXAM #1
What is medical sociology?
- brings sociological perspectives, theories, and methods to the study of health-related situations - investigation include: - the social causes of health and disease, -health disparities, - the social behavior of health care personnel and their patients
Sociology Imagination (C. Wright Mills)
-Individual troubles are public issues -Social categories (age, race/ethnicity, gender, social class, where we grew up) -REVIEW READING
What is "intersectional stigma?" (BERGER, 2004)
-Marginalization based on HIV status and other marginalized statuses -Compounds psychological stress
How did Ross (2000) rate neighborhoods? Orderly-disordelry continuum
-Orderly neighborhoods: clean and safe, well-maintained houses and building, and respectful neighbors -Disorderly neighborhoods: noise, litter, poorly maintained houses, and buildings, vandalism, graffiti, fear, and crime -Daily environment of disorder, crime, and danger associated with feeling run-down, hopeless, sad, tiered, and depressed
What are some risk factors?
-Physical -Chemical -Psychological -Economic -Lifestyle
Significance of Hollingshead & Redliche's study--what was the topic and why was it important?
-Poverty, Socioeconomic Status, and Mental Illness -High demand after WW2
What is meant by sociology OF medicine? Provide Example (ROBERT STRAUSS 1957)
-Sociological questions about the institution of health and medicine, the health care system itself -Study of the organizational structure, role relationships, value systems, rituals, function of medicine as a system of behavior
What was the Black Report 1980?
-UK health care system was failing -Report, by Sir Douglas Black, medical doctor helped to create the National Health Service in the UK -Showed in great detail the extent of which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain, and suggested that these inequalities have been widening rather than diminishing
What is the social gradient in mortality?
-linked jobs to differences in hierarchy rather than deprivation -extended to the class structure in the US, we find that the highest social strata (the upper class) lived longer than the next highest (the upper-middle class)
What is meant by sociology IN medicine? Provide Example (ROBERT STRAUSS 1957)
-motivated by a medical problem/issue; collaboration with health professionals -directly applicable to patient care or solving a public health problem
What are the three major sociological theories and their views on health and illness?
1. functionalism good health and effective medical care)(or functional theory)MACRO 2.conflict theory (quality of health and quality of healthcare) MACRO 3. symbolic interactionism(physical and mental conditions) MICRO
EDUCATION
A powerful predictor of social class and informs one's health status
The scholar who provided a sociological analysis of suicide: A) Durkheim B) Parsons C) Weber D) Mead
ANSWER: A
In a relationship to the above scholar, he found that this type of suicide results from a lack of control over broad, social forces, such as THE GREAT DEPRESSION (hint: consider the word, ANOMIE or normlessness; lack of regulation) A) Altruistic suicide B) Anomic suicide C) Egoistic suicide D) Fatalistic suicide
ANSWER: B
Medical sociology is an important area of study because: A) It promotes the role biology plays in social life B) It represents a departure from the theory-heavy discipline of general sociology C) It recognizes the role that social factors play in determining or influencing health D) It is the result of a manger between medicine and sociology
ANSWER: C
Studies by Link and Phelan have lead these scholars to conclude which of the following? A) Biology plays the most important role in health outcomes B) Genetics plays the most important role in health outcomes C) Social conditions are the fundamental causes of diseases D) That the amt. of money the U.S. spends on health care will likely result in better health outcomes
ANSWER: C
The model of socioeconomic status (Gilbert & Khal) presented in class, is a measure compromised of: A) Medical care, education, and income B) Health, education, and occupation C) Education, occupation, income D) Education, occupation, and prestige
ANSWER: C
Which of the following is considered a "signature finding" of medical sociologist and other scholars with regards to race/ethnicity and health care? A) That diet plays an important role in health outcomes B) That lack of parks in certain areas plays in health outcomes C) That the impact of stress due to racial/ethnic discrimination causes a significant impact of health outcomes and type of illnesses experienced D) That the role of religion impacts stress
ANSWER: C
Sociology has contributed to out understanding of HIV/AIDS by analyzing: A) Intersectionality B) Lived experience C) Advocacy, social environment, such as "ACT UP" D) All of these
ANSWER: D
The case study of Flint, Michigan discussed in small groups illustrates which of the following: A) The intersectionality of Socioeconomic Status and race/ethnicity B) The failure of government action C) Community mobilization and support D) All of the above
ANSWER: D
What is NOT a task of sociology in medicine? A) Analyze the social etiology or causes of health disorders B) Study the differences in social attitudes as they relate to health C) Understand the way in which the incidence and prevalence of a specific health disorder is related to social variables D) All of these are tasks of a sociologist in medicine
ANSWER: D
Which is NOT a major areas of investigation in medical sociology? A) Social facets of health and disease B) Social behavior of health care personnel and their patients C) Social functions of health organizations and institutions D) The relationship of health care delivery system to other systems E) All of the above answers are major areas of investigation in medical sociology
ANSWER: E
With the availability of the Affordable Care Act (2010), what can be concluded: that health outcomes disparities (inequalities) diminished between all racial/ethnic groups TRUE FALSE
ANSWER: FALSE
Research have found that the most important factor in health outcomes disparities between various racial/ethnic groups is socioeconomic class. TRUE FALSE
ANSWER: TRUE
The class work published in 1958 by Hollingshead and Redlich that illustrated the importance of social factors on health/mental health looked at: A) Mental health and Socioeconomic Status (SES) B) Physical illness and race/ethnicity C) Chronic illness and infection rates D) Gender inequality in cardiac trials
Answer: A
What is the Gender Paradox?
Biological factors - biological difference • Sociological differences • Women - socialization with friends, report more religiosity • Men - socialization, smoking, drinking, reckless driving, violence, lesspreventive medicine, labor force
Why did the British Experience fail?
Failed to reduce health disparities precisely because living conditions and lifestyles could not be equalized
What are some key components to Goffman's stigma?
Goffman identified three main types of stigma: (1) stigma associated with mental illness; (2) stigma associated with physical deformation; (3) stigma attached to identification with a particular race, ethnicity, religion, ideology, etc.
What is the Latino Paradox?
Healthier than SES suggests • Lower rates of some diseases, heart disease, strike, longer lifeexpectancy than whites • Immigrants - high rates of poverty, low access to health care • Specific group: Mexicans, immigrants
What were the Whitehall studies?
Marmot (2004,2015) and his colleagues (1984, 1991) investigated the mortality of over 17,000 British male civil gov't employees -Men classified by job -Lower the job status, the higher the mortality -Saw differences between both lower and upper class by civil service in British society -Did 2nd study including women and found the same results
Issues associated with LGBTQ?
Overall health, physical and mental, worse than cisgender, heterosexuals • Discrimination and stigma • May engage in risky behaviors • 2013, National Health Interviews Surveys first asked about sexual orientation
What is power? (Today, power is related to political influence)
Power is the ability to realize one's will even against others' resistance -Weber very vague about power meaning to status -Political influence a person has -Power is affected by wealth and status and vice versa
What are some reasons why marginalized status experiences poorer health outcomes and lower life expectancy?
SDoH, especially poverty, structural racism, and discrimination, are the primary drivers of health inequities. Economic prosperity can provide individuals access to resources to avoid or buffer exposure to health risks.
Link and Phelan found that...
SES is a FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
What is socioeconomic class? What are it's three components? Education, occupation,and income (Gilbert & Kahl model)
an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's access to economic resources and social position in relation to others The three components? -Education -Occupation -Income
Case
an episode of an illness, disorder, or injury
Sociologist are interested in...
inequality around health outcomes, inequities and disparities
Mechanic's work was important because...
it placed the individual's health within their social context
Egoisitc
lack of integration
Anomic
lack of regulation
Michael Marmot (2015): What was his major finding?
most notable in the UK is his eponymous 2010 review of health inequalities in England2), Marmot has made an impassioned but evidence-based case for improving health outcomes by reducing inequality.
Incidence
number of new cases of a disease during a specific time period
Prevalence
number of total cases of a disease during any specific time period
What was the significance of Roseto,PA?
offers a wholesome depiction of the Italian American family where a ground breaking medical study reveals that strong family ties translate into lower documented rates of heart disease
Why is double jeopardy as it pertains to race/ethnicity & SES?
racism and ageism interact to make the health status of elderly minority more problematic than that of either the aged or racial minorities considered separately, or interacting in a linearly additive way
What is epidemiology?
study of distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems
What is miasma?
theory is an abandoned medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma, a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air. The theory held that epidemics were caused by miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter.
Alturistic
too much integration
Fatalisitc
too much regulation
Dr. John Snow
used non-medical means to discover sources of cholera outbreak in 1854 -A bacterial disease-causing severe diarrhea and dehydration, usually spread in water. -Cholera is fatal if not treated right away. -Key symptoms are diarrhea and dehydration. Rarely, shock and seizures may occur in severe cases.
