Nutrition Exam 1
digestible CP + digestible CF + digestible NFE + 2.25 digestive EE
How do you calculate TDN?
cross energy - fecal energy
How do you calculate digestible energy?
Use hay probe-bored into core of bales
How do you get a sample of hay?
Can use grain probe or sample as feed comes out of bin
How do you get samples of grains/other ingredients?
Select random sites and clip to grazing height.
How do you get samples of pasture?
Uses an acid detergent to solubilize hemicellulose
What does an ADF do?
Uses a neutral detergent to solubilize cell contents; left over indigestible material
What does an NDF do?
Tells us potential use of energy
What does the bomb calorimetry tell us?
Estimates indigestible portion
What does the crude fiber method estimate?
cattle
What is an example of a bulk and roughage eater?
Deer
What is an example of a concentrate selector?
Waxes
What is an example of a fat that is not digestible?
Readily digestible nutrients will undergo chemical digestion and normal absorption; microbes won't alter them
What is one advantage to colon fermenters?
Tells us nothing about how it will be utilized by the animal
What is the disadvantage to using a bomb calorimeter? What does it not tell us?
Not super accurate b/c extracts all the fats, and not all animals will digest every type of fat
What is the disadvantage to using ether extract to extract crude fat from sample?
Doesn't tell you what minerals is there, only amount
What is the disadvantage to using the Ash method?
100- (water + CP + CF + EE + ash)
What is the formulate for calculating a nitrogen free extract?
Rumen
What is the largest compartment in ruminants?
Minerals
What is the only nutrient group that does not contain carbon?
Proximate Analysis
What is the universal measuring system, put on food labels?
Does not tell you anything about amino acid composition of the protein
What is wrong with using a nitrogen analyzer to measure crude protein?
16%
What percentage of protein is nitrogen?
NDF ADF
What two methods can you use instead of the crude fiber method?
1) Can confirm or deny presence of listed ingredients 2) Can identify unwanted materials such as molds, insects, poisonous weeds
What two things can you do with a microscope when it comes to evaluating feedstuffs?
Cecal Fermenters
What type of non-ruminant herbivore practices coprophagy?
Rumen
Where does microbial fermentation take place in ruminants?
Carnivores
Which type of animal can't digest complex sources well?
Herbivores
Which type of animal has the longest digestive tract?
Carnivores
Which type of animal has the shortest digestive tract?
Carnivores
Which type of animal requires high quality, readily digestible sources of nutrients?
Intermediate Sheep Goats
Which type of feeder is highly adaptable? What are two examples?
Put dry sample into furnace, heats to 500 degrees, organic portion burns off and inorganic portion is left over
How do you use the Ash method?
4
1g carb= _________kc
9
1g fat= ________kc
4
1g protein= __________kc
Diet
A mixture of feed stuff that supplies nutrients to the animal: _____________
12-20
About how many samples do you need to take for an accurate representation of the feedstuff?
Omasum
Acts as a particle filter; regulates what continues on in the digestive tract to the abomasum from the reticulum/rumen: ________________
1) Utilization of fibrous feeds 2) Microbes synthesize amino acids and protein; need to use feed with N and C 3) Microbes synthesize some B and K vitamins
Advantages of microbial fermentation: (3)
calorie
Amount of energy required to heat one gram of water one degree celsius: ____________
Nutrients
Any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal life processes: ______________
Feedstuff
Any material used for food, specific ingredient: ______________
Small Intestine
Avian digestion and absorption: ___________ __________
Gizzard
Avian mechanical digestion: _____________
Hepatic Portal System
Blood supply leaving the small intestine goes to the liver and form capillaries instead of returning to the heart: ____________________
liver
Blood supply leaving the small intestine goes to what organ?
Gross Energy
Bomb calorimetry measures what?
digestive enzymes
Brush boarder secreates what?
large
Bulk and Roughage Eaters have a (small/large) rumen.
Hardware Disease
Caused by trapped material that can cause harm to ruminants: _____________ _______________
Abomasum
Chemical digestion in the ruminant: ________________
Cloaca
Common opening for digestive, reproductive, and urinary tract in Avian: _____________
small
Concentrate Selectors have a (small/large) rumen.
Small Intestine
Continued chemical digestion via enzyme secretion by pancreas; Site of nutrient absorption: ____________ ____________
Ration
Daily allowance or amount of feed provided to an animal: ____________
1) Conversion of dietary protein to microbial protein changes protein composition which can reduce the value of the protein 2) Loss of energy due to microbial fermentation—> lost through production of gases and heat
Disadvantages of microbial fermentation: (2)
Dry Matter
Drying feed sample to a constant weight: ____________ ___________
Esophagus
Empties into the space between the reticulum and rumen in ruminants: _______________
bomb calorimeter
Energy content of fee determined by a _____________ ______________.
microvilli
Epithelial cells have projections called _____________ on apical side
apical
Epithelial cells have projections called microvilli on ___________ side.
villi
Epithelial lining consists of projections called __________.
Crude Protein
Estimated by measuring nitrogen content of feed multiplied by factor of 6.25: ____________ ______________
Nitrogen Free Extract
Estimates available carbohydrates: _______________ ______________ ______________
Values of nutrient content are of no practical use if the sample tested is not representative of the feedstuff as it is fed to animals
Feed Stuff Sampling
Meal
Feed thats consumed by an animal on regular occasions: _____________
Rectum
Formation of feces; elimination of the feces; Contains waste products and any nutrients not absorbed: _____________
Crop
Functions as storage, moistening food in avians: ____________
Bulk and Roughage Eaters
Grazing animals that consume large quantities of low quality, high fiber plant material: _________________
Ash
Method that measures inorganic portion (minerals) in feed stuff: ____________
Cecum
Microbial fermentation can occur here in some species: _____________
Cats
No function of the cecum in what animal?
Crude Fiber
Not a reliable method; not very accurate to analyze feedstuffs: ____________ _____________
Colon Fermenters
Nutrient absorption from fermentation is less efficient in what type of non-ruminant herbivore?
glycocalyx
On top of microvilli is a web like structure called the ________________.
Proventriculus
Place where chemical digestion takes place in avians: _____________
papillae
Rumen is lined with what?
Concentrate Selectors
Select more nutritious, lower fiber parts of plants to consume: _____________ ______________
Intermediate Feeders
Share the strategies of concentrate and bulk feeders: ______________ _____________
Stomach
Site of some chemical digestion: _______________
low
Stomach has a (low/high) pH.
TDN
Sums all fractions of feed that are digestible: __________
Brush boarder
Term that refers to the glycocalyx and the microvilli
Nutrition
The process by which an animal takes in and utilizes food substances: ________________
Reticulum
Traps foreign material in ruminants: _____________
Dry Matter
Used to compare nutrient concentrations across feed stuffs: _____________ ______________
Ether Extract
Used to extract crude fat from sample: ____________ ____________
Colon
Water absorption occurs here: ____________
Cellulose lignin
What 2 materials are left over after an ADF method?
hemicellulose cellulose lignin
What 3 materials are left over after an NDF method?
dogs pigs poultry
What are 3 examples of an omnivore?
Foregut Fermenters Colon Fermeners Cecal Fermenter
What are 3 types of non-ruminant herbivores?
cattle horse sheep goat
What are 4 examples of a herbivore?
1) Structural source 2) Energy source 3) Regulation
What are the 3 functions of nutrients?
vitamins, minerals, water, protein, energy
What are the 5 classes of nutrients?
vitamins, minerals, water, protein, carbohydrates (energy), lipids (energy)
What are the 6 categories of nutrients?
Carbs Lipids
What are two nutrients that play a energy role in the body?
proteins minerals
What are two nutrients that play a structural role in the body?
- Nutrient presence - How it was processed/need for processing - Nutrient digestibility/availability - Presence of toxins or inhibitors
What do we need to know in order to efficiently utilize feeds? (4)
Burns everything thats carbon based
What does a bomb calorimetry do? (how it works)
