questions-midterm
according to one study, what was the percentage of hate crimes committed by perpetrators who were strongly committed to bigotry?
1 percent
What is the name of the program by which the government provides surplus military equipment to state and local law enforcement agencies?
1033
Women make up only about [blank] percent of the total number of officers in local law enforcement.
12
in what year was the first law enforcement officer feloniously killed in the line of duty in the United States?
1792
About how many law enforcement agencies are there in the United States?
18000
About [blank] of local police officers are members of racial or ethnic minorities.
27 percent
In 2015, Yakima, Washington, with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate?
3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
In 2015, Albuquerque, N.M., with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate?
793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
In this case, the Supreme Court found that probable cause for a search does not demand proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
Illinois v. Gates
Which is not a strategy to reduce police stress?
Increase the paramilitary focus of the police
Who was the FBI's first "Public Enemy Number One"?
John Dillinger
This case held that people, not places, are protected from government intrusion whenever they have a reasonable expectation of privacy.
Katz v. United States
This was the first successful bill in England to create a permanent, public police force.
Metropolitan Police Act
Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime?
Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement.
Which is not one of the six arguments that can be employed in the defense against a criminal indictment?
My client did it.
this is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior.
National Incident-Based Reporting System
A more modern interpretation of criminology that acknowledges the possibility human choices are is possibly based on external causes, but ultimately, individuals are responsible for their choices.
Neoclassical criminology
This is the largest local police force in the country.
New York Police Department
Criminological theory that states what we think affects how we behave and how we perceive our surroundings, including other people.
Observational learning
Behaviorism is based on the psychological principle of [BLANK].
Operant conditioning
This agency is recognized as the first uniformed, professional state police department in the United States.
Pennsylvania State Police
Which criminological theory focuses on how turning points in life, such as marriage, can lead to more conventional behavior in adulthood?
Persistent-offending and desistance-from-crime theory
how has police militarization affected the nature of law enforcement?
Police identity has been reoriented from community-policing practices.
The early Chicago police had four idiosyncratic orientations to the law. Which is not one of these?
Police officers developed very formal systems of operation.
Criminological theory that states people consciously weigh the risks against the benefits of their actions and choose the action they think has the most benefit.
Rational choice theory
States that crime is most likely to occur when a motivated offender, attractive target, and absence of a capable guardian converge.
Routine activities theory
The militarization of the police and the war-on-crime analogy are most apparent in these divisions of law enforcement agencies.
SWAT teams
Criminological theory that states crime is a result of weak social bonds.
Social control theory
Criminological theory that states a neighborhood's structural and cultural conditions affect criminal behavior.
Social disorganization theory
Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realize that the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?
The offense will not be recorded; it is part of the dark figure of crime.
According to Christie, which is not one of the six attributes typically associated with the idea of an innocent victim?
The victim and perpetrator know each other.
Which is not a goal of police patrol?
To collect crime statistics
According to critical race theory, people of color are overrepresented at every decision point in the criminal justice system.
True
Which is not a law enforcement agency within the Department of the Treasury? *Both ATF and US Secret Service are correct; you should get full credit for either answer. There was a Blackboard error with this question, so it has been deleted from the exams (I can't make significant changes once a quiz has been attempted by anyone in the class)
U.S. Secret Service
This annual FBI publication uses data from participating U.S. law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime.
Uniform Crime Reports
This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime that is available.
Uniform Crime Reports
Which is a reason that some law enforcement administrators believe that body-worn cameras are useful?
Cameras strengthen police accountability by documenting encounters between officers and the public.
In this case, the Supreme Court found that an arrest warrant allows only the search of a suspect's person and the immediate vicinity. Further searches require a warrant.
Chimel v. California
Written on an ancient stone tablet, this collection of over 250 laws covered a wide range of issues.
Code of Hammurabi
What does CPTED stand for?
Crime prevention through environmental design
Under which federal agency is the Federal Bureau of Investigation?
Department of Justice
Criminological theory which claims attitudes about crime and techniques for committing crime are both learned behavior.
Differential association theory
According to Moffitt, adolescent-limited offenders are more likely to become career criminals.
False
Most federal officers are trained here.
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
In this case, the Supreme Court determined that the test of what constitutes seizure is whether the suspect is free to decline an officer's request for a search and terminate the encounter.
Florida v. Bostick
If the prosecutor's office decides that there is enough evidence to proceed with a case, it will charge the suspect with a specific crime. The prosecutor is _____ (likely or unlikely) to dismiss the case at this point.
Unlikely
Which concept states that people are guided by their desire for pleasure and aversion to pain?
Utilitarianism
Which were two of the primary arguments against encouraging women to be police officers?
Women were not physically strong enough and brought different psychological attributes to police work.
These specify how the police can go about investigation, interrogation, and arrest.
all of the above state laws court cases departmental regulations
Laws must be [blank].
all of the above a. published in the criminal code b. enacted by the legislature c. enforced in a fair and evenhanded manner by the authorities
This is a duty of all law enforcement officers.
all of the above keep the peace and maintain order ensure adherence to the law investigate when laws appear to have been broken
Which issue guides precedent?
all of the above predictability efficiency reliability
The expectation of how much and what type of force an officer will use in a given situation varies according to several factors. Which is one of these factors?
all of the above time of day whether the officer is alone or working with a partner the size and sex of the suspect
Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminal?
all of the above- the effects of the law, the existence of other means to protect society from undesirable behavior, the enforceability of the law
Many offenses that enter the system are systematically excluded for several reasons, which include the following:
all of the above- error, covering up
Which of the following is an important actor in a criminal offense?
all of the above. The victim, the perpetrator, the criminal justice system
Which part of the crime picture do the UCR, self-report studies, and victimization studies tend to miss?
all of the above: corporate crime, drug sales, organized crime
Which is a logistical obstacle to measuring crime effectively and efficiently?
all of the above: problems of definition, problems of resources, problems of politics
The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify [blank].
all of the above: the characteristics of victims and perpetrators, when and where an offence takes place, the form of an offense
This social institution controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing and/or rehabilitating people who break the law.
criminal justice
Unlike many occupations, the threat of physical injury or death in policing is a [blank] possibility.
daily
Police officers, prosecutors, judges, and corrections officials use this to decide what happens to individual cases.
discretion
The decisions that police officers make about which laws to enforce, how much to enforce them, when to let some offenses slide, and when to devote attention to truly significant offenses are called [blank].
discretion
Which is not a method or device that police use to conduct surveillance on the public?
dogs
This legal principle states that a person cannot be tried twice for the same offense.
double jeopardy
This term refers to the multiple outsider status of women and minority police officers.
double marginality
This criminal justice model describes the expectation of a just and fair criminal justice system.
due process model
Which is a strategy to evaluate and control police officers' use of force?
ethics education
According to Hirschi, when people are concerned with the feelings of others, they are more likely to commit crime.
false
Feminism promotes the interest of women over men.
false
Marx believed crime was more rampant in a socialist society.
false
This agency measures crime using the Uniform Crime Reports.
fbi
Which are the three distinct levels of law enforcement in the United States?
federal, state, and local
these offenses are punishable by more than a year in a state prison.
felonies
This type of offense includes murder, rape, assault, larceny, and arson.
felony
According to the [blank] Amendment, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury . . ."
fifth
The procedural law that controls the activities of law enforcement is derived from the [blank] Amendment.
fourth
The early form of policing that most directly led to that of modern U.S. policing was the [blank].
frankpledge system
The ____ area is under the control of an individual during an arrest in an automobile
grabbable
This slang term described police officers who accepted bribes but did not actively pursue them.
grass eaters
Mens rea means "[blank]."
guilty mind
This writ is issued to bring a party before the court.
habeas corpus
How many offenses are never reported to police?
half
Which of the following is not one of the major exceptions to the requirement that officers obtain warrants before conducting a search?
house searches
An example of this type of offense is conspiracy.
inchoate offense
The protection of this is an integral part of the functioning of law enforcement.
individual rights
In legal terminology, this is the state of a child who has not yet reached the specified age to be considered an adult.
infancy
Which one is an example of a special-needs search?
inmate search
A___ defense attempts to give physical or psychological reasons that a defendant cannot comprehend his or her criminal actions, their harm(s) or their punishment
insanity
this defense attempts to give physical or psychological reasons that a defendant cannot comprehend his or her criminal actions, their harm(s), or their punishment.
insanity defense
This is the administration of a punishment or reward in accordance with morals that a given society considers correct.
justice
In this form of theft, an offender takes possessions that do not belong to him or her with the intent of keeping them.
larceny
This major English document contributed to U.S. law.
magna carta
This is the murder of three or more people in a single incident.
mass murder
This slang term described officers who actively sought situations that could produce financial gain.
meat-eaters
Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for ____, ______, and crime.
mental illness, homelessness
The ____ was the first successful bill in England to create a permanent, public police force
metropolitan police act
Which is not an aspect of policing that is associated with the risk of suicidal ideation (thinking about suicide)?
mindfulness
This minor criminal offense is punishable by a fine and/or jail time for up to one year.
misdemeanor
Usually the maximum incarceration for this type of offense is up to one year in jail.
misdemeanor
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the bottom layer represent?
misdemeanors
The first time that people of color worked as police officers in the U.S. was in 1805 in this city.
new orleans
What are two considerations that exempt law enforcement from the Fourth Amendment provision that police officers knock and announce their presence prior to a house search?
officer safety and giving suspects an opportunity to destroy evidence
The right to privacy does not extend to these even if officers are trespassing.
open fields
Much of local police work is especially concerned with [blank] and problem-solving.
order maintenance
Moffitt's theory, [BLANK], describes life-course persistent offenders and adolescent limited offenders?
pathway theory
This is the most visible function of police.
patrol
Where are statutes published?
penal codes
This term refers to the mindset of police who must deal with danger, authority, isolation, and suspicion while appearing to be efficient.
policeman's working personality
States that crime is a result of inborn abnormalities.
positivism
This was an important office in early English policing.
sheriff
This is the most common form of county law enforcement.
sheriff's offices
This describes an incident in which the police show a sign of authority and the suspect submits.
show-of-authority stop
target hardening and CPTED are an example of [BLANK].
situational crime prevention
As long as human beings have lived in large groups, we have needed this.
social control
This consists of the rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms.
social control
Wright Mills urges the use of this to examine issues while removed from our social location.
sociological imagination
The legal principle in which courts are bound by the decisions of previous courts is called [blank].
stare decisis
this is a law enacted by a legislature.
statue
This type of law is enacted by legislatures.
statutory law
This temporary detention is legally a seizure of an individual.
stop
This kind of crime includes interpersonal violence and property crime.
street crime
___ includes interpersonal violence and property crime
street crime
This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue.
strict liability
____ offenses are those in which the publics welfare is at issue
strict liability
This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crime.
substantive
According to this case, deadly force may only be used if a suspect poses a threat to the lives of police officers or bystanders.
tennessee v. Garner
According to ____ V. ______ deadly force may only be used if a suspect posses a threat to teh lives of police officers of bystanders
tennessee, garner
This is the use or threat of violence against a state or other political entity in order to coerce.
terrorism
In 1972, this commission released its report on New York City police corruption.
the Knapp Commission
This organization was among the first professional police agencies in the United States.
the Texas Rangers
This is under the control of an individual during an arrest in an automobile.
the grabbable area
What is the important difference between the criminal law and civil law?
the identity of the aggrieved party
For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called this.
the second victimization
Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse?
the victim is not dependent on a caregiver
Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?
the victim may have committed the offense.
This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trespass, and negligence.
tort law
____ duties most often bring police officers into face-to-face contact with citizens
traffic
Which activity most often brings police officers into face-to-face contact with citizens?
traffic duties
This doctrine defines what constitutes a search.
trespass
According to Hirschi, people involved in conventional activities have less time and energy for crime
true
Not all psychopaths are criminals, and not all criminals are psychopaths.
true
Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?
unintentional and intentional
the Fourth Amendment states: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against [blank], shall not be violated . . . "
unreasonable searches and seizures
According to the International Association of Chiefs of Police this is "the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance from an unwilling subject."
use of force
A SWAT team is not likely to do this
run routine DUI checkpoints
For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called the ____ victimization.
second
After September 11, 2001, this former Department of Treasury law enforcement agency was moved to the Department of Homeland Security.
secret service
When law enforcement officers take potential evidence in a criminal case it is called a [blank].
seizure
In a high school class, a researcher hands out questionnaires that ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed. Which term best describes this type of research?
self-report study
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the second layer (from the top) represent? As a hint, this would be less common than less-serious felonies, like burglary and larceny.
serious felonies
Four factors challenge the transition to greater cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Which is not one of these?
All individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way.
Which group of people is not included in considerations of victimization?
All of the above may be included. the victims, the families of victims, victims communities
Which is a major 20th-century police reformer?
August Vollmer
In the United States, informal policing began in [blank] with the establishment of a night watch.
Boston in 1631
Which of the following is what we know with substantial confidence about police use of force?
C
This is useful for generating leads in cases in which biological evidence is recovered from a crime scene.
CODIS
In this case, the Supreme Court found that police have the right to search suspects to ensure their own safety if they think that the suspects are armed.
Terry v. Ohio
This private police force was created by the West India Trading Company in 1798.
Thames River Police
Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions?
The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims
To administer a legal process of judging and to pronounce a judgment.
adjudicate
This defense involves the defendant claiming not to have been at the scene of a crime during its commission.
alibi
What job-related problems might a police officer's family experience
all of the above A. the dangers associated with police workB. a change in the officer's personalityC. isolation of the officer
What would happen if the police attempted to enforce all the laws?
all of the above a) The mass of cases would obscure the most serious offenders. b) The workload would swamp the criminal justice system
How is excessive use of force by the police problematic?
all of the above legal liability physical injury or death loss of citizen respect
Which criterion must be met for the discovery of evidence to fall outside the Fourth Amendment's definition of a search?
all of the above 1.)The item must be in plain view of the officer. 2.)The incriminating nature of the evidence must be immediately apparent. 3.)The officer must lawfully be in the place where he discovered the evidence.
What job-related problems might a police officer's family experience?
all of the above A. the dangers associated with police workB. a change in the officer's personalityC. isolation of the officer
How did the development of the policing style in the United States differ from English policing style?
all of the above A.U.S. policing lacked a single, coherent philosophy. B.The political geography of the United States was large and always expanding. C.The United States had a large, active immigrant community.
Which is a difference between the police and the military that makes supervising the police a different, and in many ways more difficult, job than supervising the military?
all of the above discretion visibility authority
Which feature did England contribute to U.S. policing, according to Walker and Katz?
all of the above limited police authority local control fragmented system
Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this.
all of the above mental illness homelessness crime
Which is a peacemaking or order-maintenance problem that the police may be called for?
all of the above mental illness issues domestic disputes crowd control
Which is a way that narcotics law enforcement can invite police corruption, according to Manning and Redlinger?
arrogation of seized property
Which type of patrol can expand the range that officers can cover, allowing officers to patrol areas where motor vehicles are prohibited, and keeping officers in touch with the community?
bicycle patrol
What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?
bill of rights
Criminological theories that focus specifically on the interaction between biology and environment and between the environment and biology.
biosocial
Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims.
birth to age 3
Most definitions of victim precipitation assert this.
both a and b
Henry and John Fielding organized this.
bow Street Runners
This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues.
case law
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the top layer represent?
celebrated cases
Utilitarianism and hedonistic calculus are associated with which school of thought?
classical
written on an ancient stone tablet, the ____ is a collection of over 250 laws covering a wide range of issues
code of hammurabi
This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law.
common law
This policing strategy attempts to harness the resources and residents of a jurisdiction in stopping crime and maintaining order.
community policing
In the modern United States, this type of law enforcement officer serves areas such as rural townships and is usually elected.
constable
Which theory focuses on power differentials in relationships?
control balance theory
These are offenses committed by a corporation's officers who pursue illegal activity in the corporation's name.
corporate crime
Actus reus, mens rea, and concurrence constitute this.
corpus delicti
This is an action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of society to the point that someone is harmed or society's interests are harmed.
crime
This criminal justice model describes the expectation of an efficient criminal justice system.
crime control model
What is the number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area called?
crime rate
According to Black's Law Dictionary this is, "The entire population of a county above the age of 15, which a sheriff may summon to his assistance in certain cases as to aid him in keeping the peace, in pursuing and arresting felons, etc."
posse comitatus
Common law is based on this.
precedent
According to Kohlberg, most young children are at which state of development?
preconventional
This is a state or federal institution that confines people convicted of crime who are serving sentences for longer than a year.
prison
This is a reason, based on known facts, to think that a criminal offense has occurred.
probable cause
The suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community.
probation
This style of policing attempts to address the underlying social problems that contribute to crime by integrating research and scientific problem-solving strategies to analyze instances of crime with the goal of developing more effective response strategies.
problem-oriented policing
This type of law prescribes the methods for the enforcement and use of the law.
procedural
The [blank] law dictates how the government can go about discovering and prosecuting violations of the [blank] law.
procedural; substantive
How does the FBI currently classify arson?
property crime
Target hardening and CPTED are an example of ___crime prevention
property?
These offenses include drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, prostitution, and some forms of gambling.
public order crime
This is suspicion of illegal activity based on a person's race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on actual illegal activity or evidence of illegal activity.
racial profiling
In early England, a person who caught someone stealing chickens would be required to do this.
raise a hue and cry
in early England, a person who caught someone stealing chickens would be required to do this.
raise a hue and cry
_____ theory states people consciously weigh the risks against the benefits of their actions and choose the action they think has the most benefit
rational choice
This is suspicion based on facts or circumstances that justifies stopping and sometimes searching an individual thought to be involved in illegal activity.
reasonable suspicion
According to Merton's strain theory, the Amish would be an example of which type of individual?
rebel
According to Merton's strain theory, a wandering hobo would be an example of which type of individual?
retreatist
Criminologists use this term to refer to instances wherein a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict.
victim precipitation
After the trial of James Holmes, who opened fire on an Aurora, Colorado, movie theater in July 2012, about 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them. Which term best relates to this activity?
victim-impact statement
Deborah's cell phone is stolen from her bag. Later, a census taker interviews her about the incident. Which term best describes this type of research
victimization survey
Behaviors that are deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property.
victimless crime
How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault?
violent crimes
While out on patrol, Officer Kealoha spots a group of youths sitting in the backyard of a house and smoking. She takes note of the situation, but because the youths are quiet and minding their own business, she moves on. What type of policing is this the best example of?
watchman style
This criminal offense is committed during the course of business for financial gain.
white collar crime
