AP World Unit 4 Test (1750-1900)

The congress of vienna: -why leaders of different countries met -waterloo -the congress of vienna -balance of power -france -monarchy -what it tried to erase

-the leaders of the countries that had overthrown Napoleon met in vienna to decide how to restore order in Europe. -at first disagreements prevented progress, hearing this napoleon retuned from exile and attempted to regain power. At Waterloo in 1813, the allies united against their common threat. defeating napoleon decisively, they sent him to permanent exile on the island of st. helena, where he later dies. -The allies eventually came to an agreement in a meeting known as the congress of vienna, over what to do with France and its inflated territories. -In 1815, the congress decreed that a balance of power should be maintained among the existing powers of europe in order to avoid the rise of another napoleon. -Its borders were cut back to their pre-napoleinic dimensions, but it was not punished militarily or economically -reaffirmed absolute rule, reseating the monarchs of france, spain, holland, and the many italian staes. -tried to erase the french revolution and napoleon and restore royal order

industralization created what three social classes

-the new aristocrats who became rich from industrial success -the middle class was made up of managers, accountants, ministers, lawyers, doctors, and other skilled professionals. -the working class which was huge and made up of factory workers in the cities and peasant farmers in the countryside

What the european colonies in latin america were inspired by

-the success of the american revolution and the ideas of the french revolution

-The Sepoy Mutiny -what british did -Bahadur Shah II

-to help it administer the regions under its control, the east india company relied on sepoys, indians who worked for the british, mostly soldiers. The sepoys were becoming alarmed with the company's disrespect for their customs, so they revolted which failed miserably. - in 1858 the british parliament stepped in, took control of india away from the east india company and made all of india a crown colony. -the last of the Mughal rulers was sent into exile thereby ending the mughal empire for good. nearly 300 million indians were suddenly British subjects. in 1877, queen victoria was recognized as empress of india.

Mexico: -Miguel Hidalgo -Jose Morelos -The treaty of Córdoba

-a creole priest who sympathized with those who had been abused under Spanish colonialism led to a revolt against Spanish rule. Unlike in South America, however, the Spanish armies resisted effectively, and they put down the revolt at Calderon bridge where hidalgo was executed. hidalgos efforts put the revolution in motion. -picked up where hidalgo left off and led the revolutionaries to further successes against the loyalists. But similar to what later happened in Brazil, the landowning class turned against him when he made clear his intentions to redistribute land to the poor. In 1815 he was executed. -it wasn't until 1821 after the landowning class bought into the idea of separation from Spain that independence was final achieved. In this treaty spain was forced to recognize that its 300 year old domination of Latin America was coming to an end. Mexico was granted its independence and Central America soon followed.

-almost end of what era -what movements begin

-absolutist -nationalism/unification

technology and intellectual developments: -what drive the industrial revolution -steam did what -transportation -labor -migrations -entertainment for middle class

-advances in power and transportation -provided consistent power for new factories -millions of miles of rail lines were laid through out europe, india, africa, and through out eastern asia. this facilitated the movement of resources and manufactured goods. -the new industrial world required large numbers of laborers -the need of labor and the abolition of slavery resulted in large-scale migrations around the world. Europeans and east Asians immigrated to the Americas, and south indians moved into other british controlled territories -new literature, revolutionary new ideas, exhibitions, fairs, amusement parks, professional sport, first department stores

Declaration of Rights of Man

-by august the national assembly adopted this, a document recognizing natural rights and based on the ideas of the enlightenment, the american declaration of independence, and particularly the writings of jean-jacques rousseau. this declaration was widely copied and distributed across europe, furthering the ideas of freedom, equality, and rule of law.

-George Grenville and Charles Townshend -beginning of the american revolution

-passed unpopular laws on behalf of the british crown. revenue act(1764), stamp act(1765), and the tea act (1773). were intended to raise additional funds for the british crown. generated unrest not only because american colonists thought they were economically unfair but also because american colonists were not represented in englands parliament when these laws were passed. -thus arose the revolutionary cry "no taxation without representation." After the colonists dumped tea inn the boston harbor to protest the tea act, relations between crown and colonies deteriorated rapidley. on april 19,1775 british troops battled with rebellious colonists in lexington and concord, and by the end of that bloody day, nearly 400 britons and americans were dead. the war of independence had begun

-This is the period where the largest _____ changes occur for thousands of years -What guides social change?

-social -industrialization (rural to urban, villages to cities, women's role improves, environment declines)

what contributed to the mindset of ethnocentrism?

-social darwinists applies charles darwins biological theory of natural selection to sociology. in other words, they claimed that dominant races or classes of people rose to the top through a process of "survival of the fittest." This meant that because Britain was the most powerful, it was the most fit, and therefore the British were superior to other races -many europeans believed that they were not only superior, but that they had a moral obligation to dominate other people or teach other people how to be more civilized-in other words how to be more like europeans

-Where the industrial revolution started and where it spread

-started in Britain and spread to Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, US

Treaty of Kanagawa

For a time, the Weat won concessions from Jpana through various treaties such as the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854). these treaties greatly favored the united states and other countries. As in china, the nationalists grew resentful, but unlike the chinese, the japanese were organized. through the leadership of the samurai they revolted against the shogun who had ratified these treaties, and restored emperor meiji to power

The French Revolution -frances probs

France was in debt from the war of spanish succession, the american revolution, the seven years war, etc. with droughts damaging the french harvests and the nobility scoffing at spending restrictions louis XVI need to raise taxes, but to do that he needed to get everyone on board. so in 1789, he called a meeting of the estates-general, a governing body that hadnt met in some 175 years. bourbon monarchs ruled under divine right so no other input was generally seen as necessary.

Rousseau

French swiss thinker. who identified with simple working people and resented the privileges enjoyed in the elite class. in his influential book the social contract he argues that members of a society were collectively the sovreign. in an ideal society all individuals would participate directly in the formulation of policy and the creation of laws.

Bad parts about factories

people extremely overworked, underpaid, put in harms way without insurance or protection, 16 hour work days were not uncommon, children as young as six worked machines, women worked long hours at factories, while still having to fulfill their traditional roles as caretakers for their husbands, children, and homes, people exposed to pollution.

Voltaire

philosopher voltaire resented the persecution of religious minorities and the censorship of royal officials who had the power to prevent printers from publishing works that did not meet the approval of political and religious authorities

the affect of the british on india

raw materials flowed to britain, finished products flowed back to india. the upper castes were taught englush and were expected to adopt english attitudes. christianity spread. railroads and canals were built. urbanization as in europe increased. came at the expense of indian culture and institutions. the upper class gained the education and worldly sophistication to begin to influence events. increasingly, they dreamed of freeing india from britain.

social mobility

the ability of a person to work his way up from one social class to the next, became more common

The Meiji Restoration

ushered in an era of japanese westernization, after which Japan emerged as a world power. By the 1870s japan was building railways and steamships. by 1876, the samurai warrior class as an institution had been abolished and universal military service among all males was established. In the 1890s japanese industrial and military power really started to roll. it was now powerful enough to substantially reduce european and us influence. it maintained trade, but on an equal footing with western powers. Japan went through an incredibly quick industrial revolution. in 1895 japan defeated china in a war for control of korea and Taiwan. Japan was now an imperial power itself.

What civilizations take the dominant role? how?

western civilizations based on fire power, industrialization, and wealth

The Spanish American war

Spain was involved in a conflict with ciban revolutionaries when the united states which sympathized with the cubans intervened and launched this war of 1898. In a matter of a few months, it was all over. The united states quickly and decisively destroyed the spanish fleets in cuba and in the philippeans and thereby gained control on guam, puerto rico, and the philippeans. cuba was given its independence in exchange for concessions to the united states including allowing the creation of two us naval bases on the island. the united states henceforth was considered to be among the world powers.

European Imperialism in Africa

Unlike india and china, and to a certain degree japan, Africa held little interest for most europeans prior to the industrial revolution. To be sure, north of the Sahara, in Egyot and long the mediterranean, Europeans had historical interest and impact. But the vast interior of the continent remained unknown to the outside world. During the age of exploration, coastal regions of Africa became important to Europeans for limited trade, and also for strategic positioning, as stopping-off points for merchant ships en route to india or china. most significantly of course africa became the center of the slave trade

Karl Marx: -belief -communist manifesto

a german economist and philosopher who spent a good part of his adult life living in poverty, pointed out that the factory workerd had genuine opportunities but were being exploited as a consequence of capitalism. in other words, the abuses wernt merely the result of the way in which capitalism was practiced, but an inherent flaw in the system. -in the communist manifesto (1848) marx and friedrich engels wrote that the working class would eventually revolt and take control of the means of production. All the instruments of power-the government, the courts, the police, the church- were on the side of the rich against the workers. once the class struggle was resolved by the massive uprising of the exploited, marx predicted that the instruments of power wouldnt even be needed. The impact of Marxism was enormous, and served as the foundation of socialism and communism.

-inequality grows between what -class distinctions become what -slave systems

industrial and non industrial countries -become more apparent -mostly abolished in the western world, but continue in other parts of the world

Napoleonic Codes -when -what good -what bad -today and its affect

-1804 -recognized the equality of french citizens (men) and institutionalized some of the enlightenment ideas that had served as the original inspiration for many of the revolutionaries. -Extremely paternalistic: based in part on ancient roman law. The rights of women and children were severely limited under it. -its been significantly modified to reflect the more modern world, but it is still in effect today and has served as the model for many other national codes especially in europe

Brazil: -John VI -Pedro -Pedro II

-Brazil was a Portuguese colony and so when Portugal was invaded by napoleons armies in 1807 John VI the Portuguese king fled to Brazil and set up his royal court in exile. I'm 1821 napoleon was defeated and it was safe for john to return to Portugal but he left behind his son Pedro and charged him with running the huge colony. -Pedro declared Brazilian independence and crowned himself the emperor -in 1831 Pedro abdicated power to his son, Pedro II who ruled the country through much of the nineteenth century. While he reformed Brazilian society in many ways and turned it into a major exporter of coffee, his greatest single accomplishment was the abolition of slavery in 1888 (which actually occurred under the direction of his daughter Isabel who was running the country while Pedro II was away) this action so incensed the landowning class that they revolted against the monarchy and established a republic in 1889

The Seven Years War/The French and Indian War

-Britian began colonizing the east coast of north america during the seventeenth century. by the mid eighteenth century british colonists in america felt threatened by frances colonial settlements on the continent. france and britian were long time rivals (since the one hundred years war) and carried this with them to america. the french enlisted the algonquin and iroquis tribes to fight alongside them against the encroaching english colonists in in 1763 england prevailed over the french in the war that was known as the french and indian war in the colonies but known as the seven years war i europe. the british victories changed the boundaries of the two empires american possessions, pushing french territory to the north while english territories expanded westward into the ohio river valley. The colonists were thrilled about the war, but the british were upset about the costs and felt that the american colonists didnt adequately share in the burden. of course the colonists resented this, claiming that their efforts made colonial expansion possible in the first place.

The Estates-General: -French societies three estates (social classes) -why they met and parliament -the third estates reaction -peasants and uprising

-First estate: The clergy. Some were high ranking and wealthy; others were paris priests and quite poor. Second estate: made up of noble families. third: everyone else-peasant farmers and the small but influential middle class, or bourgeoisie, including merchants. most of the population was this estate, but they had little political power. -When Louis XVI summoned the estates general he was in essence summoning representatives from each of these three estates. the representative noble of the second estate came to the meeting hoping to gain favors from the king in the form of political power and greater freedoms in the form of a new constitution, the representatives of the third estate, always suspicious of the nobility, wanted even greater freedoms similar to what they saw the former british colonies had in america. They went as far as suggesting to the king that the estates general meet as a unified body- all estates under one roof. however the top court in paris, the parliament, ruled in favor of the nobility and ordered that the estates meet separately -frustrated at the strong possibility of being shut out of the new constitution by the other two estates, the third estate did something drastic on june 17, 1789, they declared themselves the national assembly. the king got nervous and forced the other two estates to join them in an effort to write a new constitution. -but it was too late. by then peasants throughout the land were growing restless and were concerned that the king wasnt going to follow through on the major reforms they wanted. they stormed the bastile, a huge prison in paris, on july 14, 178. from there anarchy swept through the countryside and soon peasants attacked the nobility and feudal institutions

Simon Bolivar: -who -what he did

-In Venezuela, they ejected bonapartes governor and instead appoint Simon bolivar. Tutored in the republican ideals of Rousseau during his travels to Europe and the United States. -in 1811 bolivar helped establish a national congress which declared independence from Spain. Royalists supporters of the Spanish crown declared civil war. But bolivar proved to be a wily and effective military leader, and during the next decade, he won freedom for the area called Gran Colombia (modern day Columbia, Ecuador, and Venezuela) in the following decades the individual nation states of northwestern South America formed their own governments

Battle of Saratoga and Yorktown

-The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward in the Champlain Valley from Canada, hoping to meet a similar force marching northward from New York City, and another force marching eastward from Lake Ontario; the southern and western forces never arrived, and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York. Burgoyne fought two small battles to break out. They took place eighteen days apart on the same ground, 9 miles (14 km) south of Saratoga, New York. They both failed. Trapped by superior American forces, and with no relief in sight, Burgoyne retreated to Saratoga (now Schuylerville) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17. His surrender, says historian Edmund Morgan, "was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory.[8] -The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the Surrender at Yorktown, German Battle or the Siege of Little York,[a][b] ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British lord and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American theater, as the surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict. The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war, as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain.[8]

Why didn't a significant middle class of merchants and small farmers emerge and why did the many enlightenment ideas only influenced the educated elite -exceptions

-The Catholic Church remained very powerful in Latin America, and while many of the priests advocated on behalf of the peasants and of the slaves, the church hierarchy as a whole protected the status qui. The church, after all, was one of the largest landowners in Latin America -the economics of Latin America, while free from Europe politically, we're still dependent on Europe economically. Latin America countries still participated in European mercantilism, often to their own detriment. They specialized in a few cash crops, exported almost exclusively to Europe, and then bought back finished products. In other words, Latin America economies didn't diversify, nor did they broaden opportunities to a larger class of people, so innovation and creativity rarely took root -chile diversified its economy fairly successfully and Brazil and Argentina instituted social reform and broadened their economies to include a growing middle class. But ultimately the hugely successful independence movements in Latin America didn't result in noticeable changes for a majority of the population for more than a century.

nationalism and napoleon

-one of the consequences of the napoleonic era was that it intensified nationalism, or feelings of connection to one's own home, region, language, and culture.

Russia: --how it consolidated its power in the nineteenth century -vast majority of the citizens were what -what Alexander I and Nocholas I did -Alexander II -peasants -arts -intellectual class -the peoples will -Russification

-by giving absolute power to the Romanov czars -serfs with no rights, living an almost slave like existence. -they frequently used the secret police to quash rebellions or hints of reform -he began some reforms. he issued to emancipation edict which abolished serfdom. it did little good. the serfs were given very small plots of land for which they had to give huge payments to the government to keep so it was difficult for them to improve their lot. -Whether in the fields or in the factories, russian peasants continued to live a meager existence, especially when compared to many of their western european counterparts -A small but visible middle class started to grow during the second half of the nineteenth century and the arts began to flourish. - Meanwhile, an intellectual class well acquainted with political and economic thought in the rest of europe began to assert itself against the monarchy -in 1881 Alexander II was assassinated by a political group known as The People's Will -all russians inclusing people of the far flung reaches of the empire that did not share a cultural history with most of russia, were expected to learn the russian language and convert to russian orthodoxy. this was by Alexander III in reaction to the assasination of Alexander II. Anyone who did not comply was persecuted, especially Jews.

European imperialism in india: -why it was vulnerable -the british east india company

-by the eighteenth century the mghal empire was in decline after wars and religious conflict between Muslims and Hindus. lacking a strong central government, india was vulnerable to influence from external powers -a joint-stock company that operated like a multinational corporation with exclusive rights over british trade with india, then led in india by robert clive, raised an effective army that rid the subcontinent of the French. During the next two decades, clive successfully conquered the bengal region, quite a feat given that the east india company was a corporation. over the next hundred years the company took advantage of the weakening mughals and set up administrative regions throughout the empire.

-Consequences of industrial technology -where the industrial imperialists turned

-countries with industrial technology by definition had advanced military weapons and capacity and were therefore easily able to conquer people who did not have this technology -To succeed factories needed access to raw materials to make finished products and then markets to sell those finished products. Colonies for both of these roles quite well -Africa and Asia where exploitation was easy and markets were huge

economic imperialism

-desire to control markets and natural resources -ex: british in china

Haiti: -first what -where -what did the french export from haiti to europe and plantations -Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture -Jacques Dessalines

-first latin american revolt -a french island colony in the carribean -coffee, sugar, cocoa, and indigo -french colonists had large plantations and hundreds of thousands of slaves, who grew and harvested these crops under horrible conditions. -a former slave who led a violent lengthy but ultimately successful slave revolt. Napoleon sent troops to put down the revolt, but the Haitians were capable fighters. They also had another weapon: yellow fever, that claimed many french lives. The french did succeed in capturing L'Ouverture and imprisoning him in France, but by then they couldn't turn back the revolutionary tide. -also a former slave, proclaimed Haiti a free republic in 1804 and named himself governor-general for life. This, Haiti became the first independent nation in Latin America

The unification of germany: -The provinces that comprised of germany and the austrian empire -two regions of the former holy roman empire had politically dominated it -prussia -what many in prussia wanted to do -William I -how bismarck did this -franco-prussian war -New Empire -what happened after unification in germany -William II

-hadnt been truly united since the decline of charlemagne's holy roman empire --prussia and austria prussia, under the enlightened monarch frederick the great and his successors, achieved economic preeminence by embracing the industrial revolution. they strongly supported education, which created a talented workforce -many wanted to consolidate the german territories into a powerful empire to rival the great powers of Europe, particularly Britain, France, and increasilgly Russia. -The new prince, William I, appointed otto von Bismarck prime minister with the aim of building the military and consolidating the region under its authority -he defeated austria . formed an alliance with the catholic german states against aggression from France and then provoked france to declare war on prussia starting the franco-prussian war -a war which, once won, consolidated the german catholic regions under prussian control. -in 1871, Bismarck crowned king William I as emperor of the new German empire which was slo known as the second Reich (second empire after the holy roman empire) -germany industrialized and became a strong economic and political power -otto was not popular with everyone, especially socialists, in 1888 germany crowned a new emperor william II who wanted to run the country himself. he forced Bismarck to resign as prime minister. built a huge navy, pursued colonial ambitions in Africa and Asia and oversaw the rise of Germany into one of the most powerful nations in the world.

political imperialism:

-other nations exerts influence over another's affairs -creates dependencies, but requires fewer settlers -Ex: US in 19th century latin america

-What did Napoleon do in an attempt to spread frances glory throughout europe and the americas -places his troops conquered -napoleon crowned himself what and when -when was this empire at its peak -why it didnt stay at a peak -Russia

-he not only fended off foreign aggressors, but also made france an aggressor itself. -austria, prussia, spain, portugal, and the kingdoms within italy. he dissolved the holy roman empire and reorganized it into a confederacy of german states. -in 1804 he crowned himself emperor of this huge new empire -1810 -france lacked resources to control a far-flung empire, and conflicts including an attempted blockade of powerful britian cost them a lot. Nationalistic uprisings, such as unrest in italy and fierce guerilla warfare in spain and portugal undermined napoleons power -in 1812 napoleon attacked the vast lands of russia but was baited into going all the way to moscow, which the russians then sit aflame, preventing napoleon from adequately housing his troops there, as winter set in and with no place to go, the troops had to trudge back to france and were attacked all along the way. short on supplies, the retreat was a disaster. the army was decimated and the once great napoleon was forced into exile

The Opium Wars: -introduced -chinese reaction -war -treaty of nanjing -hong kong -second opium war

-in 1773 british traders introduced opium to the chinese. -by 1838 the drug habit among the chinese had grown so widespread and destructive that the manchu emperor released an imperial edict forbidding the further sale or use of opium. consistent with this edict, the chinese seized british opium in Canton in 1839. -from 1839 to 1842 the two countries fought a war over the opium trade. this was known as the first opium war -overwhelmed with british military might, china was forced to sign the treaty of Nanjing, the first of what came to be known as the unequal treaties, by which britain was given considerable rights to expand trade with China. -in 1843 britain declared hong kong its own crown possession, a significant development because that went beyond trading rights because it actually established a british colony in the region. in 1844 the manchu dynasty was forced to permit christian missionaries back into the country -when china resisted british attempts to expand the opium trade even further, the two countries fought a second opium war for four years beginning in 1856. Resulted in an opening of all china to european trade. in china, britain fought more for trading concessions than for the establishment of colonies

The Berlin Conference

-in 1884 otton von bismarck hosted the major european powers at a conference in Berlin to resolve some differences over various european claims to lands in the African Congo. -by the end, the delegates had set up rules for how the future colonization rights and boundaries would be determined on that continent -within three decades, almost the entire continent of africa was colonized by Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium. Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of european rule by 1914

Agricultural Revolution Part 2 : -WHEN and what happened -crops -technology. -enclosure -urbanization -cities

-in the 18th century agricultural output increased once again. This time it allowed people to leave the farms and head towards the cities where jobs in the new industrial economy were becoming available. -potatoes, corn, and other high yield crops were introduced to Europe from the colonies in the new world. -farmers began to use more advanced farming methods and technology and increased their crop yields. New machines for plowing, seeding, and reaping along with the development of chemical fertilizers which allowed farmers to greatly increase the amount of land they could farm while decreasing the number of people needed to do it -through this public lands that were shared during the Middle Ages were enclosed by fences which allowed for private farming and private gain. -a natural outgrowth of the increased efficiencies in farming and agriculture. -In short cities grew. Cities developed in areas where resources such as coal, iron, water and railroads were available for manufacturing. The more factories that developed in favorable locations the larger cities would grow. In 1800 along with London the Chinese cities of Beijing and canton ranked in the top three but just 100 years later, nine of the ten largest cities in the world were in Europe or the United States

-White Lotus Rebellion -Taiping Rebellion

-led by buddhists o were frustrated over taxes and government corruption in china. -The Taipings, led by a religious zealot claiming to be the borhter of jesis, recruited an army nearly a million strong and nearly succeeded in bringing down the manchu government.The rebels failed, but the message was clear. china was crumbling from within and unable to stop foreign aggression from outside.

changes and continuities in the roles of women

-low point for womens rights -education, real wages, and professional opportunities continued to be mostly inaccessible; however, the new intellectual and economic opportunities available to mean did open doors for women, and movements began throughout the world to rally for womens political and legal rights. The earliest feminist writers emerged in western europe during this period. both middle and working class women joined reform movements, labor unions, and socialist parties. Most important to these women was access to education which was still denied to the majority of them due to ideas of mental inferiority based on social darwinism. Literacy rates for women in china and india remained very low but low for men too (gov didnt want well educated people)

-how did many people feel about the revolution -thomas paine

-many were very wary about it. some completely opposed. britian too powerful to defeat. -a student of the enlightenment. urged colonists to support the movement. in his widely distributed pamphlet: common sense, he assailed the monarchy as an encroachment on americans natural rights and appealed to the colonists to form a better government. a mere six months later, americans signs the declaration of independence

social cultural imperialism

-missionaries bring religion to new regions -can spread customs and language as well -cultural influences can create new hybrid cultures -ex: missionaries in pacific islands

colonial imperialism:

-most complete form with permanent settlements -set up/control government and economy -ex: spanish in latin americas

-when was slave trade abolished and what this meant -when outlawed

1807, meant that no new slaves were transported from africa though the ownership of existing slaves continued. -1833 british outlawed slavery and three decades later it was outlawed in the united states

Declaration of Independence

4 july 1776 the continental congress adopted this document. drew up inspiration from the enlightenment political thoguht in justifying the colonies quest for independence. The document asserted that all men are created equal. It echoed John lockes theory. presented a long list of specific abuses charged to the british crown. Proclaimed the colonies independent

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Added by theodore roosevelt. which provided that the united states would intervene in finacial disputes between european powers and countries in the Americas, id doing so would help to maintain peace.

-Abbas I -The Suez Canal -england and egypt

Ali's westernization attempts were temporarily halted by his grandson Abbas I, but were reinvigorated under subsequent rulers who worked with the french to begin construction of the Suez Canal. -The Suez canal when completed connected the mediterranean sea to the indian ocean, eliminating the need to go around the cape of good hope. became most important to the british. As eqypts finances went bad because of excessive government spending, egyot started selling stock in its canal to raise money, stock that the british government immediately invested in. -egypt basically became a colony of england. proper name is a protectorate

Jose de San Martin

An American born Spaniard or creole who served as an officer in the spanish army. I'm 1814 he began to put his extensive military experience to use-but for the rebels-taking command of the Argentinian armies. Sam Martin joined up with Bernardo o'Higgins of chile but also to Peru where he joined forces with bolivar. The Spanish forces withered away. By the 1829s a huge chunk of South America had successfully declared its independence from Spain.

The Boxer Rebellion

By the 20th century, nationalism among the chinese peasants and local leadership was festering. anti-manchu, anti-european, anti-christian and socity of righteous and harmonious fists or boxers as they came to be known, organized in response to the manchu governments defeats and concessions to the western powers and japan. Infuriated, the boxers goal was to drive the europeans and japanese out of china. Adopting guerilla warfare tactics, the boxers slaughtered christian missionaries and seized control of foreign embassies. ultimately however they were not successful in achieving their aims. instead, their uprising resulted in the despatch of foreign reinforcements who quickly and decisively put down the rebellion. the manchu government already having made great concessions to the europeans and japanese was even then further humiliated. As a result of the rebellion china was forced to sign the boxer protocol which demanded that china not only pay the europeans and the japanese the costs associated with the rebellion but also to formally apologize for it as well.

The Steam engine

it actually took the work of several people to perfect. In the early 1700s thomas newcomer developed an inefficient engine, but in 1769 James Watt dramatically improved it. The steam engine was revolutionary because steam could not only be used to generate power for indistry but also for transportation

Jacobins

known as the jacobins the convention imprisoned the royal family and in 1793 beheaded the king for treason

Assemble line

Henry Ford's use of the assembly line meant that each factory worker added only one part to a finished product.

Eli Whitney

I'm 1793 he incidents cotton gin, thereby allowing massive amounts of cotton to be quickly processed in the Americans and exported to Europe, the textile industry was taken out of the homes and into the mills entirely.

Flying shuttle

In 1733 John Kay invented the flying shuttle which sped up the weaving process.

Spinning Jenny

In 1764 john Hargreaves invented the spinning Jenny which was capable of spinning vast amount of thread

Giuseppe Garibaldi

mean while, him, another italian nationalist, raised a volunteer army and in 1860 his army overthrew the kingdom whose citizens pledged allegiance to Sardinia. By 1861 a large chunk of present day italy was unified and it declared itself a unified kingdom under victor emmanuel.

Luddites

In england in the early 1800s groups of workers known as the Luddites destroyed equipment in factories in the middle of the night to protest working conditions and pitiful wages. the government sided with the business owners, executing some of the workers while also enacting harsh laws against any further action

Victor Emmanuel II and Count Camillo Cavour

in 1849, the king of sardinia, Emmanuel, named Cavour his prime minister and nationalism in italy took off. Both Emmanuel and cavour believed strongly in Italian unification. Through a series of wars in which cavour sided with european powers that could help him boot out austria from italy, he managed to remove austria influence from all parts of italy except vienna by 1859.

The Panama Canal

Latin Americans were scared that America was trying to take over them. This became clear when the united states incited Panamanians to declare their independence from columbia so that the united states could negotiate the right to build the panama canal in the central american nation

Maximilian Robespierre

Led the committee of public safety with the jacobins.

austrians

Marie Antoinette, the wife of louis XVI, was also the sister of the emperor of austria. the austrians and the prussians invaded france to restore the monarchy, but the french revolutionaries were able to hold them back. continuing unrest led french leaders to call for a meeting to draw uo a new constitution. under the new constitution, the convention became the new ruling body, and it quickly abolished the monarchy and proclaimed france a republic.

Commodore Matthew Perry

in 1853 commodore matthew perry from the united states arrived in japan on a steamboat, something the japanese has never seen before, and it shocked the japanese, tho realized that their isolation had resulted in their inability to compete economically and militarily with the industrialized world

This is the ________ era

modern

Napoleon Bonaparte

One of the directories star military leaders. He was a general by the age of 24. After military sucess on behalf of the directory, he returned to France and used his reputation and immense popularity to overthrow the Directory in 1799. He legitimized his actions by putting them before a popular vote, and once affirmed, he declared himself the first consul under the new constitution. He initiated many reforms in agriculture, infrastructure, and public education. Normalized relations with the church and restored a degree of tolerance and stability.

ethnocentrism

most europeans were very ethnocentric and viewed other cultures as barbarian and uncivilized. Ironically, this ethnocentrism may have driven some of the social advancements within european society itself.

White Man's Burden

Rudyard Kipling. as european nations swallowed up the rest of the world in an effort to advance their economies, military strategic positioning, and egos, kipling characterized these endeavors as a burden in which it was the duty of europeans to conquer each half-devil and half-child so that they could be converted to christianity and civilized in the european fashion.

Factory Act of 1883

The British parliament passed this which limited the hours of each workday, restricted children from working in factories, and required factory owners to make working conditions safer and cleaner

indian national congress

in 1885, a group of well educated indians formed the indian national congress to begin the path towards independence. it would take the impact of two world wars before they would get it. in the meantime, indians, especially those that lived in the cities, continues to adapt to british customs while trying t hold onto their traditions.

John Locke

The english philosopher John Locke formulated one of the most influential theories of contractual government. in his second treatise of civil government, published in 1690, locke held that government arose in the remote past when people decided to work together, form civil society, and appoint rulers to protect and promote their common interests. individuals granted political rights to their rulers but retained personal rights to life, liberty, and property. any ruler who violated those rights was subject to deposition. rulers derived their authority from the consent of those whom they governed. lockes political thought relocated sovereignty, removing it from rulers as divine agents and vesting it in the people of a society.

Montesquieu

The french nobleman Charles Louis de Secondat, better known as the Baron de Montesquieu, sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state

-Self strengthening movement -Treaty of Shimonoseki

in the 1860s the manchu dynasty tried to get its act together in what became known as the self strengthening movement, but it did no good. in 1876 korea realized china was weak and declared its independence. -China was forced to hand over control of Taiwan and grant the Japanese trading rights similar to those it had granted the europeans.

US constitution

in 1787 a constitutional conventio n drafted the new system of gov- the constitution of the united states- which emphasized the rights of individuals. guaranteed individual liberites like freedom of speech, press, religion. full rights only to men of property

Monroe Doctrine

To ensure that europe wouldnt recolonize the americas, us president monroe declared in his 1823 state of the union address that the western hemisphere was off limits to european aggression. the united states of course wasnt the superpower that it is today so it was hardly in the position to enforce this. But britain, whose navy was enormous and positioned all over the globe, was scared that spain wanted to rekindle its american empire, so it agreed to back up the united states.

Interchangeable Parts system

under Eli Whitney's system of interchangeable parts, machines and their parts were produced uniformly so that they could be easily replaced when something broke down.

Domestic system

Used prior to the industrial revolution. Middlemen would drop off wool or cotton at homes where women would make cloth, which would then be picked up again by the middlemen who would sell the cloth to buyers. All of this was done one person at a time

Muhammad Ali

When Napoleon tried to conquer Eqypt during his tireless attempts to expand france into a mega-empire at the turn of the nineteenth century, muhammad Ali defeated the french and the ottomans and gained control of Egypt in 1805. Egypt technically remained part of the ottoman empire but as viceroy, ali wielded almost exclusive control. During the next 30 years he began the industrialization if egypt and directed the expansion of agriculture toward cotton production, which was then exported to the textile factories of britain for a substantial profit.

National Assembly constitution 1791

in 1791 the national assembly ratified a new constitution, which was somewhat similar to the us constitution ratified just two years before, except that instead of a president, the king held on to the executive power. in other words, it was a constitutional monarchy, rather than a constitutional democracy. those who wanted to abolish the monarchy felt cheated; those who wanted to retain the feudal structure felt betrayed

Boer Wars

after years of bloody battles, known as these, the british reigned supreme and all of south africa was annexed as part of the ever expanding british empire. africans were not allowed claims to the gold and diamonds and were made to work at mines

spheres of influence

by establishing this, France, Germany, Russia, and of course Britain carved up huge slices of china for themselves. These spheres were not quite colonies. instead, they were areas in which the wuropean powers invested heavily, built military bases, and set up business, transportation, and communication operations. The Manchu Dynasty was still the governmental authority within the spheres

Steamship

in 1807 Robert Fulton built the first steamship and in the 1820s george stephen built the first steam powered locomotive. Powered by coal.

charles Darwin

developed the concept of evolution by means of natural selection.

Politics during this time generally

enlightenment values spread around the world with parliamentary model and democracy growing

What happened to Europe after the wave of independence movements swept Latin America in the early nineteenth century

europe found itself nearly shut out of developments in the entire western hemisphere- even as european countries were swiftly colonizing Africa and Asia

The Directory

five man government. Not so great at implementing a strong domestic policy. was good at building up a military.

french in the american revolution

in 177 the french committed ships, soldiers, weapons, and money for the cause. france and england had been fighting for centuries and so the french leapt to the opportunity to punish england. in 1781, french and american troops and ships cornered the core of the british army, which was under the command of general george conwallis. finding himself outnumbered, he surrendered, and the war was over. within a decade, the constitution and the bill of rights were written, ratified, and put into effect. a fledging democracy was on display

compare and contrast the american revolution and the french revolution

the american revolution involved a colonial uprising against an imperial power. In other words, it was an independence movement. the french revolution involved citizens rising uo against their own country's leadership and against their own political and economic system, and in that sense was more of a revolution. in other words at the end of the american revolution, the imperial power of england was still intact, and indeed the new united states was in many ways designed in the image of england itself. in contrast, at the end of the french revolution, france inself was a very different place. it didnt simply lose some of its holdings. instead, the king was neheaded and the socio-political structure changed. That said, the word revolution aptly describes the american independence movement because the united states was the first major colony to break away from a european colonial power since the dawn of the age of exploration. whats more, the ideas adopted in the declaration of independence, the us constitution, and in the french revolution inspired colonists, citizens, and slaves across the globe. quite revolutionary indeed

the comittee of public safety

the convention started to worry that foreign threats and internal chaos would quickly lead to its demise, so it threw out the constitution and created this, an all powerful enforcer of the revolution and murderer of anyone suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies. Responsible for the beheading of tens of thousands of French citizens. Even though the comittee was successful at controlling the anarchy and at building strong national military to defend France against an increasing number of invading countries, after two years, the french had enough of robespierre's witch hunt and put his head on the guillotine. France quickly reorganized itself again and wrote a new constitution in 1795 and established a new five-man government called the directory

nationalism defined

the desire of a people of a common cultural heritage to form an independent nation-state and or empire that both represents and protects their shared cultural identity. it drove movements in germany and italy to unify. it drove movements in the americas to declare independence. it drove resistance against european colonialism in india, china, and africa while it drove europeans to compete with each toehr to promote national pride and wealth by establishing colonies int he first place. In china, it drove peasant movements against the manchu government, which didnt represent the han majority. it frove the french to unite behind napoleon to attempt to take over europe. it drove the british to unite to try to take over the world. Nationalism drove the japanese to quickly industrialize and the Eqyptians to limit the power of the ottomans. the oppressors used nationalistic feelings to justify their superiority. the oppressed used nationalistic feelings to justify their rebellions

the industrial revolution in europe and in japan

the indistrialization of europe and japan followed very similar paths, but japans was on fast forward. it managed to accomplish in a few decades what had taken europe more than a century, in a large part because it didnt have to invest everything itself- it just needed to implement the advances of western industrialization. still the pattern was remarkably similar. private corporations rose up, industrialists like the Mitsubishi family became wealthy, factories were built, urbanization increased, and reform was instituted. japan learned from the europeans quite well. if you cant beat an industrialized power, become one yourself.

What else the national assembly did

they also abolished the feudal system and altered the monopoly of the catholic church by declaring freedom of worship

labor unions

they formed. they were vehicles through which thousands of employees bargained for better working conditions, or threatened to strike, thereby shutting down the factory. in addition, an increasing number of factory owners realized that a healthy, happy, and reasonably well paid workforce meant a productive and loyal one.

where the king and his family were taken and why. what was the political authority

they were taken to paris, where the third estste revolutionaries could ensure they wouldnt interfere with the work of the national assembly. the french revolution established the nation-state, not the king or the people, as the source of all soverrignty or political authority. in this sense, france became the first modern nation state in 1789

Adam Smith

wrote the wealth of nations (1776) that economic prosperity and fairness is best achieved through private ownership. individuals should own the means of production and sell their products and services in a free and open market where the demand for their goods and services would determine their prices and availability. A free market system (capitalism), smith argues, would best meet the needs and desires of individuals and nations as a whole. When governments remove themselves entirely from regulation, the process is called laissez-faire capitalism. smith wrote his book in response to the western european mercantalist practices that had dominated during the age of exploration. in the new world, monarchies which were not only corrupt but also highly inefficient, closely managed their economies. in the nineteenth century, european countries continued to develop their mercantalist philosophies. european countries also permitted and encouraged the development of private investment and capitalism. hence the rise of factory workers and the rise of major investment firms like the british east india company.