TOEFL First Mock Test

opaque

(adj.) not letting light through; not clear or lucid; dense, stupid

authoritative

(adj.) official, coming from a source that calls for obedience or belief; dictatorial

lofty

(adj.) very high; noble

along

(adverb) forward, ahead.

critique

(critical) review

preponderance

(n.) - a great amount or frequency

harmony

(n.) - agreement, often of sound

strand

(n.) a beach or shore; a string of wire, hair, etc.; (v.) to drive or run aground; to leave in a hopeless position

annotation

(n.) a critical or explanatory note or comment, especially for a literary work

reactor

(n.) a device used to control the release of nuclear energy as a power source

realm

(n.) a kingdom; a region or field of study

dearth

(n.) a lack, scarcity, inadequate supply; a famine

residue

(n.) a remainder, that which remains when a part has been used up or removed

concord

(n.) a state of agreement, harmony, unanimity; a treaty, pact, covenant

crusade

(n.) a strong movement to advance a cause or idea; (v.) to campaign, work vigorously

pact

(n.) an agreement, treaty

mandate

(n.) an authoritative command, formal order, authorization; (v.) to issue such an order

paucity

(n.) an inadequate quantity, scarcity, dearth

prelude

(n.) an introduction; that which comes before or leads off

tenet

(n.) an opinion, belief, or principle held to be true

autonomy

(n.) self-government, political control

tribute

(n.) something done or given to show thanks or respect; a payment

maximum

(n.) the greatest possible amount or degree; (adj.) reaching the greatest possible amount or degree

approximation

(n.) the quality of coming near to identity

spearhead

(v) be the leader of

erect

(v.) - to construct, to raise

abort

(v.) - to give up unfinished

knit

(v.) draw together; unite firmly

concede

(v.) to admit as true; to yield, submit

encroach

(v.) to advance beyond the usual or proper limits, trespass

allot

(v.) to assign or distribute in shares or portions

refurbish

(v.) to brighten, freshen, or polish; to restore or improve

generate

(v.) to bring into existence; to be the cause of

nurture

(v.) to bring up, care for, train, nourish; (n.) rearing, training, upbringing

foster

(v.) to bring up, give care to; to promote, encourage; (adj.) in the same family but not related by birth

allay

(v.) to calm or pacify, set to rest; to lessen or relieve

induce

(v.) to cause, bring about; to persuade

absolve

(v.) to clear from blame, responsibility, or guilt

tally

(v.) to count up; to keep score; to make entries for reckoning; to correspond or agree; (n.) a total or score

quash

(v.) to crush, put down completely

devastate

(v.) to destroy, lay waste, leave in ruins

dissent

(v.) to disagree; (n.) disagreement

probe

(v.) to examine, investigate thoroughly; (n.) an investigation; a device used to explore or examine

replenish

(v.) to fill again, make good, replace

retrieve

(v.) to find and bring back, get back; to put right, make good

empower

(v.) to give power or authority to; to enable; to permit

mesmerize

(v.) to hypnotize, entrance; to fascinate, enthrall, bewitch

designate

(v.) to indicate, point out; to appoint (adj.) selected but not install

deteriorate

(v.) to lower in quality or value; to wear away

impart

(v.) to make known, tell; to give, pass something on

recoup

(v.) to make up for, regain

relegate

(v.) to place in a lower position; to assign, refer, turn over; to banish

gratify

(v.) to please, satisfy; to indulge or humor

immerse

(v.) to plunge or dip into a fluid; to involve deeply

foment

(v.) to promote trouble or rebellion; to apply warm liquids to, warm

reconcile

(v.) to restore to friendship; to settle; to resign (oneself)

transmit

(v.) to send on, pass along, send out

accelerate

(v.) to speed up, cause to move faster; to bring about more quickly

recoil

(v.) to spring back, shrink; (n.) the act of springing back

sustain

(v.) to support, nourish, keep up; to suffer, undergo; to bear up under, withstand; to affirm the validity of

espouse

(v.) to take up and support; to become attached to, adopt; to marry

devise

(v.) to think out, plan, figure out, invent, create

convey

(v.) to transport; to transmit; to communicate, make known; to transfer ownership or title to

exhort

(v.) to urge strongly, advise earnestly

literature

- written work such as fiction, poetry, or drama

equator

0 degrees latitude

proportion

1. The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc. 2. Size or weight relationships among structures or among elements in a single structure.

divert

1. entertain; 2. distract; 3. cause a detour

corps

1. organized body of persons 2. branch of the military

embargo

A ban on trade

vein

A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

resume

A brief account of one's work experience and qualifications.

bulletin

A brief announcement of public interest; a small publication published regularly

transaction

A business deal or action; exchange of money, goods, or services

retail

A business that sells goods or services directly to the public.

parameter

A characteristic or constant factor, limit

antibiotic

A chemical that kills bacteria or slows their growth without harming body cells.

preference

A choice; first choice; something preferred

industry

A collection of businesses with a common line of products or services

farce

A comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose.

ratio

A comparison of two quantities by division

simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

irony

A contrast between expectation and reality

senate

A council of representatives

ally

A country that agrees to help another country achieve a common goal

hazard

A danger or risk.

fraud

A deliberate deception intended to secure an unfair or unlawful gain

analysis

A detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.

telegraph

A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances

filter

A device used to remove contamination from a fluid.

indigestion

A difficulty in digesting food.

ellipse

A elongated circle, or oval shape, the shape of the planets orbit.

bond

A financial security that represents a promise to repay a fixed amount of funds，something that unites or joins people together

pollen

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

debut

A first public appearance

afloat

A floating condition; awash, flooded

current

A flow of electric charge.

spring

A flow of groundwater that emerges naturally at the ground surface

disciple

A follower of Jesus

republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.

methane

A gas produced by bacteria from hydrogen and carbon dioxide

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

subsidy

A government payment that supports a business or market

monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

chart

A graphical representation of data

avalanche

A great mass of ice, earth, or snow mixed with rocks sliding down a mountain

legislature

A group of people who have the power to make laws

board

A group of people who manage the business of an organization

species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

faction

A group with a distinct political interest

girder

A horizontal beam or support, usually of steel or wood

comedy

A humorous work of drama

theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

glacier

A large mass of moving ice and snow on land

numerous

A large number

auditorium

A large room or hall where people gather to hear speakers or view performances

regiment

A large, organized group of soldiers

charter

A legal document giving certain rights to a person or company

inventory

A list of possessions or goods on hand.

melodrama

A literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response.

satire

A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.

mortgage

A loan to purchase a home or other real estate

epic

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

ridge

A long, narrow chain of hills or mountains

tentacle

A long, slender, flexible arm-like structure found around the mouth or head of an animal.

confederacy

A loose union of independent states

monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

equation

A mathematical sentence that contains an equals sign.

gourd

A melon, pumpkin, squash, or some similar fruit having a hard rind.

suspension

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

atmosphere

A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon.

silt

A mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks

puppet

A movable model of a person, animal or creature.

satellite

A natural or artificial body that revolves around a planet

dividend

A number that is divided by another number.

square

A parallelogram with four congruent sides and four right angles.

delegate

A person appointed or elected to represent others

sponsor

A person or group who provides resources and support for the project, program, or portfolio and is accountable for enabling success.

candidate

A person running for office

merchant

A person who makes money by selling goods

volunteer

A person who offers to do something without pay

anarchist

A person who opposes all forms of government.

entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

humanitarian

A person working for the welfare of all humans

sanctuary

A place of protection

intersection

A point where lines intersect.

policy

A proposed or adopted course or principle of action

batch

A quantity of goods produced at one time

riddle

A question or statement that teases the mind

tornado

A rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches down to touch Earth's surface.

boycott

A refusal to buy or use goods and services.

ancestor

A relative who lived in the past

lithosphere

A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.

process

A series of actions or steps taken to achieve an end

coil

A series of loops that has been wound or gathered

chain

A series of usually metal links or rings connected to or fitted into one another and used to transmit motion and power within a sprocket system.

recipe

A set of instructions for making something

stock

A share of ownership in a corporation.

slide

A single page of a presentation in a slide show

artisan

A skilled craftsperson

recession

A slowdown in a nation's economy

receptor

A small area on the dendrite that receives the signal from the other neuron

pivot

A small bar or rod on which something else turns

vacuum

A space where no particles of matter exist

privilege

A special favor, right, or advantage given to a person or group.

hibernation

A state of greatly reduced body activity that occurs during the winter

meteor

A streak of light in the sky produced by the burning of a meteoroid in Earth's atmosphere.

cable

A strong rope, usually made of metal, designed to have great tensile strength and to be used in structures.

rhythm

A strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound.

base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

medication

A substance that is used to treat or prevent disease or relieve pain.

philosophy

A system of beliefs and values

project

A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.

hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

resin

A thick, slowly flowing liquid produced by plants that can harden into a solid

kerosene

A thin oil

protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

boom

A time of fast economic growth

hammer

A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil

plow

A tool used to cut, lift, and turn over soil

fiber

A tough complex carbohydrate that the body cannot digest

cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

poetry

A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas)

constant

A value that does not change

reptile

A vertebrate with scaly skin that lays eggs with tough, leathery shells.

independent

A voter or candidate who does not identify with a political party.

procedure

A way of organizing, writing, and conducting the experiment.

binary

A way of representing information using only two options.

swamp

A wetland ecosystem in which shrubs and trees grow

synonym

A word that means the same as another word

prescription

A written order from a doctor for a specific medicine

verifiable

Able to be proven true

adaptive

Able to change as needed

sour

Acids taste

transparent

Allowing light to pass through

curl

Also known as circle; the hair that is wrapped around the roller.

likewise

Also, in addition to; similarly, in the same way

patriot

American colonist who favored American independence

amino

Amines

disease

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

scandal

An action or attitude—or the failure to act—that leads another person into sin.

predator

An animal that hunts other animals for food

buffalo

An animal that was used by the Plains Indians for food, shelter, and clothing.

invertebrate

An animal without a backbone

primate

An archbishop or bishop who ranks highest among others

editorial

An article giving opinions or perspectives

sidebar

An article that accompanies and appears beside the main news story

hominid

An early ancestor of humans

verge

An edge, border, or brink

shape

An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

formula

An equation that calculates a new value from values currently in a worksheet.

deficit

An excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues.

reputation

An idea held by the public about something or someone

symptom

An indication of a problem

decree

An order having the force of law

embryo

An organism in the earliest stage of development

fungi

An organism that absorbs nutrients from the environment.

parasite

An organism that feeds on a living host

profile

An outline of something as seen from one side.

medieval

Another name for the Middle Ages.

powder

Any solid substance in the state of fine, loose particles as produced by crushing or grinding.

numeric

Anything that is a number.

align

Arrange in a line or bring into alignment.

racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

optimal

Best or most favorable

skeleton

Bones of the body

carbohydrate

Broken down to simple sugars

thorough

COMPLETE; very carefully done

compressible

Capable of being pressed into smaller compass.

executive

Carries out the laws

infectious

Caused by or capable of being transmitted by infection.

provocative

Causing disturbance or excitement

loathsome

Causing hatred or disgust

selection

Choosing from among qualified applicants to hire into an organization

tube

Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses

cassette

Contains extraoral films during exposure

quantitative

Data that is in numbers

canopy

Dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall rain forest trees

malice

Desire to harm others

longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian

previous

Earlier; happening before

crust

Earth's outermost layer.

infrared

Electromagnetic waves of frequencies lower than the red of visible light.

trade

Exchange of goods and services

contradictory

Expressing the opposite; inconsistent

fatigue

Extreme tiredness, exhaustion

slander

False charges and malicious oral statements about someone

resolve

Find the solution.

staunch

Firm and steadfast

catilage

Flexible connective tissue

lens

Focuses light onto retina

outline

Give a brief account or summary

horizontal

Going straight across from side to side

directory

Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.

screen

Hardware for output that displays characters and images to a user.

ambivalent

Having mixed feelings

polygamy

Having more than one spouse

rustic

Having to do with the countryside; rural

pitch

How high or low a sound is

instruction

How to do something

frost

Ice formed when water vapor changes directly into ice crystals

specify

Identify clearly and definitely

levy

Impose or raise a tax

spectacular

Impressive to look at, remarkable.

suspicious

Inclined or tending to believe that something is wrong

interplay

Interaction, reciprocal relationship or influence

walnut

Juglans

Jupiter

King of the gods

gaseous

Light and unsubstantial.

plasma

Liquid part of blood

evaporation

Liquid to gas

clamor

Loud noise or shouting

artificial

Made by human beings and not by nature

legislative

Makes laws

monumental

Massive, very great, very important

waste

Material outputs from a system that are not useful or consumed

magnesium

Mg

debt

Money owed

nitrogen

Most abundant gas in the atmosphere

Neolithic

New Stone Age

oak

Oakland, California

pottery

Objects (usually vessels) made of clay and hardened by firing

annual

Occurring every year

poetic

Of, relating to, or used in poetry

trace

Outline; follow the course of

climate

Overall weather in an area over a long period of time

habitat

Place where an organism lives

radar

Radio Detection and Ranging

rhyme

Repetition of sounds at the end of words

rod

Round, solid prong of a thermal iron.

second

SI base unit for time

abrasion

Scrape of the skin due to something abrasive

limestone

Sedimentary

grain

Seed of a cereal grass

earnest

Serious and sincere

preliminary

Serving as a preparation; introductory

homosexuality

Sexual attraction to the same sex

atom

Smallest particle of an element

limitation

Some factor that restricts the scope of activity or accomplishment.

velocity

Speed in a given direction

geology

Study of the earth

stage

Supports the slide

wholesome

Tending to improve the character, the mind, or the body

overflow

Text that does not fit in a text box and is therefore hidden.

balance

The ability to keep an upright posture while standing still or moving.

documentation

The act of creating citations to identify resources used in writing a work.

submission

The act of giving in to another

remainder

The amount left over when one number is divided by another.

dosage

The amount of a drug to be administered.

supply

The amount of goods available

weathering

The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.

flame

The bright, glowing gas we see when something burns.

core

The central part of the earth below the mantle

Easter

The day on which Christians celebrate Jesus' resurrection from the dead

orientation

The direction that material appears on a page when printed.

circumference

The distance around a circle

perimeter

The distance around a figure

terminus

The final destination or goal of a journey or endeavor; the finishing point

Latin

The language of the Romans

vent

The opening through which molten rock and gas leave a volcano

destination

The place to which something or someone is going

inheritance

The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring.

momentum

The product of an object's mass and velocity

leak

The release of secret information by anonymous government officials to the media

sum

The result of addition.

coverage

The risks covered and amount of money paid for losses under an insurance policy

concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

completion

The state of being completed

luxury

The state of great comfort and extravagant living

physiology

The study of body function

anatomy

The study of body structure

inertia

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion

setting

The time and place of a story

convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid

absorption

The transport of dissolved substances into cells.

productivity

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

sewage

The water and human wastes that are washed down sinks, toilets, and showers

luster

The way a mineral reflects light

plankton

Tiny organisms that float in the water

endeavor

To attempt earnestly

negotiate

To bargain for a lower price

correspond

To be similar to; compare to

clog

To block something

rupture

To break apart, to burst

integrate

To bring together and make whole

negate

To cancel the effect of; nullify

deflect

To cause to turn aside or away

synthesize

To combine; to blend

conceive

To come up with, imagine

fulfill

To complete or accomplish totally

contemplate

To consider carefully and thoughtfully

digitize

To convert data from analog to digital form.

stew

To cook slowly and for a long time in liquid

excise

To cut out of; remove

curtail

To cut short or reduce

agitate

To disturb or upset

contract

To draw together, to reduce in size

mortify

To embarrass or humiliate

elaborate

To explain in greater detail

roll

To flatten to a desired thickness by using a rolling pin

visualize

To form a mental image of; imagine.

adhere

To hold fast or stick together

paste

To insert data from the Clipboard to a new location in a worksheet.

emigrate

To leave one country or region and settle in another

elevate

To lift up or place in a higher position

communicate

To make known; to give or exchange information

grind

To mechanically break down a food into a finer texture

pierce

To pass or break through.

envision

To picture in the mind; to imagine

apply

To place, put on, or spread something

haul

To pull or carry with effort

arrange

To put in a certain order

depose

To remove from office or power

inactivate

To render nonfunctional.

confiscate

To seize, by force if necessary; to take possession of

launch

To set or thrust in motion.

shuffle

To slide the feet along the ground while walking

elapse

To slip away; go by

cram

To stuff into a small space

supplement

To take in addition to or to complete

specialize

To work at only one kind of job

device

Tool or piece of equipment

perpendicular

Two lines that intersect to form right angles

context

Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.

dam

a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water

novice

a beginner; one who is inexperienced

oxide

a binary compound of oxygen with another element or group.

sapphire

a blue gem

commune

a body of people or families living together and sharing everything

calculus

a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations; developed by Isaac Newton

bouquet

a bunch of flowers

partnership

a business owned by two or more people

mount

a card for sending messages by post without an envelope

postcard

a card for sending messages by post without an envelope

surcharge

a charge added to the usual cost

bleach

a chemical which lightens or blanches skin discolorations

alien

a citizen of another country

seminar

a class on a topic

apprenticeship

a combination of classroom instruction and on-the-job training

career

a commitment to work in a field that you find interesting and fulfilling

chlorine

a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; best known as a heavy yellow irritating toxic gas; used to purify water and as a bleaching agent and disinfectant; occurs naturally only as a salt (as in sea water)

platitude

a commonplace, stale, or trite remark

instinct

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

maze

a confusing network of winding paths or passages

aquarium

a container of water for fish, animals, or plants

continuum

a continuous whole without clear division into parts

paradox

a contradiction or dilemma

fault

a crack in the earth's crust

yogurt

a custard-like food made from curdled milk

relic

a custom or object that has been around for a very, very long time

plight

a dangerous, difficult, or otherwise unfortunate situation

melanin

a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight.

electrode

a device for conducting electricity

bellows

a device for producing a strong current of air

ordeal

a difficult or painful experience

dilemma

a difficult or perplexing situation or problem

plague

a disease that spreads quickly and kills many people

surgeon

a doctor who performs operations

clue

a fact or object that helps to solve mysteries

glimmer

a faint, unsteady light

illusion

a false impression

shame

a feeling of being personally humiliated

tension

a feeling of fear or anger between people or countries who do not trust each other

hedge

a fence formed by a row of closely planted shrubs or bushes

pasture

a field of growing grass where animals can eat; a meadow

hieratic

a fixed stylized method of representation, often determined by religious principles or ideas

gleam

a flash or beam of light

angiosperm

a flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit

lubricant

a fluid used to reduce friction

petition

a formal request

hockey

a game played by two teams in which a small ball is hit with a long stick

scarf

a garment worn around the head or neck or shoulders for warmth or decoration

sequoia

a giant redwood tree

herd

a group of animals

assembly

a group of people gathered together in one place for a common purpose.

gang

a group of people who associate with one another to take part in criminal activity

staff

a group of people who work for an organization or business

clan

a group of related families

syndrome

a group of symptoms

bunch

a grouping of a number of similar things

clump

a grouping of a number of similar things

cluster

a grouping of a number of similar things

flint

a hard kind of stone

gemstone

a hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster

clinic

a healthcare facility for outpatient care

prestige

a high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth etc.

tableland

a high, broad, level plateau

squirrel

a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail

indifference

a lack of interest or concern

linguist

a language specialist

giraffe

a large African animal with a very long neck and long legs

mansion

a large and imposing house

dormitory

a large bedroom for a number of people in a school or institution

barge

a large low boat

reservoir

a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.

multitude

a large number

catastrophe

a large-scale disaster, misfortune, or failure

horizon

a layer of soil

scholar

a learned person

lawsuit

a legal case brought to settle a dispute between people or groups

moral

a lesson taught by a literary work

zigzag

a line or course that moves back and forth to form a series of sharp angles

catalog

a list of things, people, or events

symphony

a long piece of music to be played by an orchestra

pipe

a long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to Earth's surface

hike

a long walk usually for exercise or pleasure

trench

a long, narrow ditch.

nostalgia

a longing for something past; homesickness

outcry

a loud cry

basin

a low place in the surface of the land, usually with a body of water occupying the lowest part

genre

a major category or type of literature

stigma

a mark of shame or discredit

expedient

a means to an end

Fahrenheit

a measurement of temperature in which water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°

senator

a member of a senate

silicate

a member of the mineral group that has silicon and oxygen in its crystal structure

relative

a member of your family

copper

a metal with a color between brown and red

enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

brand

a name, term, symbol, design, or combination thereof that identifies a seller's products and differentiates them from competitors' products

cape

a narrow piece of land projecting into the sea

state

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

obituary

a notice of someone's death

fraction

a part of a whole; a broken piece of something that is no longer whole

portion

a part or share of the whole

rebate

a partial refund of the price of a product

hue

a particular shade of a given color

quote

a passage or expression that is quoted or cited

criss-cross

a pattern of intersecting straight lines or paths.

millennium

a period of one thousand years

applicant

a person applying for a job

scout

a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event

household

a person or group of people living in the same residence

counterpart

a person or thing that is similar to another

collaborator

a person who assists the enemy

deviant

a person who breaks significant societal or group norms

courier

a person who carries a message

immigrant

a person who comes into a country to live there

architect

a person who designs buildings

superintendent

a person who directs and manages an organization

toady

a person who flatters for personal gain

pilot

a person who flies a plane

instructor

a person who helps someone build knowledge

detective

a person who investigates crimes and gathers information

rancher

a person who owns or works on a ranch

rebel

a person who refuses to obey orders or the law

biologist

a person who studies living things

hawk

a person who supported U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and believed that the United States should use increased military force to win it

composer

a person who writes music

offspring

a person's child or children.

photograph

a picture made by a camera

canvas

a piece of cloth on which an artist paints

pants

a piece of clothing for the lower body

lost-and-found

a place for the storage of lost items

strategy

a plan of action

suitcase

a portable rectangular traveling bag for carrying clothes

engraving

a print made from an engraved plate, block, or other surface.

newsletter

a printed report or letter containing news of interest to a particular group

tutor

a private teacher

by-product

a product made during the manufacture of something else

recital

a program of music or dance

bill

a proposed law

manifesto

a public declaration of policies or intentions

periodical

a publication that appears at fixed intervals

penalty

a punishment for doing something which is against a law or rule

pocketbook

a purse or handbag; a small case or folder for money and documents, suitable for carrying in a pocket

amount

a quantity of something

response

a reaction to a stimulus

motive

a reason for doing something

invitation

a request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something

suburb

a residential district located on the outskirts of a city

cafeteria

a restaurant where you serve yourself and pay a cashier

resoration

a reversal of the King restored

haven

a safe place

squid

a sea animal that has a pair of tail fins and ten arms

conspiracy

a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful

section

a separate part of something

outfit

a set of clothes for a particular event or activity

costume

a set of clothes in a style typical of a particular country or historical period.

alphabet

a set of letters that can be combined to form words

oblong

a shape that is longer than it is wide

thorn

a sharp-pointed tip on a stem or leaf

graphite

a shiny, black substance that is used in pencils

bookstore

a shop where books are sold

anecdote

a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person

slogan

a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising.

shower

a short period of rain

essay

a short piece of writing on a particular subject.

nap

a short sleep

errand

a short trip to do something

individual

a single organism

specimen

a single thing that is taken as an example of a whole category

shortage

a situation in which a good or service is unavailable

mosquito

a slender long-legged fly with aquatic larvae. The bite of the bloodsucking female can transmit a number of serious diseases including malaria and encephalitis.

jog

a slow pace of running

snack

a small amount of food eaten between meals

remnant

a small part remaining behind

plaster

a small piece of sticky material that you put on cuts on your body

mint

a small plant whose leaves have a particular fresh smell and taste and are used in food or drinks

asteroid

a small rocky body orbiting the sun

cabin

a small room to sleep in on a ship

grocery

a small store that sells food and household supplies

shrimp

a small, pink, sea animal that you can eat, with a curved body and a shell

spot

a small, round mark that is a different colour from the surface it is on

chimpanzee

a small, very intelligent African ape with black or brown fur

smirk

a smile expressing smugness or scorn instead of pleasure

curve

a smooth, rounded line, shape, path, etc.

anomie

a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent

salon

a social gathering of intellectuals and artists

vow

a solemn promise

cylinder

a solid bounded by a cylindrical surface and two parallel planes (the bases)

suspense

a state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen.

protest

a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something.

thesis

a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.

tread

a step in walking or running

sieve

a strainer for separating lumps from powdered material

torrent

a strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid

religion

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

fountain

a structure that sends water up into the air

furnace

a stucture in which heat is generated

additive

a substance added to another substance, changing its effect

provision

a supplying of needs

sovereign

a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.

galaxy

a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction.

notation

a system of writing music so that specific pitches and rhythms can be communicated

presentation

a talk giving information about something

strap

a thin piece of material used to fasten two things together or to carry something

loan

a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest.

souvenir

a thing that is kept as a reminder of a person, place, or event.

caption

a title or short description of a picture

instrument

a tool or device used for a particular purpose

vestige

a trace; remnant

willow

a tree with tough slender branches

prairie

a treeless grassy plain

principle

a truth, a rule, or a law

patriarchic

a type of society where male roles are valued more that female roles

epitome

a typical example

league

a union of people or groups

syllable

a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme

horde

a vast number

sled

a vehicle mounted on runners and pulled by horses or dogs

virus

a very small thing that causes illnesses, or an illness that it causes

shellfish

a water animal with a shell

method

a way of doing something

marvel

a wonderful or amazing thing

laboratory

a workplace for the conduct of scientific research

hieroglyph

a writing system using picture symbols

butter

a yellow fat food made from milk

dilute

a.冲淡的，稀释的 vt.冲淡，稀释；淡化，削弱

lower

abase

capacity

ability

portable

able to be carried

edible

able to be eaten

tolerable

able to be endured

sustainable

able to be maintained at a certain rate or level

calculable

able to be measured or assessed

plastic

able to be molded, altered, or bent

intelligible

able to be understood

accessible

able to go in to, enter, or approach

curative

able to heal or cure

amphibious

able to live both on land and in water

articulate

able to speak clearly and expressively

hardy

able to survive under bad conditions; tough

aberrant

abnormal or deviant

anomalous

abnormal, irregular, departing from the usual

anomaly

abnormality

superior

above

overseas

abroad

imperative

absolutely necessary

grazing

act of feeding on plants

pump

active transport mechanism that works against electrochemical gradients

factual

actual, real, truthful

genuine

actually being what it is claimed or seems to be; true; real; authentic

needy

adj. Being in need, want, or poverty.

broadcast

adj. Disseminated far and wide.

uppermost

adj. First in order of precedence.

antique

adj. Pertaining to ancient times.

similar

almost the same

feat

an act or deed that shows daring, skill, or strength

compact

an agreement

coalition

an alliance of factions

salamander

an animal with a lizard-like appearance, having short legs and a long tail, that lives both on land and in water

rodent

an animal with sharp teeth for gnawing

rainbow

an arc of colored light in the sky caused by refraction of the sun's rays by rain

beach

an area of the shoreline that is made up of deposited sediment

limb

an arm, leg, or wing

advent

an arrival

canal

an artificial waterway

colleague

an associate

fellowship

an association of people who share beliefs or activities

premise

an assumption; the basis for a conclusion

aurora

an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of bands of light caused by charged solar particles following the earth's magnetic lines of force

affinity

an attraction to

voltage

an electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts.

vacancy

an empty area or space

adversary

an enemy, opponent

constituent

an essential part; a voter who elects a representative

incident

an event

disturbance

an event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition

standard

an exact quantity that people agree to use to compare measurements

instance

an example

rodeo

an exhibition of cowboy skills

perquisite

an extra benefit or remuneration

notion

an idea

gradient

an incline or slope; the rate of incline

credentialism

an increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field

manifestation

an indication or sign of a condition

wasp

an insect with a slender* body and powerful sting

compass

an instrument that shows the direction of magnetic north

schedule

an ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur

supplier

an organization that provides resources for other organizations

wretch

an unfortunate or unhappy person

provoke

anger

rage

anger

scavenger

animal that consumes the carcasses of other animals

daisy

any of numerous composite plants having flower heads with well-developed ray flowers usually arranged in a single whorl

finch

any of numerous small songbirds with short stout bills adapted for crushing seeds

lichen

any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks

phase

any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties

hybrid

anything of mixed origin

resource

anything that can be used to produce something else

necessity

anything that cannot be done without or that is greatly needed

nourishment

anything that feeds or helps to make grow

graphics

anything written, drawn, or printed

investigate

appraise, ascertain, assay, descry, peruse

advisable

appropriate to do; sensible

permission

approval to do something

district

area

formidable

arousing fear or awe

codify

arrange and set down in writing

classify

arrange or order by classes or categories

chronological

arranged in order of time

choreograph

art of representing dances in written symbols; arrangement of dances

gymnasium

athletic facility equipped for sports or physical training

assail

attack, assault

bold

audacious, courageous, dauntless

reign

authority; rule

moderate

average

clumsy

awkward

infant

baby

hind

back

vibration

back and forth motion

poster

back part

spectrum

band of color, broad range of related ideas or objects

syntactic

based on grammar

subjective

based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions

anecdotal

based on personal accounts rather than facts or research

elementary

basic

rudimentary

basic; elementary; in the earliest stages of development

fundamental

basic; primary; essential

epitomize

be a perfect example of

denote

be a sign of; indicate

teem

be full of or swarming with

obstruct

be in the way of; hinder; impede; block

prior

before

prehistoric

before written history

sprout

begin to grow; give off shoots or buds; N: new growth on a plant; shoot

genesis

beginning; origin

aggression

behavior whose purpose is to harm another

venturesome

being bold and taking risks

ordinal

being of a specified position or order in a numbered series

aboriginal

being the first of its kind in a region; primitive; native

intrinsic

belonging to a thing by its very nature

subliminal

below the level of consciousness

pliant

bending readily; easily influenced

interstellar

between or among stars

beak

bird's mouth

gnaw

bite or chew on with the teeth

chew

biting and grinding food in your mouth so it becomes soft enough to swallow

reproach

blame

vascular

blood vessels

skeletal

bones

bilateral

both sides

defecate

bowel movement

pendant

branched lighting fixture; often ornate; hangs from the ceiling

motto

brief statement used to express a principle

vivid

bright, distinct, and clear

luminosity

brightness

fracture

broken bone

thereby

by that means or because of that

whereby

by which

placid

calm, peaceful

ductile

can be drawn into wires

tangible

can be touched

applicable

capable of being applied

flexible

capable of bending without breaking

noticeable

capable or worthy of drawing attention

cautious

careful

gin

careful

economical

careful about spending money or using resources

consideration

careful thought

deliverate

carefully thought out; not hasty

jeans

casual pants made of denim, usually blue or black

fatal

causing death

dismal

causing gloom or misery

biochemical

cemented shells of organisms

focal

central

ritual

ceremony

definite

certain

motion

change in position

obedience

changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure

distinctive

characteristic

overcharge

charge too much

engaging

charming; attractive

fraudulent

cheating; deceitful

bosom

chest

chubby

chunky, fat, overweight, pudgy, tubby

urban

city

distinct

clearly different; clearly noticed

shrewd

clever

handy

clever in using the hands

ingenious

clever; resourceful

clench

close tightly; grasp

realistic

closely resembling real life

laundry

clothes that need washing or are being washed

garb

clothing

hint

clue

incoming

coming in or arriving

overdue

coming later than expected or needed

rivalry

competition

perfect

complete

ambient

completely surrounding

sophisticated

complex or intricate

vegetative

composed of vegetation or plants

holistic

concerned with the whole

gourmet

connoisseur of food and drink

documentary

consisting of official pieces of written, printed, or other matter.

bony

consisting of or resembling bone

insistence

continual and persistent demands

survive

continue to live

abiding

continuing, lasting

ongoing

continuously moving forward

belie

contradict; give a false impression

brass

copper and zinc

maize

corn

rural

countryside

overwhelm

cover over completely; overpower; overthrow; crush

furry

covered with a dense coat of fine silky hairs

skull

cranial

collision

crash

weave

create a piece of cloth by interlacing strands of fabric, such as wool or cotton

contemporary

current, modern; from the same time

convex

curved outward

moist

damp

orchestra

dancing place

band

dark band

gloomy

darkness, sadness, rejection

lethal

deadly

artifice

deception; trickery

verdict

decision

annul

declare invalid

translation

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

lessen

decrease

explicit

definite, clearly stated

extent

degree or scope

vicious

deliberately cruel or violent

delectable

delicious

bureau

department

smother

deprive of oxygen and prevent from breathing

derivation

deriving; origin or source of something

characterize

describe the distinctive nature or features of

culpable

deserving blame

appetite

desire for food

curiosity

desire to learn or know

nevertheless

despite anything to the contrary

disparate

different

illegible

difficult or impossible to read

abstract

difficult to understand

downside

disadvantage

drawback

disadvantage

calamitous

disastrous, catastrophic

debate

discuss the pros and cons of an issue

negotiation

discussion aimed at reaching an agreement

camouflage

disguise

scatter

disperse

discount

disregard

interval

distance between two pitches

differential

distinctive

subdivide

divide into smaller parts

sedentary

doing or requiring a lot of sitting

underground

done in secret

expeditious

done with speed and efficiency

bolt

door bar; fastening pin or screw; length of fabric; large roll of cloth; V: dash or dart off; fasten (a door); gobble down

scruple

doubt or uneasiness as to what is right or proper

generalize

draw from specific cases for more general cases

nectar

drink of the gods; sweet liquid collected by bees

pathological

due to disease

monotonous

dull, tedious, and repetitious; lacking in variety and interest.

meantime

during this time

zealous

eager, earnest, devoted

volatile

easily aroused or changeable; lively or explosive

pliable

easily bent, flexible; easily influenced

irritable

easily irritated or annoyed

legible

easily read

devour

eat greedily

oval

egg-shaped

chagrin

embarrassment

blast

embryonic cell

deserted

empty

hollow

empty inside

lasting

enduring

kinetic

energy of motion

vivify

enliven or animate

astronomical

enormously large or extensive

adequate

enough, sufficient

undertake

enter into an activity

asthma

episodes of breathing difficulty due to narrowed or obstructed airways

integral

essential

vital

essential

quarterly

every three months

proof

evidence

corrupt

evil; dishonest; to break away from honesty

scrupulous

exact, careful

precise

exact; accurate

identical

exactly the same

tyrannical

exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way

prevailing

existing at a particular time; current.

innate

existing from birth, inborn

traditional

existing in or as part of a tradition; long-established.

reservation

explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier

extrapolate

extend; predict on the basis of known data

smelting

extract (metal) from its ore by a process involving heating and melting.

crucial

extremely important

harsh

extremely unkind or cruel

orbital

eye area

linen

fabric woven from fibers of the flax plant

swoon

faint, lose consciousness

loyal

faithful to one's country, a person, or an idea

fidelity

faithfulness; loyalty

counterfeit

fake; false

notorious

famous for something bad

livestock

farm animals

outermost

farthest away, farthest, most remote

supersonic

faster than the speed of sound

defect

fault

advantageous

favorable, useful

auspicious

favorable; fortunate

handful

few, smattering

thread

filament

inherent

firmly established by nature or habit

prime

first in rank, excellence, quality, importance, or time

premier

first in time or importance

rayon

first manufactured fiber

apartment

flat

blade

flat part of leaf

sauce

flavorful relish or dressing or topping served as an accompaniment to food

flu

flow

subsequent

following

consecutive

following in order

dairy

food made from milk

exotic

foreign, unfamiliar

forefront

foremost place or part

precursor

forerunner; predecessor

valid

founded on fact or evidence

disinterested

free of bias or self-interest; impartial

buddy

friend

harmonious

friendly; amicable

henceforth

from now on

porous

full of tiny holes

ripe

fully developed or matured and ready to be eaten or used

groove

furrow

oxygen

gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

aggregate

gather; accumulate

hospitable

generous and friendly to guests or visitors

soak

get very wet

yield

give or supply

disarm

give up all weapons

militant

given to fighting; active and aggressive in support of a cause

descriptive

giving details about

target

goal

transcendent

going beyond the limits of ordinary experience

tangent

going off the main subject

heyday

golden age; prime

gospel

good news

freight

goods carried by a large vehicle

merchandise

goods that a business purchases to sell

clutch

group of eggs

choir

group of people who sing together (esp. during religious services); place for choir

troupe

group of performers

flock

group of sheep

hemisphere

half of a sphere

wield

handle effectively

instantaneous

happening immediately

gradual

happening over a period of time

recurring

happening over and over

regular

happening, coming or done repeatedly at times or places which are the same distance apart

premature

happening, done, arriving, or existing before the proper time

hoof

hard covering of the digit in ungulates

incredible

hard or impossible to believe

arduous

hard to do, requiring much effort

elusive

hard to grasp

complicated

hard to understand or deal with

ivory

hard white material made from elephant tusks

injurious

harmful

consonant

harmonious agreement

educated

has a great deal of knowledge

concentric

having a common center

pernicious

having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way

polar

having a pair of equal and opposite charges

steep

having a sharp inclination

slick

having a smooth, gleaming surface

impressive

having a strong effect, commanding attention

pretension

having an attitude of dignity or importance

desperate

having an urgent need or desire

sweeping

having broad range or effect

virtuous

having excellent morals; righteous

superstitious

having faith in magic or chance

despise

having more than one spouse at a time

influential

having or exercising influence or power

charismatic

having or exhibiting a special magnetic charm or appeal

odorous

having or giving off a smell

well-heeled

having plenty of money

resistant

having the ability to fight against

spiny

having thorns

hereditary

having title or possession by reason of birth

literary

having to do with letters or literature

financial

having to do with money

pictorial

having to do with pictures; expressed in pictures

semantic

having to do with the meaning of words or language

celestial

having to do with the sky or heavens

meteorological

having to do with weather

toed

having toes

haircut

having your hair cut/styled

altitude

height above sea level

assistant

helper

ultraviolet

high-frequency light waves beyond the violet frequency

bump

hit or knock against with force

cavity

hole

vacation

holiday

sacred

holy

quality

how good or bad something is

modest

humble

ailment

illness

conceivable

imaginable

unbridgeable

impossible to cross

impenetrable

impossible to pass through or enter

endangered

in danger of becoming extinct

overall

in general

nonetheless

in spite of that

passive

inactive

partial

incomplete

upsurge

increase, rise

extension

increases the angle of a joint

contagious

infectious

acronym

initials-name

sprain

injury to a ligament

crazy

insane

internal

inside

encourage

inspire with confidence

awesome

inspiring terror, weird

immediate

instant

cerebral

intellectual

subversive

intended to undermine or overthrow

through

into one side and out of the other side

innovative

introducing something new

sponge

invertebrate that filter feeds as water flows through lots of pores in its body

ideomotor

involuntary action

asymmetrical

irregular shape

evaluate

judge

acumen

keen insight

confine

keep within limits; restrict; limit

benign

kind and gentle

pharaoh

king of ancient Egypt

theoretical

lacking application or practical application

awkward

lacking grace or skill in manner or movement or performance

impersonal

lacking human emotion or warmth

inert

lacking the ability or strength to move

extensive

large amount

collective

large farm owned and operated by peasants as a group

kingdom

large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla

substantial

large, important; major, significant

domain

larger, more inclusive taxonomic category than a kingdom

ephemeral

lasting a very short time

momentary

lasting for only an instant

sloth

laziness; avoiding work or effort

idle

lazy

conduct

lead; guide; escort

chief

leader

heritage

legacy or tradition

liable

legally responsible

prolong

lengthen in time

recline

lie down; stretch out; lean back

brighten

lighten; cheer; encourage; make or become bright or brighter

picturesque

like a picture; pleasing or charming to look at

stellar

like a star; most important

imperial

like an emperor or an empire

fiery

like or suggestive of fire

popular

liked by most people

addictive

likely to cause addiction

promising

likely to develop positively

lava

liquid magma that reaches the surface

vibrant

lively; full of vitality

cohabitation

living together; coexistence

desolate

lonely; forlorn; uninhabited; barren

banner

long strip of cloth for decoration or advertising

admire

look up to

racket

loud noise

ceramic

made of clay and hardened by heat

metallic

made of metal

mania

madness

glorious

magnificent, splendid

publicize

make (something) widely known

remind

make a person remember something

tarnish

make dirty or spotty, as by exposure to air

draw

make pictures; design with a pen, chalk

overhaul

make repairs or adjustments to

seal

make tight; stamp

refreshing

making you feel less hot or tired

gender

male or female

jaw

mandible

productive

marked by great fruitfulness

chivalrous

marked by honor, courtesy, and courage

haphazard

marked by lack of plan, order, or direction

sneaky

marked by quiet and caution and secrecy

monogamy

marriage to a single mate

material

material

fabric

material, or cloth, made from yarn

stuff

materials, supplies, or equipment

medium

matter through which a wave travels

ripen

mature

monument

means of reminding us of a person or event

gauge

measure

delirium

mental disorder marked by confusion

faculty

mental or bodily powers; teaching staff

measure

meter

imitate

mimic

care

mind; be concerned about

quartz

mineral

combination

mixture

restraint

moderation or self-control; controlling force; restriction

humble

modest

magma

molten rock

dominant

most important, powerful, or influential.

oral

mouth

swing

move forwards and backwards or in a curve; cause to turn in a curve

swarm

move in large numbers

waggle

move or cause to move with short quick movements from side to side or up and down

muscle

movement

nimble

moving quickly and lightly

reciprocal

mutual

reciprocity

mutual exchange

sulfur

n abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in volcanic regions)

spheroid

n. A body having nearly the form of a sphere.

bonanza

n. A source of great wealth; something that brings great riches.

contender

n. One who exerts oneself in opposition or rivalry.

contributor

n. One who gives or furnishes, in common with others, for a common purpose.

yelp

n. a sharp cry expressing pain

insect

n. a very small creature, usually with many legs and sometimes with wings

subsidiary

n. one that serves or is secondary to another

indigenous

native to a certain area

adjacent

near, next to, adjoining

indispensable

necessary

demanding

needing a lot of your time, attention, or effort

urgent

needing quick action or attention

distress

negative stress

perpetual

never ending or changing

incessant

never stopping, going on all the time

moth

night butterfly

bald

no hair

untapped

not being used

vague

not clear

invalid

not good enough; not correct

frivolous

not having any serious purpose or value

deficient

not having enough; lacking

infirm

not in good health; not well

inactive

not in use; idle; not active

immature

not mature; not fully grown or developed; young; childish

inconspicuous

not noticeable

temporary

not permanent

barren

not productive, bare

amateur

not professional

stagnant

not running or flowing

irreverent

not showing proper respect

average

not special or unusual; ordinary

exempt

not subject to a duty or obligation; free from a duty; V.

tame

not wild

hinterland

noun a remote and undeveloped area

figure

number

coefficient

number in front of a variable

statistic

numerical summary of a sample

rob

oak, strength

bound

obligated

conspicuous

obvious to the eye or mind

sporadic

occurring irregularly

emerald

of a rich green color

priority

of great importance

aristocratic

of noble birth; snobbish

corporate

of or belonging to a unified group of people

degenerative

of or causing a decline in quality or strength

hydrothermal

of or related to hot water

congressional

of or relating to congress

cardiac

of or relating to the heart

marine

of or relating to the sea

juridical

of the law and its administration

filial

of, relating to, or befitting a son or daughter

Babylonian

of, relating to, or characteristic of Babylonia, an ancient country of southern Mesopotamia.

molecular

of, relating to, or consisting of molecules.

sacrificial

of, relating to, or constituting a sacrifice.

organic

of, relating to, or derived from living matter.

rank

offensive in odor or flavor

obscene

offensive to accepted standards of decency or modesty

maritime

on or near the sea

peripheral

on the edge, not important

punctual

on time; prompt

alternative

one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen

tile

one of the flat, square pieces that are used for covering roofs, floors, or walls

continent

one of the large landmasses of the earth

exponent

one who champions or advocates

opponent

one who goes against; rival

companion

one who spends time with or does things with another

receptive

open and responsive to ideas or suggestions

liberal

open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values.

defiant

openly or boldly resisting authority

chance

opportunity

contrary

opposite

converse

opposite

counter

opposite

obsolete

out-of-date, no longer in use

cortex

outer region of an organ

sensational

outstanding

elliptical

oval; missing a word or words; obscure

exaggerate

overstate

sore

painful

brochure

pamphlet

fragment

part broken off

specific

particular and exact

respective

particular; belonging each to each

spaghetti

pasta in the form of long strings

compensation

payment

enactment

performance

epoch

period of time

consent

permission to do something

forerunner

person or thing that came before

barber

person whose business is cutting hair and shaving or trimming beards

convince

persuade or show conclusively by argument or proof

eloquent

persuasive and moving, especially in speech

viral

pertaining to a virus

linguistic

pertaining to language

muscular

pertaining to muscles

floral

pertaining to or consisting of flowers

allergic

pertaining to or suffering from an allergy

facial

pertaining to the face

optic

pertaining to vision

stack

pile

unadorned

plain, not decorated

accounting

planning, recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial information

vegetation

plant life

bud

plant structure containing undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves

wagon

platform on wheels

attractive

pleasing to the eye or mind

braid

plexus

depredation

plundering; destruction

venom

poison, spite, malice

geometric

political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc

glorify

praise or honor

prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

ageism

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age

latent

present, but not active; hidden

closet

private room

recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

trumpet

proclaim, announce, broadcast, declare

lucrative

producing a great deal of profit

ware

product

evidence

proof

decent

proper

insurance

protection against financial loss

defense

protection from harm

tow

pull

tug

pull

uproot

pull up by the roots; remove completely; eradicate; annihilate

wrench

pull; strain; twist

intent

purpose

employ

put into service

superimpose

put on top of or over; attach as an addition

eligible

qualified to be chosen

scarce

rare

gem

rare, valuable mineral that can be cut and polished

available

ready for use, at hand

aggressive

ready to attack or start fights; acting in a hostile way

deductive

reasoning from general to specific

reconstruction

rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

recollection

recall of the context in which a certain stimulus was encountered

inherit

receive from one's ancestors

relieve

reduce, ease, alleviate, assuage

reject

refuse to accept

mercantile

related to commerce or trade

classical

related to the culture of ancient Greece and Rome

tribal

relating to a group of people of the same race, and with the same customs

seismic

relating to earthquakes

genetic

relating to genes or heredity

thermal

relating to heat

monetary

relating to money or currency

schematic

relating to or in the form of an outline or diagram

environmental

relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition.

auditory

relating to the sense of hearing

olfactory

relating to the sense of smell

sensual

relating to the senses, gratifying the physical (sexual) senses

vocal

relating to the voice

comparative

relative

rekindle

relight; revive

hesitant

reluctant

recess

remote part or corner

sanitation

removal of waste products

correspondent

reporter who sends news from outside a newspaper office

propagate

reproduce

mandatory

required, obligatory

prerequisite

requirement

drag

resistance by friction from air or water moving over a surface

breathing

respiration

generalization

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

checked

restrained

affluent

rich, wealthy

jewelry

rings, necklaces or bracelets etc, that we wear for decoration

fluctuation

rise and fall, continual variation

coarse

rough in texture

garbage

rubbish

hearsay

rumor, gossip

break

rupt

hurry

rush

despondent

sad, without hope, discouraged

sake

salmon

ironic

satiric; unexpected

consult

seek information from

autonomous

self-governing; independent

complacence

self-satisfaction

reasonable

sensible

solemn

serious; grave

conclusive

serving to settle an issue; final

sew

sewed, sewn

wedge-shaped

shape of cuneiform, due to the triangular shape of the stylus

dazzling

shining intensely

twinkling

shining intermittently with a sparkling light

myopic

short-sighted

exhibit

show, display

considerate

showing concern for the needs or feelings of others

ruthless

showing no mercy; pitiless

flamboyant

showy

wan

sickly pale

alike

similar

comparable

similar

idyllic

simple and pleasant

semester

six-month academic term

diplomatic

skilled in dealing with sensitive matters or people

trance

sleeplike state

dragonfly

slender-bodied non-stinging insect having iridescent wings that are outspread at rest; adults and nymphs feed on mosquitoes etc.

reddish

slightly red

ponderous

slow and clumsy because of great weight

sluggish

slow and lazy

cascade

small waterfall

slight

small, not very important, slender or delicate (adj); treat as though not very important; snub, ignore (verb); an act of treating in this way, a discourtesy (noun)

minor

smaller

capillary

smallest blood vessel

stereo

solid; three dimensions

outlaw

someone who has committed (or been legally convicted of) a crime

resident

someone who lives in a particular place

postulate

something accepted as true without proof; an axiom

adjunct

something added, attached, or joined

recreation

something done for fun, a hobby or game

undertaking

something someone decides to do or start

catalyst

something that brings about a change in something else

vehicle

something that carries

disaster

something that causes great damage or harm

derivative

something that comes from another source

complement

something that completes or makes up a whole

factor

something that contributes to a result

obstacle

something that gets in the way

amenity

something that increases comfort

formation

something that is made or formed

balm

soothing, healing influence

insult

speak to or treat with disrespect or scornful abuse

outspoken

speaking out freely or boldly; frank; vocal; not reserved

given

specified or stated

tempo

speed of music

extravagant

spending, costing, or using more than is required

spun

spin

twine

spin or twist together so as to form a cord

morale

spirit

smear

spread or cover with a sticky substance; N: mark made by smearing

skip

spring, jump, leap

withstand

stand up against; resist

criteria

standards by which something is judged

stationary

standing still; not moving

sheer

steep

trample

step heavily with the feet; crush under the feet

grimly

sternly; without humor

cohere

stick together

rigid

stiff

pause

stopping

vertical

straight up and down

peculiar

strange or odd; unusual

notable

striking, remarkable

backhand

stroke made on the non-racket side of the body

tough

strong

sturdy

strong and firm (in the body)

pyramid

structure with triangular sides

mechanics

study of motion

botany

study of plants

multiplicative

subject to or of the nature of multiplication.

minus

subtraction

explosive

sudden and loud

dramatic

sudden and striking

abrupt

sudden and unexpected

nominate

suggest someone's name for office

arable

suitable for growing crops

adobe

sun-dried brick

startling

surprising

vicinity

surrounding area

token

symbol

withdraw

take back; remove

babble

talk rapidly and continuously in a foolish, excited, or incomprehensible way

faucet

tap

terminology

technical vocabulary

dent

teeth

tantalizing

tempting

grasshopper

terrestrial plant-eating insect with hind legs adapted for leaping

dinosaur

terrible lizard

orchid

testis, testicle

resilience

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats

capability

the ability to do something

flexibility

the ability to move a body part through a full range of motion

locomotion

the ability to move from place to place

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

literacy

the ability to read and write

agency

the ability to think, act, and make choices independently

congratulation

the act of acknowledging that someone has an occasion for celebration

excavation

the act of digging

rental

the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car)

splash

the act of scattering water about haphazardly

comparison

the act or instance of comparing.

disposal

the act or means of getting rid of something

revival

the act or process of bringing back to life

repetition

the action of repeating something that has already been said or written.

output

the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry

quotient

the answer to a division problem

pedagogy

the art of teaching

rear

the back part of something

bulb

the base of a hair follicle and its surrounding dermal root sheath, containing the papilla of the hair and matrix

infrastructure

the basic framework of a building or a system

utility

the capacity to be useful and provide satisfaction

evaporate

the change from a liquid to a gas

postage

the charge for mailing something

captivity

the condition of being imprisoned or confined

electrolysis

the decomposition of a substance by an electric current

readability

the difficulty level of written materials

diameter

the distance across a circle through its center

politics

the effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government

pole

the end of a magnet

existence

the fact or state of living or having objective reality

empress

the female ruler of an empire

aviation

the flying or operating of aircraft

façade

the front of a building

vapor

the gas state of a substance that is normally a solid or a liquid at room temperature

externality

the impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander

confusion

the inability to think clearly

mantle

the layer of the earth between the crust and the core

minimal

the least possible

audience

the listener, viewer, or reader of a text

position

the location of an object

texture

the look and feel of a rock's surface

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

dispersal

the movement of organisms from one place to another

transportation

the moving of goods or people from one place to another

congress

the national legislative body of a country.

presidency

the office and function of president

census

the official count of a population

introduction

the opening section of a speech

sequence

the order in which things happen or should happen

prose

the ordinary form of written language

exterior

the outer side or surface of something

periphery

the outermost part or boundary

subconscious

the part of the mind's function of which you are not aware

station

the place or position where a person or thing stands or is assigned to stand; a post

studio

the place where an artist works

ability

the power or skill to do something

cannibalism

the practice of eating the flesh of one's own species.

conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

dignity

the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect

repertoire

the range of pieces an artist is prepared to perform

coordinate

the real number that corresponds to a point

relevance

the relation of something to the matter at hand

scale

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

consequence

the result of an action

authority

the right to use power

behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

pathology

the scientific study of disease

latter

the second of two or the second mentioned of two

hormone

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect

block

the section of a street between two other streets

prostitution

the selling of sexual services

flank

the side or edge of a military formation

creep

the slow downhill movement of weathered rock material

minimum

the smallest possible amount

function

the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part

racing

the sport of engaging in contests of speed

poverty

the state of being poor

kinship

the state of being related to others

permanence

the state or quality of lasting or remaining unchanged indefinitely.

coupon

the stated interest payment made on a bond

genetics

the study of heredity

semiotics

the study of signs

meteorology

the study of weather

economic

the system in a country that involves making, buying, and selling goods

mail

the system used for sending letters and packages from one person to another

march

the third month of the year

radiation

the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves

antecedent

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers

ordinate

the y-coordinate of an ordered pair

fibrous

threadlike

sculpture

three dimensional work of art, statue

triple

threefold; consisting of three parts

hurl

throw forcefully; shout out violently

frustrate

thwart; defeat; prevent from accomplishing a purpose

overtime

time worked beyond the regular hours

drowsy

tired or sleepy

somewhat

to a small degree or extent

forsake

to abandon, to give up, to renounce

assimilate

to absorb fully; to adopt as one's own; to adapt fully

adjust

to adapt

diversify

to add variety to

modulate

to adjust or adapt to a certain level or proportion; to regulate

accede

to agree

overgraze

to allow livestock to strip areas so bare that plants cannot grow back

glaze

to apply a liquid that forms a glossy coating

brush

to apply sauce, melted fat, or other liquid with a basting or pastry brush

dispute

to argue

inquire

to ask for information

interrogate

to ask questions, examine by questioning

allege

to assert without proof or confirmation

ascribe

to assign or refer to

ambush

to attack from a place of hiding

evade

to avoid

eschew

to avoid, shun, keep away from

afford

to be able to pay for

drift

to be carried away by water or air

predominate

to be greatest in number or importance

preside

to be in charge

govern

to be in charge of; to control or rule

linger

to be slow in leaving or going away

prosper

to be successful

lack

to be without

deserve

to be worthy of

entreat

to beg, implore, ask earnestly

germinate

to begin to grow, come into being

subscribe

to believe in; to feel approval or agreement

credit

to believe that someone will do something

snap

to bite quickly

reflect

to bounce back

decompose

to break down

degenerate

to break down; to deteriorate

shatter

to break into pieces suddenly

interrupt

to break into someone's conversation

violate

to break, as a law or a promise

spark

to bring about

spawn

to bring forth; to produce a large number

regenerate

to bring into existence again

terminate

to bring to an end

subdue

to bring under control

reference

to bring up; to mention

scorch

to burn slightly

redeem

to buy back, make amends

purchase

to buy something

evoke

to call forth

cancel

to call off or do away with

convene

to call together

summon

to call together, to send for or to request to appear

revoke

to cancel

import

to carry into the country

execute

to carry out

commit

to carry out or do

sculpt

to carve

trigger

to cause an action that causes a greater reaction

pique

to cause resentment; to provoke

perpetuate

to cause to continue

amend

to change for the better

reform

to change for the better

convert

to change from one form to another

transform

to change in form or appearance

indict

to charge with a crime; accuse

pursue

to chase

pursuit

to chase

swindle

to cheat out of money or property

categorize

to classify

glean

to collect bit by bit; to gather with patient labor

emanate

to come forth; to send forth

tangle

to come into conflict; to fight or argue

converge

to come together

collide

to come together with great force

formulate

to come up with; devise

grouse

to complain

squeeze

to compress with violence, out of natural shape or condition

focus

to concentrate

denounce

to condemn

validate

to confirm, support, corroborate

overcome

to conquer

persist

to continue

regulate

to control

suborn

to convince someone to lie or commit a crime

proper

to correct

revise

to correct or improve

wrap

to cover (something) by winding or folding a piece of material around it

encrust

to cover with a layer of something

quadruple

to create four times as much or as many of something

traverse

to cross

huddle

to crowd together

crumple

to crush together or press into wrinkles

slice

to cut into thin, flat pieces

bisect

to cut into two pieces

shred

to cut or break into thin pieces

handle

to deal with

determine

to decide

devote

to dedicate

exact

to demand of/from

rely

to depend on

portray

to depict

dismay

to destroy courage or resolution; to cause to lose enthusiasm, to disillusion

compute

to determine by mathematics

detect

to discover something not easily noticed

mechanize

to do by machine

transact

to do or carry on business

smoothly

to do something easily with no trouble

accomplish

to do, make happen, succeed in, carry through

diagram

to draw a detailed picture of; to map out

elicit

to draw forth

percolate

to drip through a small opening or to filter a liquid

pulse

to drive

flag

to droop; grow weak

encase

to enclose

surround

to enclose on all sides

desegregate

to end segregation

invade

to enter by force in order to take over

institute

to establish, set up; organization that promotes learning

scan

to examine closely

scrutinize

to examine closely

coexist

to exist at the same time or in the same place

define

to explain the exact meaning of a particular word or idea

erupt

to explode; to break out with force

crow

to express great satisfaction or pride, especially about one's own success

lament

to express sorrow; to grieve

default

to fail to act

collapse

to fall down suddenly

spellbind

to fascinate

sense

to feel

annoyed

to feel bothered or irritated

combat

to fight

acquit

to find not guilty of a fault or crime

ascertain

to find out

locate

to find something

track

to follow

compel

to force someone to do something

divine

to foretell or know by inspiration

interfere

to get in between two people when it is not your problem or issue

prepare

to get ready

dispose

to get rid of

eliminate

to get rid of

familiarize

to get to know, to acquaint, to get accustomed to

harbor

to give shelter or refuge

forfeit

to give up

resign

to give up a job, an office, or a right or claim

surpass

to go beyond

proceed

to go forward

review

to go over

accompany

to go with

surmise

to guess

bequeath

to hand down, to give or to leave in a will

abhor

to hate

possess

to have or to own

assistance

to help

dissimulate

to hide or disguise one's true thoughts, feelings, or intentions

stem

to hold back or limit the flow or growth of something

cling

to hold on tightly to somebody/something

retain

to hold or keep

grovel

to humble oneself in a demeaning way

stalk

to hunt, pursue

haste

to hurry

diagnose

to identify a disease through symptoms

overlook

to ignore

mimic

to imitate

enrich

to improve the quality of something

encompass

to include

entail

to include as a necessary step

multiply

to increase in number

inaugurate

to install in office with a formal ceremony

enlist

to join the armed forces

hop

to jump

warrant

to justify or deserve

maintain

to keep

ooze

to leak out slowly

memorize

to learn by heart

omit

to leave out; to not send

raise

to lift up

illuminate

to light up

heed

to listen to

speculate

to look at and think about something from different points of view

inspect

to look at carefully

uphold

to maintain or support in the face of possible opposition

embarrass

to make (someone) feel confused and foolish in front of other people

duplicate

to make an identical copy or double of something; to repeat

improve

to make better

illustrate

to make clear by examples or pictures

swallow

to make food or drink go down your throat and towards your stomach

impair

to make imperfect, damage, harm

reveal

to make known

magnify

to make larger

enact

to make legal or official

lengthen

to make longer

stimulate

to make more active

reproduce

to make more of the same kind

liquefy

to make or become liquid

legislate

to make or enact laws

enforce

to make people obey a rule or law

trivialize

to make seem unimportant, to present as trivial

enslave

to make someone a slave

deceive

to make someone believe something that is not true

realization

to make something real

spin

to make thread by twisting together cotton, wool, etc.

utilize

to make use of

aggravate

to make worse

rejuvenate

to make young again

thaw

to melt

groan

to moan

temper

to moderate; soften

qualify

to modify or restrict

circulate

to move around

retreat

to move away from the enemy

shuttle

to move back and forth often between two places

migrate

to move from one place to another

immigrate

to move permanently to a new country

settle

to move to and set up a new place to live

flap

to move up and down

assassinate

to murder for political reasons

require

to need something

synchronize

to occur at the same time; simultaneous

tender

to offer formally

patent

to open

rally

to organize or inspire

besiege

to overwhelm; to surround and attack

pack

to pack

infiltrate

to pass through or gain entrance

dot

to place small pieces of butter or another food over the surface of a food

deploy

to position or arrange

extol

to praise highly

prosecute

to press charges against

bloom

to produce flowers

guarantee

to promise

advertise

to promote goods or services

enunciate

to pronounce clearly

endow

to provide with a quality, a thing, or a gift of money

prize

to pry, press or force with a lever

attract

to pull into something; to pull into oneself

lace

to pull or hold together using a cord or string

repel

to push away

exert

to put forth or bring to bear

implement

to put into effect

verbalize

to put into words

postpone

to put off until later

extinguish

to put out, as a fire or a light

quench

to put out, extinguish, end

compare

to put things together to see how they are the same

remodel

to reconstruct

foreshorten

to reduce the length of; curtail or abridge

spurn

to refuse with scorn, disdain

alleviate

to relieve

depend

to rely on

strip

to remove

drain

to remove liquid from a food product

renovate

to repair, restore to good condition, make new again

proliferate

to reproduce, increase, or spread rapidly

buck

to resist

float

to rest on top of a liquid

paraphrase

to restate in other words

betray

to reveal or make known something, usually unintentionally

transcend

to rise above

scurry

to run quickly, scamper, hurry

surge

to rush suddenly

reiterate

to say again, repeat

blame

to say or think that a person or thing is responsible for something bad that has happened

apologize

to say sorry

accuse

to say that someone has done something wrong

deny

to say that something is not true

disseminate

to scatter or spread widely

disperse

to scatter, spread far and wide

scrape

to scratch

discern

to see clearly, recognize

canvass

to seek votes or opinions; to conduct a survey

radiate

to send out rays; to beam or shine

emit

to send out; to give forth, as in sound or light

admit

to send someone in; to allow someone to enter

isolate

to separate from others

exemplify

to serve as an example of

reschedule

to set a new time for something

liberate

to set free

ignite

to set on fire, cause to burn; to heat up, excite

establish

to set up

compromise

to settle differences

rattle

to shake and make a noise

stun

to shock; to daze

demonstrate

to show clearly

dote

to show excessive fondness for

relate

to show how things are alike or connected

manipulate

to skillfully operate by hand

slumber

to sleep

lapse

to slide, fall, sag

hinder

to slow or impede the progress of

contradict

to speak against; to say the opposite

preach

to speak puplicly in church; to deliver a sermon, to give a lecture

exclaim

to speak suddenly and with strong feeling

address

to speak to

overlap

to speak when someone else is speaking

spew

to spit out

ruin

to spoil or destroy something completely

patronize

to sponsor or support; to be kind or helpful in a snobbish way, as if dealing with an inferior

diffuse

to spread or scatter freely or widely

bounce

to spring back after hitting something

navigate

to steer or direct a ship or airplane

quit

to stop

suppress

to stop by force, put down

fortify

to strengthen, build up

imply

to suggest

propose

to suggest

irrigate

to supply water to

endorse

to support

adventure

to take a chance or risk; to dare

exploit

to take advantage of

deprive

to take away

detract

to take away

deduct

to take away; subtract

grab

to take hold of something or someone suddenly

adopt

to take into your family

perform

to take part in a public show

expropriate

to take possession of

replace

to take the place of

domesticate

to tame; to bring plants or animals under human control

flavor

to taste

sap

to taste

distinguish

to tell apart; to cause to stand out

recount

to tell in detail

chronical

to tell or write the history of

ponder

to think about

muse

to think about in a dreamy way, ponder

flourish

to thrive, to grow well

eject

to throw out

strive

to try hard

lobby

to try to persuade

avert

to turn away

distort

to twist out of shape

perceive

to understand, know, become aware of

recycle

to use again

exhaust

to use up; to drain

substantiate

to verify, confirm

rouse

to wake or provoke

leach

to wash nutrients out of the soil

rinse

to wash something in clean water

atrophy

to waste away

erode

to wear away gradually, eat away

scourge

to whip, punish severely

operate

to work

resist

to work or fight against

concern

to worry

bundle

to wrap something in many layers

graph

to write

script

to write

refrigerate

to ~ something means to make it cold.

tedious

too long, slow, or dull: tiresome or monotonous.

shovel

tool used for digging

twist

tort

tickle

touch (the body) lightly so as to cause laughter; please

dorsal

toward the back

conservative

traditional

discipline

training to improve strength or self-control

recessive

trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait

delta

triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers

reliance

trust, confidence, dependence

melody

tune

vaporize

turn into vapor

invert

turn upside down

molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

term

two-year period of time during which Congress meets

inaccessible

unable to be reached

captive

unable to escape or get away

insolvent

unable to pay debts owed

objective

unbiased; not subjective

immutable

unchangeable

discrete

unconnected; separate; distinct

raw

uncooked

submarine

underwater

rumor

unfounded information spread among people

hostile

unfriendly

negligible

unimportant; insignificant

far-fetched

unlikely to happen

distasteful

unpleasant, disagreeable

erratic

unpredictable

illusory

unreal or imagined; deceiving

dogged

unrelenting; persistent

rampant

unrestrained

reluctant

unwilling

loath

unwilling, reluctant

aloft

upward; high up in the air

soybean

used in making flour and oil and as a food

meaningful

useful, serious, or important

haunt

v. 1. to stay in one's mind continually; 2. to visit frequently; 3. to appear in the form of a ghost.

fascinate

v. To attract; to strongly hold the interest of.

resent

v. To be indignant at, as an injury or insult.

explode

v. To cause to burst in pieces by force from within.

congest

v. To collect into a mass.

outlive

v. To continue to exist after.

donate

v. To give to those in need, often through an organization.

enroll

v. To sign up to become a member of some group or activity; to register.

fumigate

v. To subject to the action of smoke or fumes, especially for disinfection.

burrow

v. to dig a hole or tunnel into or under something

mock

v. to make fun of

blur

v. to make something difficult to see

attach

v. to tie together; to connect

steer

v.驾驶，为...操舵；引导 n.食用公牛

commodity

valuable product

worth

value

assortment

variety

media

various methods for communicating information

automobile

vehicle capable of moving on its own

furious

very angry

magnificent

very beautiful and impressive

packed

very crowded

opposite

very different from

ardent

very enthusiastic, impassioned

turbulent

very excited or upset

intimate

very familiar

extreme

very great in degree

momentous

very important

fascinating

very interesting

tremendous

very large or great

ancient

very old; of a long time ago

microwave

very short electromagnetic wave

cramped

very small and tightly packed

minute

very small; tiny

fierce

very strong or violent

extraordinary

very unusual; remarkable

precious

very valuable

mural

wall painting

cordial

warm and friendly

alert

watchful; wide awake

vigilance

watchfulness

continuity

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

dimensional

well-rounded

construction

what is built; buildings that are created or produced

remains

what is left

date

when the document is written (includes the day, month, and year written)

pigeon

wild and domesticated birds having a heavy body and short legs

generous

willing to give and share unstintingly

patient

willing to wait without complaining

generic

without a trademark; general

reckless

without responsibility; careless

diction

word choice

verbiage

wordiness

part-time

working less than full-time

trauma

wound or injury

textile

woven cloth

rug

wrinkle, fold, crease

compose

write or create

zinc

zinc

sensible

明智的; 理智的; 合理的

alga

海藻

gull

海鸥

pronounced

(adj) distinct, strong, clearly indicated

relevant

(adj.) connected with or related to the matter at hand

frugal

(adj.) economical, avoiding waste and luxury; scanty, poor, meager

eminent

(adj.) famous, outstanding, distinguished; projecting

congenial

(adj.) getting on well with others; agreeable, pleasant

auxiliary

(adj.) giving assistance or support; (n.) a helper, aid

utmost

(adj.) greatest, highest, farthest; (n.) the extreme limit

arrogant

(adj.) haughty, too convinced of one's own importance

skeptical

(adj.) inclined to doubt; slow to accept something as true

naïve

(adj.) innocent, unsophisticated, showing lack of worldly knowledge and experience

legitimate

(adj.) lawful, rightful; reasonable, justifiable

synthetic

(adj.) made or put together by people; (n.) something artificial

pathetic

(adj.) marked by strong emotion, especially pity and sorrow; able to move people emotionally; worthy of pity; woefully inadequate

sparse

(adj.) meager, scant; scattered

ample

(adj.) more than enough, large, spacious