Pay 120 chapter 10

22) Maria wrote a shopping list prior to going to the grocery store. Unfortunately, when she arrived at the store she realized she had left the list at home. If she is to purchase the items on her list, Maria must rely on which memory task?

A. Recall Correct: ecall is the ability to retrieve and reproduce information previously encountered

110) A man is talking about his earliest memory to a bank teller while Jake is in line at the bank. The man describes eating candy he received as a gift. What country did the man most likely grow up in?

a. Canada Correct: People from individualistic countries, such as anada, tend to remember personal memories. People from collectivist cultures like hina, ndia, and Japan tend to have early memories that relate to group interactions.

83) ________ occurs when, instead of encoding just the physical or sensory features of the information, the meaning of information is analyzed.

a. Deep processing Correct: This is an example of the deep processing of information.

61) ________ could be called "knowing how to do something" memories.

a. Procedural memories Correct: This is a description of procedural memory.

40) ________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items for attention.

a. The sensory register Correct: This is a description of the sensory register, a highly accurate, but very brief type of memory.

37) Visual images remain in the sensory register for a maximum of:

a. a half second. Correct: Visual images remain in a visual subsystem for a maximum of a half second.

12) Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened, is called ________.

a. confabulation Correct: This is the definition of confabulation.

93) Déjà vu may occur when:

a. cues in the present context overlap with those from the past, so there is an eerie experience of having been there before. Correct: Déjà vu, the experience of having been in exactly the same situation as at some prior time, may result from the presence of familiar cues in the current situation.

87) "Use it or lose it" would most likely be associated with:

a. decay theory. Correct: The decay theory holds that memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then.

76) Moderate amounts of hormones released by the adrenal glands during stress and emotional arousal tend to:

a. enhance memory. Correct: drenal hormones may facilitate memory storage at moderate levels. n contrast, extreme levels of arousal seem to impair memory formation.

20) Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called:

a. explicit memory. Correct: This is a definition of explicit memory.

21) Sarah enjoys playing games such as Jeopardy! and Trivial Pursuit, which require her to answer questions based on her ability to recall facts. These types of games test Sarah's:

a. explicit memory. Correct: onscious, intentional recollection of an event or an item of information is called explicit memory. This is the type of memory that is required to recall a fact and then state it aloud.

71) During short-term memory tasks, the ________ is especially active.

a. frontal lobe Correct: The frontal lobes appear to be particularly involved in the processing of short- term memories.

101) Lucio is two years old and doesn't seem to recall meeting his aunt a few months earlier. This is likely because he:

a. has little ability to encode episodic memories. Correct: Young children have difficulty encoding and retaining their early episodic memories—memories of particular events—and carrying them into later childhood or adulthood. They cannot start doing this consistently until about age 4½.

108) Jeannie had a brain injury that severely affected her memory. Her doctors have taught her how to use a smartphone to help cope with her problem. What type of memory seems to have been unaffected by her injury?

a. implicit memory Correct: esearchers have found that people with poor declarative memories can still learn tasks, like using a smartphone, using implicit memory. Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory.

2) Memory is critical to our lives because:

a. it confers a sense of personal identity, which enhances our sense of coherence. Correct: Each of us is the sum of our recollections. emory also gives us our sense of who we are.

102) Contemporary memory researchers would be most likely to agree that childhood amnesia:

a. occurs because the prefrontal cortex and other key brain structures aren't developed yet. Correct: The prefrontal cortex and other parts of the brain involved in the formation or storage of events are not well developed until a few years after birth.

57) Memories for the performance of actions or skills are called:

a. procedural memories. Correct: This is a definition of procedural memory.

55) Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?

a. procedural memory Correct: any researchers consider procedural memories to be implicit, because after skills and habits are learned well, they do not require much conscious processing. The other options are all types of explicit memory.

23) Which of the following ways of measuring explicit memory are usually the easiest for the person being tested?

a. recognition Correct: Under most circumstances, recognition is easier than recall. The other two options are not ways of measuring explicit memory.

26) The multiple-choice question that you are reading at this moment requires ________ to answer correctly.

a. recognition Correct: ultiple-choice questions utilize recognition to test for memory.

25) Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, ________ is an easier task than ________.

a. recognition; recall Correct: ecognition is generally an easier memory task than recall.

88) According to the ________ theory of forgetting, one's original memory of an event can be erased by new and misleading information.

a. replacement Correct: The replacement theory holds that new information entering memory can wipe out old information.

90) Mr. Musselman is the head coach of the high school football team. He notices that, after learning the names of the players on the team this year, he has trouble remembering the names of the players from the previous year. In fact, he sometimes says the name of a current player when he is referring to a player from the previous year. This is an example of:

a. retroactive interference. Correct: etroactive interference refers to forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously.

64) When you recall the names of the days of the week, you are relying on ________ memory.

a. semantic Correct: Semantic memories are memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions.

30) Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?

a. short-term memory Correct: Short-term memory (ST ) holds a limited amount of information for a brief period of time, perhaps up to 30 seconds or so, unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there longer.

94) If you are afraid or angry at the time of an event, you may remember that event best when you are once again in the same emotional state. This phenomenon is called:

a. state-dependent memory. Correct: State-dependent memory is the tendency to remember something when the rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience.

98) Research on autobiographical memory indicates that most adults cannot recall any events until about:

b. 2 years of age. Correct: curious aspect of autobiographical memory is that most adults cannot recall any events from earlier than age 2; and even after that, memories are sketchy at best until about age 6.

41) In general, information in short-term memory is retained for about ________ if it is not rehearsed.

b. 30 seconds Correct: Without rehearsal, short-term memory retains information for up to about 30 seconds by many estimates, although some researchers think that the maximum interval may extend to a few minutes for certain tasks.

43) In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be the magical number:

b. 7 plus or minus 2. Correct: iller's estimate of the capacity of short-term memory was 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information.

7) ________ is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.

b. A flashbulb memory Correct: This is a description of flashbulb memory.

46) For most Canadians, which of the following would be considered a chunk?

b. CBC Correct: chunk may be a word, phrase, sentence or visual image that is meaningful to an individual.

82) ________ involves associating new items of information with material that has already been stored.

b. Elaborative rehearsal Correct: Elaboration involves associating new items of information with material that has already been stored or with other new facts. t can also involve analyzing the physical, sensory, or semantic features of an item.

62) Shannon is currently a college professor. Which memory from Shannon's fourth grade experience would most likely be an episodic memory?

b. For the last two months of school, she shared her NHL mechanical pencil with Nick. Correct: The personal experience of sharing her NHL pencil with Nick is an example of an episodic memory.

69) ________ is thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.

b. Long-term potentiation Correct: Long-term potentiation is thought to be a biological mechanism involved in forming long-term memories.

1) ________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information.

b. Memory Correct: emory refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information, and also to the structures that account for this capacity.

92) ________ is defined as forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently stored material.

b. Proactive interference Correct: This is a definition of proactive interference.

74) ________ plays a critical role in the formation of long-term declarative memories.

b. The hippocampus Correct: s demonstrated by the case of H. ., the hippocampus is necessary for placing new declarative information into long-term storage.

49) ________ holds and operates on information that has been retrieved from long-term memory for temporary use.

b. Working memory Correct: This is a description of the concept of working memory.

8) Casey was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11, 2001, the day of the attack on the World Trade Center. To her, that day seems frozen in time. She remembers exactly where she was, what she was doing, and what she felt as the morning transpired. This vivid recollection is known as:

b. a flashbulb memory. Correct: Flashbulb memories are especially vivid memories of emotionally charged events.

95) Amnesia can be organic—for example, resulting from ________—or psychogenic (i.e., resulting from ________).

b. a head injury; emotional shock Correct: Organic amnesia is caused by a head injury or brain disease, whereas psychogenic amnesia is caused by emotional shock.

78) In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation, Susan has them learn the sentence "Every Good Boy Does Fine," in which the starting letter of each word represents the name of a note. This is an example of:

b. a mnemonic. Correct: This is an example of a mnemonic, a formal strategy for encoding and storing information.

73) The ________ is the part of the brain that is involved with the formation and consolidation of memories associated with fear and other emotions.

b. amygdala Correct: The amygdala is a brain structure known to be involved in the formation, consolidation, and recall of memories associated with fear and other emotions.

99) The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life is termed ________.

b. childhood amnesia Correct: s adults, we cannot remember taking our first steps or uttering our first halting sentences. We are victims of childhood amnesia (sometimes called infantile amnesia).

14) Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister. He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! His parents can't convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened! Chad's memory is an example of:

b. confabulation. Correct: onfabulation is the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened.

70) The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and stable is called:

b. consolidation. Correct: This is the definition of consolidation.

86) The ________ theory of forgetting proposes that memory fades with time and lack of use.

b. decay Correct: The decay theory holds that memories fade with time if they are not accessed now and then.

79) Robert is making a conscious effort for prolonged retention of his homework by processing its meaning fully. This strategy is called:

b. deep processing. Correct: Deep processing involves the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus. The use of deep processing increases retention.

100) Most researchers agree that the memories people say they have of their first three years of life are based on:

b. family stories, photographs, and imagination. Correct: Due to childhood amnesia, most people have no memory of their first three years of life. f they seem to have memories, they are most likely reconstructions based on family stories, photographs, and their own imaginings.

66) According to the serial-position effect, if you are shown a list of items and then asked to immediately recall them, you will most easily recall items:

b. from the beginning and the end of the list. Correct: The serial-position effect is the tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list.

27) Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts and actions, is called:

b. implicit memory. Correct: This is a definition of implicit memory, memory that we are not aware of.

89) According to the ________ theory of forgetting, information may get into memory, but it becomes confused with other information.

b. interference Correct: The interference theory holds that forgetting occurs because similar items of information interfere with one another in either storage or retrieval.

31) Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

b. long-term memory Correct: This is descriptive of long-term memory.

68) A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness is called:

b. long-term potentiation. Correct: This is the definition of long-term potentiation.

4) According to Sir Frederic Bartlett:

b. memory is largely a reconstructive process, like putting together a puzzle when you are missing some pieces. Correct: emory is a reconstructive process, putting together pieces of the memory and filling in blanks. One of the first scientists to make this point was the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett.

35) The ________ model represents the contents of memory as connections among a huge number of interacting processing units.

b. parallel distributed processing Correct: This describes the parallel distributed processing (PDP) or connectionist model of memory.

58) Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions, are called:

b. semantic memories. Correct: This is a definition of semantic memory.

59) On a TV game show, Janet is asked to name the provincial capital of Manitoba. This information is most likely stored in:

b. semantic memory. Correct: Semantic memory is our general knowledge of the world, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions.

53) Declarative memories include ________ memories and ________ memories.

b. semantic; episodic Correct: Declarative memories are memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events. They include semantic and episodic memories.

47) Which component of memory has been referred to as a "leaky bucket"?

b. short-term memory Correct: Short-term memory is referred to as a leaky bucket because it has a limited capacity and information is quickly lost if not rehearsed.

44) Although there is some debate, ________ is generally thought to have a capacity of seven plus or minus two units of information.

b. short-term memory Correct: eorge iller famously estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be seven plus or minus two. There is, however, some debate about whether this is correct.

9) The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is called ________.

b. source misattribution Correct: The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is termed source confusion or source misattribution.

34) One objection to the three-box model of memory is that:

b. the brain performs many independent operations simultaneously. Correct: The three-box model is a sequential model, but the brain uses parallel processing in addition to sequential processing.

33) Critics of the three-box model of memory are likely to agree that

b. the human brain does not operate like the average computer. Correct: The human brain does not operate sequentially like a computer does. t does use sequential processing, but it also uses parallel processing that is distributed across many areas of the brain.

91) Mood-congruent memory and state-dependent memory are examples of:

b. the use of cues in retrieval. Correct: Both are examples of the use of cues in the retrieval process. Without adequate cues, information may be difficult to retrieve.

38) Auditory images remain in the sensory register for about:

b. two seconds. Correct: uditory images remain in an auditory subsystem for a slightly longer time, by most estimates up to two seconds or so.

17) Which of the following examples is a question that would most likely reduce the chance of false reporting by a child?

c. "Can you tell me the reason you came to talk to me today?" Correct: Psychologists have found that questions that ask for basic information, and do not suggest an event has occurred, are the least likely to produce false reporting.

45) Telo convinces a woman he finds attractive to give him her telephone number. Unfortunately, the number is ten digits long with the area code, and Telo cannot find a place to write it down. As he looks for a pen and paper, what can Telo do to help himself remember the number?

c. "Chunking" the numbers into smaller units will help Telo. Correct: hunking involves taking bits of information and grouping them into larger "chunks" so that more total information can be recalled.

10) ________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.

c. Flashbulb Correct: Vivid recollections of emotional and important events are called flashbulb memories, a term that is meant to capture the surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail that characterize them.

107) Brad and Jane have perfect memories; they can recall exact events from their entire lives using just a date as a cue. Both Brad and Jane complain that their excellent memory is exhausting and interferes with their ability to function. What do Brad and Jane's reports about what it's like to have a perfect memory tell us about typical memory?

c. We all could recall every event form our lives with the correct cue. Incorrect: Brad and Jane's true stories show that if we are not able to forget information that is not important, we could have difficulty functioning in day to day life.

48) ________ is a memory system that includes short-term memory and executive processes that control attention and retrieval.

c. Working memory Correct: This is a description of the concept of working memory.

13) When six-year-old Sven's parents overhear him describing his third birthday party, they look at each other in surprise. Sven appears to remember that the birthday cake his father was baking burned and his aunt had to run out and buy one from a bakery, even though Sven was not present when those events occurred. Sven's memory illustrates the concept of _________.

c. confabulation Correct: onfabulation is the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened.

36) Another name for the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model of memory is the:

c. connectionist model. Correct: lso called the connectionist model, the PDP model represents the contents of memory as connections among thousands of interacting processing units that operate in parallel.

60) Steffi remembers going to the zoo with her parents and her best friend on her 10 th birthday. She can even recall the look on her friend's face when she dropped her ice cream cone into the grizzly bear enclosure. Steffi's recollection is an example of:

c. episodic memory. Correct: Episodic memories are internal representations of personally experienced events.

105) Ned needs to remember that the hippocampus is situated in the midbrain and involved in memory. What strategy for remembering would be MOST likely to allow Ned to answer questions about the hippocampus on an upcoming test?

c. imagining a hippo holding a flash drive standing in the middle of a person's head Correct: Elaborative processing is more effective for storing memories that rehearsal or repetition.

5) In the 1930s, the research of the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett provided evidence to support the view that memory is:

c. like a journalist trying to reconstruct an interview from incomplete notes. Correct: emory is a reconstructive process, putting together pieces of the memory and filling in blanks. One of the first scientists to make this point was the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett.

84) According to the decay theory, forgetting occurs because:

c. memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then. Correct: The decay theory holds that memories eventually disappear if they are not accessed.

16) In addressing the debate regarding children's memories of sexual abuse, it has become clear that:

c. preschoolers are more vulnerable to suggestive questions than are school-aged children Correct: esearch has demonstrated that preschoolers are much more vulnerable to the effects of suggestion than are older children.

65) A practiced juggler relies on __________ memory to keep the balls in the air.

c. procedural Correct: Procedural memories are memories for the performance of actions or skills. any researchers consider procedural memories to be implicit, because after skills and habits are learned well, they do not require much conscious processing.

52) When researchers investigated the organization of long-term memory, they found that:

c. semantic categories help organize memories involving words and concepts. Correct: Upon investigating the organization in long-term memory, scientists found that words and concepts are usually organized semantically; that is, in association with other items whose meaning is similar.

97) Given the current research on recovered memories, one should be skeptical if a person says that:

c. she now has memories of her experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy. Correct: t is possible for a therapist, either deliberately or unwittingly, to implant a false memory in a client.

80) Most people seem to favour ________ for encoding and rehearsing the contents of short-term memory.

c. speech Correct: Speech, either aloud or silently, seems to be preferred for encoding and rehearsing information in short-term memory.

75) Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely to form and retain procedural memories?

c. the cerebellum Correct: t has been demonstrated that the cerebellum is involved in the storage of at least some forms of procedural memory.

32) In the "three-box model of memory," which memory system holds information for no more than a few seconds, until it can be processed further?

c. the sensory register Correct: This is descriptive of the sensory register, where information can be held for only a few seconds at most.

24) Which of the following activities involving memory would require recognition?

c. true-false exams Correct: True-false exams involve recognition of correct or incorrect statements rather than recall.

50) Sarah is doing an arithmetic problem. The numbers and instructions for doing the necessary operations for each step will be held in her ___________ memory as she solves the problem.

c. working Correct: Working memory includes the short-term stores for memories, and the processes for working with those memories.

104) When psychological scientists examined 40 cases where wrongful conviction had been established beyond doubt, they found that ________ of these cases had involved a false identification by one or more eyewitnesses.

d. 90 percent Correct: They found that in 90 percent of the cases examined, a false identification by one or more eyewitnesses had been involved.

103) Which of the following factors is true of cognitive development and may contribute to childhood amnesia?

d. Children's limited language skills prevent them from narrating aspects of experiences to themselves. Correct: Young children's limited vocabularies and language skills prevent them from narrating some aspects of an experience to themselves or others. Later, after their linguistic abilities have matured, they still cannot use those abilities to recall earlier memories, because those memories were not encoded linguistically.

109) Megan overhears a women speaking in a restaurant about her earliest memory. She tells her friend that she can clearly remember arguing with her cousin over whose turn it was to do a favourite jigsaw puzzle and her father suggesting that they take turns adding pieces. What country did the woman most likely grow up in?

d. China Correct: People from collectivist cultures like hina often report community events, like conflict resolutions, as their earliest memories.

54) ________ memory refers to recollection of a personally experienced event and the context in which it occurred.

d. Episodic Correct: This is the definition of episodic memory.

42) The case study of Henry Molaison (H.M.) is discussed throughout Chapter 10 in your textbook. Careful study of H.M.'s memory after his surgery revealed that:

d. H.M.'s memory problems were primarily the result of an unusually small STM capacity. Correct: Patients like H. . have relatively normal ability to retrieve information from long-term storage, but are generally unable to place new explicit memories into long- term storage.

67) Margeaux is introduced to the following people when she arrives at the party: Derek, Kayla, Calvin, Debbie, Rose, Melanie, Garrett, Tom, Francis, Jane, John, and Vincent. According to the serial-position effect, it will be most difficult to remember the names of:

d. Rose, Melanie, Garrett, and Tom. Correct: This is an example of the serial-position effect, the tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list.

11) Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex- boyfriend. It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not. Which of the following likely made Irene's fake memory seem so real to her?

d. The fight was easy to imagine. Correct: f imagining an event takes little effort, then we tend to think that our memory is real.

77) As she studies her physics textbook, Marilyn wants to make sure that she remembers that sound intensity is measured in units called decibels and that each decibel is one-tenth of a bel, which is a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell. Marilyn creates a visual image of ten little elf-like Bell figures trying to turn up the volume of a huge stereo. Her strategy is called:

d. a mnemonic. Correct: This is an example of a mnemonic, a formal strategy for encoding and storing information.

72) In his work with rabbits, Richard Thompson showed that classical conditioning of the eyeblink response depends on activity in the ________.

d. cerebellum Correct: Thompson's research demonstrated an important role for the cerebellum in classical eyeblink conditioning.

85) According to the ________ theory of forgetting, information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed.

d. decay Correct: The decay theory holds that memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then.

29) What are the components of the information-processing model, in order of occurrence?

d. encoding, storage, retrieval Correct: n information-processing models of memory, we encode information (convert it to a form that the brain can process and use), store the information (retain it over time), and retrieve the information (recover it for use).

56) Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred are called:

d. episodic memories. Correct: This is a definition of episodic memory, a subtype of declarative memory.

19) Which of the following is a test for recall?

d. essay questions Correct: ecall refers to the ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier. Essay questions test recall memory, whereas the other types of questions all test recognition memory.

28) Jannell solved a crossword puzzle on Thursday, and by Saturday she doesn't recall the words in the puzzle. But Saturday night, when she is playing Scrabble with her brother, she unconsciously tends to form words that were in the puzzle. Jannell has ________ memory for some of the words.

d. implicit Correct: This is an example of implicit memory, memory that we are not aware that we have.

96) Critics of repression as a mechanism of forgetting argue that:

d. in real life, the problem is usually that people cannot forget traumatic experiences. Correct: ritics of repression as a mechanism of defense argue that, in real life, the problem usually is not that people cannot remember traumatic events, but rather that they cannot forget.

15) Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect:

d. is of a different ethnic background than the victim. Correct: esearch has shown that when a suspect is of a different ethnic background than a witness, the witness is less likely to accurately remember the appearance of the suspect.

63) Patty reminisces about her wedding. Which of the following would be among Patty's semantic memories?

d. knowing that it is appropriate to stand when the bride walks down the aisle Correct: Semantic memories include facts, rules, concepts—items of general knowledge. The other memories listed are all episodic memories.

51) In accordance with the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the prolonged storage of information is known as ________.

d. long-term memory Correct: s the name implies, information that needs to be kept for long periods is stored in long-term memory.

106) Asif is disappointed with the grade he received on the last midterm in his psychology course. His sister suggested that he try doing the practice tests in the back of his textbook. What is the term for this type of study method?

d. retrieval practice Correct: When a person takes practice tests they are retrieving information from memory, which helps make those memories stronger. The term for this approach is retrieval practice.

39) Ambassador McKenzie was about to ask a French diplomat to repeat his last comment, but then his ________ enabled him to "select" what had been said while ignoring all the extraneous sounds in the reception room.

d. sensory register Correct: The sensory register acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items for attention from the stream of stimuli bombarding our senses. t gives us a moment to decide whether information is extraneous or important.

6) The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told later about an event is called:

d. source misattribution. Correct: This is an example of source misattribution (also called source confusion). We recall a memory, but not how it was established or where it came from.

81) Maintenance rehearsal involves:

d. the rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory. Correct: aintenance rehearsal is merely the rote repetition of the material to be remembered.

18) Research suggests that the best way to encourage truthful testimony by children is to:

d. try to avoid asking the child leading questions. Correct: To avoid false reports, the interviewer must not assume that the child was molested, must avoid leading or suggestive questions, and must understand that children do not speak the way adults do.

3) Retrieving a memory is most like:

d. watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like. Correct: emory involves reconstruction. We recall the major details and reconstruct the rest. Our memory is not like a videotape replaying a past experience