Module 11 Questions

Testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of what medical condition? Cryptorchidism Phimosis Priapism Varicocele

Cryptorchidism The risk of testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of cryptorchidism. Neither priapism, phimosis, nor a varicocele is a risk factor for testicular cancer.

The condition in which one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum in early childhood development is referred to by what term? Testicular torsion Cryptorchidism Orchitis Peyronie disease

Cryptorchidism With cryptorchidism, the testicle may remain in the abdomen or arrest in the inguinal canal instead of descending into the scrotum. The condition described is not identified as testicular torsion, orchitis, or Peyronie disease.

Estrogen is associated with what function? Development of secondary sex characteristics Stimulating ovum maturation during the menstrual cycle Stimulating uterine smooth muscle contraction Maintaining the endometrium during pregnancy

Development of secondary sex characteristics Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Progesterone helps maintain the thickened endometrium during pregnancy. Progesterone inhibits smooth muscle contraction to prevent premature uterine contractions during pregnancy. High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels stimulate follicle and ovum maturation.

Which of the following symptoms suggests that a woman should be carefully evaluated for breast cancer? Select all that apply. Dimpling of the skin on the breast Enlarged axillary lymph nodes Localized breast pain Abnormal discharge from the nipple Breast ulceration

Dimpling of the skin on the breast, Enlarged axillary lymph nodes, Abnormal discharge from the nipple, Breast ulceration. When breast cancer metastasizes, the cancer cells first migrate to the axillary lymph nodes, manifesting with enlarged lymph nodes. Dimpling of the skin often occurs at the site of a tumor of the breast. Abnormal nipple discharge, skin dippling, and a breast ulceration are also signs of advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer lesions are not typically painful.

Heavy or irregular bleeding that is not caused by other typical causes of uterine bleeding, such as submucous fibroids, endometrial polyps, blood dyscrasias, pregnancy, infection, or systemic disease, is identified by what term? Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Polycystic ovarian syndrome Primary dysmenorrhea Premenstrual syndrome

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Irregular and/or heavy bleeding with passage of large clots that often results in anemia is a condition called dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Neither polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary dysmenorrhea, nor premenstrual syndrome would be described as suggested in the question.

What symptoms are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? Dyspnea Dyschezia Abdominal pain Dysmenorrhea Dyspareunia

Dyspnea, Dyschezia, Abdominal pain, Dysmenorrhea, Dyspareunia. Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease include abdominal pain, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), and dyschezia (painful defecation), as well as pelvic pain upon menstruation (dysmenorrhea). Dyspnea (difficult breathing) is not associated with pelvic inflammatory disease.

Which of the following hormonal abnormalities is associated with the development of breast cancer? Elevated cortisol Elevated estrogen Decreased insulin Decreased progesterone

Elevated estrogen Elevated estrogen and progesterone are associated with the development of breast cancer. Neither cortisol, insulin, nor progesterone is generally associated with breast cancer.

Pain in the abdomen or pelvis occurring with dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, vaginal bleeding, infertility, adhesions, and scarring anywhere in the abdomen and pelvis is generally associated with what condition? Adenomyosis Endometriosis Endometrial polyps Leiomyomas

Endometriosis Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic endometrial glands that can be found throughout the body, especially in the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and are associated with the suggested symptomology. Leiomyomas are benign growths that arise from the myometrial smooth muscle and are commonly called "fibroids." Most leiomyomas are asymptomatic. Endometrial polyps consist of an accumulation of endometrial glands, stroma, and blood vessels that arise from the uterine fundus or upper endocervix. Most are asymptomatic but can cause dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Adenomyosis is a condition in which endometrial glands are found within the uterine myometrium. This condition may cause dysmenorrhea or dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

What term is used to describe the inner epithelial lining of the uterus? Endometrium Myometrium Epimetrium Perimetrium

Endometrium the inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium and is composed of columnar epithelial cells. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus. The perimetrium is the outer serous membrane that covers the uterus. Epimetium is not an actual lining but rather a term to identify the area above the existing uterine linings.

What structure transports sperm from the tubules in the testes to the vas deferens? Seminiferous tubules Tunica vaginalis Epididymis Rete testis

Epididymis The epididymis transports sperm from the tubules in the testes to the vas deferens. The rete testis is the central portion of the testes. The seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm production in the testes. The tunica vaginalis is the outer covering of the testes.

Which estrogen is both the most potent and the most abundant? Estrone Estradiol Estrase Estriol

Estradiol Estriol, estrone, and estrase are all types of estrogen, but estradiol is the most potent and abundant.

As a result of excessive uterine contractions and endometrial shedding, painful menstruation can occur. This is a direct result of what factor? Estrogen-blocking medications Prostaglandin-blocking medications Excessive estrogen levels Excessive prostaglandin levels

Excessive prostaglandin levels. Primary dysmenorrhea is the result of excessive prostaglandin F2α levels in the myometrium and endometrium. Prostaglandin-blocking medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents can help relieve menstrual symptoms. Estrogen is not generally associated with this situation.

Causes of secondary amenorrhea include which of the following? Select all that apply. Turner syndrome Extreme weight loss Menopause Thyroid disorders Pregnancy

Extreme weight loss, Menopause, Thyroid disorders, Pregnancy. Primary amenorrhea is associated with Turner syndrome, whereas secondary amenorrhea results extreme weight loss, pregnancy, menopause, and thyroid disorders.

What is the name of the duct that carries the ovum to the uterus? Ductus deferens Fallopian tube Endocervical canal Fundus

Fallopian tube An ovum travels from the ovary to the uterus via the fallopian (uterine) tube. The fundus is the top of the uterus. The passageway between the cervix's upper opening (the internal os) and its lower opening (the external os) is called the endocervical canal. The vas deferens (ductus deferens) is a duct with muscular layers capable of powerful peristalsis that transports sperm toward the urethra.

To prevent prostate cancer, men should be encouraged to consume a diet low in what component? Calcium Fat Fiber Salt

Fat A diet high in fat is a risk factor for prostate cancer. Neither dietary salt, fiber, nor calcium has an impact on the development of prostate cancer.

What is the first ovarian phase of the menstrual cycle? Luteal phase Follicular phase Adrenarche phase Ovulation

Follicular phase The first ovarian phase of the menstrual cycle is the follicular phase, followed by ovulation and the luteal phase. Adrenarche occurs during puberty and is marked by the increased production of androgens.

Overdevelopment of breast tissue in men or boys is a condition referred to by what term? Gynecomastia Mammography Fibrocystic disease Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

Gynecomastia. Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males is a condition known as gynecomastia. Mammography is a radiographic screening examination for breast cancer. Fibrocystic disease is a benign breast condition that occurs in women. DCIS is the presence of premalignant cells in the breast tissue.

Penile cancer is associated with which of the following risk factors? Select all that apply. Infant circumcision Human papillomavirus infection Smoking Ultraviolet/psoralen-treated psoriasis African or South American country of origin

Human papillomavirus infection, Smoking, Ultraviolet/psoralen-treated psoriasis, African or South American country of origin Major risk factors for developing penile cancer are human papillomavirus infection, smoking, psoriasis treated with a combination involving the drug psoralen and ultraviolet (UV) light, and African or South American country of origin. Men circumcised at birth have less than half the chance of getting penile cancer than those who were not.

What is the major endocrine abnormality associated with the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome? Hypocortisolism Low androgen production Hyperinsulinemia Depressed estradiol levels

Hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia plays a key role in androgen excess and the subsequent development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is not generally associated with abnormal levels of estradiol, cortisole, or androgens.

in what stage of cervical cancer has the cancer spread to other organs such as the bladder or rectum? II I IV III

IV In stage IV, the cancer has spread to other organs in the pelvic cavity, such as the bladder or rectum, or to distant organs, such as the lungs.

What is the most important risk factor related to the development of cervical cancer? Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) Overuse of antibiotics Cigarette smoking Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) Although smoking is a risk factor for cervical cancer, most cases of cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia are associated with HPV, a sexually transmitted infection. DES exposure in utero is associated with vaginal cancer in adolescence or early adulthood. Antibiotic use is associated with cervicitis, not cervical cancer.

Which complication is associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome? Dysmenorrhea Heavy periods Ovarian cancer Infertility

Infertility. Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in stimulation of follicle growth without ovulation and generally leads to infertility. This condition is not associated with dysmenorrhea, ovarian cancer, or heavy periods.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the cyclic recurrence associated with what conditions? Select all that apply. Irritability Infertility Depression Headache Nipple discharge

Irritability, Depression, Headache. Changes occurring with PMS are behavioral, physical, and psychological. Common problems include depression, headache, and irritability, but nipple discharge and infertility are not commonly identified with this condition.

What are the risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer? Having multiple children, age 40 years or younger, and chronic vaginitis. Black race, lower socioeconomic status, and late menarche. Oral contraceptive use, low-fat diet, and smoking. Obesity, early menarche, and infertility.

Obesity, early menarche, and infertility. Risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer include, among others, obesity, early menarche, and infertility.

Which of the following is the most important risk factor in the development of prostate cancer? Vasectomy Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Older age Family history

Older age. The risk of prostate cancer increases significantly with age, with more than 75% of prostate cancer cases diagnosed in men older than 75 years of age. Neither a history of a vasectomy or BPH nor family history has the same significance as age on a diagnosis of prostate cancer.

What can dermoid cysts eventually develop into? Benign breast tumors Ovarian cancer Uterine fibroids Follicular cysts

Ovarian cancer Dermoid cysts are ovarian tumors that are generally asymptomatic but must be removed to prevent the development of ovarian cancer. They are not generally associated with uterine fibroids, benign breast tumors, or follicular cysts.

What organ is primarily responsible for the production and secretion of estrogen and progesterone? Anterior pituitary Ovaries Uterus Posterior pituitary

Ovaries Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovaries. Estrogen is also secreted by the follicle. The uterus has receptors for estrogen and progesterone but does not produce or secrete any hormones. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones that regulate the production of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries. The posterior pituitary does not produce female sex hormones.

Which female organ produces and releases the ovum? Fornix Ovary Vestibule Uterus

Ovary The ovary is the location where the ovum matures and is subsequently released. The uterus provides a cavity for a fertilized ovum to develop during pregnancy. A fornix is a space in the vagina. The vestibule is a component of a female's external genitalia.

The release of a matured ovum from the follicle is a process referred to by what term? Ejaculation Reproduction Menarche Ovulation

Ovulation Ovulation is marked by the release of a matured ovum from the ovarian follicle. Reproduction is the process of producing new offspring, which in the female starts with ovulation, the release of a matured ovum. Ejaculation is generally a process that occurs in males and involves the release of sperm. Menarche is the first menstruation in a female's life.

Sexual maturation occurring before age 6 in girls or age 9 in boys is a condition is idenified by what term? Congenital hypopituitarism Precocious puberty Delayed puberty Klinefelter syndrome

Precocious puberty Early sexual maturation is a rare condition known as precocious puberty. This description does not relate to delayed puberty, congenital hypopituitarism, or Klinefelter syndrome.

Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition referred to by what term? Primary amenorrhea Dysfunctional menarche Dysmenorrhea Secondary amenorrhea

Primary amenorrhea. Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called primary amenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is condition that results in painful menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in women who have already menstruated. Dysfunctional menarche is a broad, generalized term that isn't specific to primary amenorrhea.

Ovulation occurs immediately after what uterine phases in the endometrial cycle? Ischemic Menstruation Secretory Proliferative

Proliferative Ovulation occurs immediately after the proliferative phase. The ischemic phase occurs at the end of the cycle, whereas the secretory phase occurs after ovulation. Menstruation is a phase associated with the menstrual, not endometrial, cycle.

Which structure is situated just below the urinary bladder in the male? Montgomery gland Cowper gland Prostate gland Seminal vesicle

Prostate gland The prostate gland is situated just below the urinary bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra. Glands of Montgomery are located in the breast. Cowper (bulbourethral) glands are located below the prostate gland. The seminal vesicles are paired glands that lie posterior to the bladder.

What is considered a factor that offers a protective effect against the development of breast cancer? Moderate alcohol use Birth control pills Not having children Regular exercise

Regular exercise. Regular physical activity may reduce overall risk of breast cancer and may be related to weight loss and subsequent alterations in hormone levels. Use of birth control pills, the use of alcohol, and never being pregnant are considered risk factors for the develoment of breast cancer.

What structure is not considered a component of the penis? Corpus spongiosum Glans Scrotum Prepuce

Scrotum The scrotum is a skin-covered fibromuscular sac that contains the testes. The glans is the tip of the penis. The corpus spongiosum is a body of erectile tissue in the penis and contains the urethra. The prepuce is the skin of the glans and is also known as the foreskin.

What is the most common cause of urethritis of the male urethra? Mechanical trauma Poor hygiene Urethral scarring Sexually transmitted infection

Sexually transmitted infection. Urethritis is most often caused by sexually transmitted infections from microorganisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is less commonly caused by mechanical trauma, scarring, or poor hygiene

What is the most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? Cervical tumors Elevated estrogen Ectopic pregnancy Sexually transmitted infections

Sexually transmitted infections. Most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease are caused by sexually transmitted infections and are not generally related to altered hormone levels, ectopic pregnancy, or cervical tumors.

In premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) refers to which of the following symptoms? Fatigue Uterine cramping Significant depression Fluid retention

Significant depression. A small percentage of women with severe PMS experience severe cyclic depression or dysphoria (PMDD). Although fatigue, uterine cramping, and fluid retention are commonly reported symptom of PMS, none of them are identified by the term PMDD.

Which of the following statements concerning benign breast disease is true? Risk factors for benign breast disease include exposure to carcinogens. Benign breast lumps can be differentiated from malignant tumor by palpation alone. Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer. Most benign breast lesions are solid tumors.

Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer. Fibrocysts with epithelial hyperplasia are most commonly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. None of the other statements present false information.

What is a common outcome of a cystocele? Stress incontinence The descent of the uterus into the vaginal canal Significant problems while defecating Infertility

Stress incontinence A cystocele occurs when the bladder descends into the anterior aspect of the vaginal canal and usually results in bladder control problems such as stress incontinence. Neither painful defecation, a prolapsed uterus, nor infertility is generally associated with infertility.

Which of the following disorders of the male reproductive system is a medical emergency? Orchitis Cryptorchidism Testicular torsion Peyronie disease

Testicular torsion Testicular torsion is a medical emergency because the rotation of the testes can interrupt the blood supply to the testes. If unable to be released manually, emergent surgery is indicated. Cryptorchidism, orchitis, and Peyronie disease are not considered surgical emergencies.

What is a posssible outcome of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? Urethral obstruction Testicular cancer Prolapsed bladder Infertility

Urethral obstruction. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic tissue in BPH lead to the formation of nodules that compress the urethra and cause urethral obstruction. BPH does not generally lead to fertility problems, prolapsed bladder, or testicular cancer.

In a person with endometriosis, where are the endometrial implanted glands? Select all that apply. Uterine ligaments Spleen Pleural cavity Ovaries Abdominal cavity

Uterine ligaments, Pleural cavity, Ovaries, Abdominal cavity. Ectopic endometrial tissue that responds to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle may be found throughout the abdominal, pelvic, and even pleural cavities, including the ovaries and the uterine ligaments. Pathologic studies have found endometriosis on all organs of the body except the spleen.

An abnormal dilation of veins within the spermatic cord is known by what term? Hydrocele Spermatocele Varicocele Cystocyle

Varicocele An abnormal dilation of veins within the spermatic cord is known as a varicocele. A cystocele involves the bladder. A spermatocele is a diverticulum of the epididymis. A hydrocele is the accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis.

Which of the following statements about ovarian cancer is false? Ovarian cancer results in ascites caused by seeding of cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity. Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract. In the early stages, ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic.

Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer. One reason for the poor prognosis for ovarian cancer is that it is usually asymptomatic. The highest incidence of ovarian cancer is in women older than 80 years. Ovarian cancers arise from the surface epithelium of the ovary and spread intra-abdominally over the surface of the peritoneum. Seeded cancer cells secrete fluid in the peritoneal cavity, resulting in the development of ascites. Although endometrial cancer has the highest incidence, ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract.

The protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and possibly outside of the vagina is a condition known as uterine: prolapse. vulvitis. rectocele. cystocele.

prolapse. Uterine prolapse is the protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and is a pelvic relaxation disorder. A rectocele is bulging of the rectum into the posterior vaginal wall, whereas a cystocele ininvoles the bladder. Vulvitis involves inflammation of the skin of the perineum.

The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening of which gynecological cancer? Vaginal Cervical Ovarian Endometrial

Cervical The Pap smear is routinely used to screen for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. There are no routine screening tests used for ovarian cancer. Vaginal cancer is manually screened for during a vaginal examination. Laparoscopy is required for definitive diagnosis of endometriosis.

What portion of the uterus descends into the vagina? Fornix Isthmus Cervix Fundus

Cervix The inferior portion of the uterus that descends into the vagina is the cervix. The isthmus is the narrowest part of the uterus and is located just above the cervix. The fundus is the portion of the uterus that pushes up toward the abdominal cavity. The fornix is a recessed space in the superior part of the vagina.

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections are associated with cervicitis and can result in pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and the presence of purulent cervical discharge? Gonorrhea Chlamydia Trichomoniasis All of the above

All of the above. Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea are all sexually transmitted infections that can lead to cervicitis.

Male sex hormones are collectively known by what term? Gonadotropins Catabolic steroids Estrogens Androgens

Androgens Male sex hormones are known as androgens. Estrogens are primarily produced by females. Testosterone is the primary male androgen. Gonadotropins regulate the release of male and female sex hormones. Male androgens are anabolic steroids.

Vaginitis caused by infection is often related to what risk factor? Antibiotic use Irregular menstrual cycles Autoimmune disease Hypothyroidism

Antibiotic use. Oral antibiotic use can decrease healthy levels of Lactobacillus acidophilus, resulting in overgrowth of normal vaginal flora. Alterations in hormones such as hypothyroidism, autoimmune diseases, or irregular menstrual cycles are not generally associated with vaginitis.

What nodes drain lymph from the breast tissue? Cervical Axillary Mediastinal Inguinal

Axillary Lymph from breast tissue drains through the superficial lymph nodes in the axillary region. Inguinal nodes are associated with the groin; mediastinal with the chest; cervical, the neck.

What other condition presents with symptoms similar to those of prostate cancer? Benign prostatic hyperplasia Epididymitis Urinary tract infection (UTI) Prostatitis

Benign prostatic hyperplasia The major symptom of prostate cancer is unrelieved urethral obstruction and decreased urinary flow. These problems also occur with BPH. Prostate cancer does not present with symptoms that are similar to those of prostatitis, UTI, or epididymitis.

Galactorrhea is a disorder related to what structure? Breast Prostate Ovary Cervix

Breast Galactorrhea is marked by inappropriate lactation from the breast. It is not related to any disorder of the prostate, ovary, or cervix.