AP1 CHAPTER 2-Chemistry

Atomic number

Number of protons in nucleus

Hydrogen bonds

A bond that is more like an attraction. Weak bond.

Anion

An atom that has gained electron and has received a negative charge

Cation

An atom that has lost an electron and has received a positive charge

Radioisotopes

Are unstable and decompose to more stable forms..HALF LIFE : is the time required for it to lose one half of its activity..they are all damaging to living tissue

Atomic weight

Average of mass numbers of all isotopes of an atom

Atoms

Building blocks for elements-they determine an elements physical and chemical properties-smallest particles of an element with properties of that element

Elements of human body

CHON carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen. They make up 90% of body weight

Elements

Cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods -each has unique physical and chemical properties

Neutrons

Carry no charge

Isotopes

Differ in number of neutrons.structural variations of atoms.atomic number same but mass number different

Mechanical Energy

Directly involved in moving matter

Non polar covalent bond

Electrons are shared equally.....fat and oils have this type of bond

Electron cloud

Electrons orbit nucleus in this

Hydrogen bond

If a covalently bound molecule bind to other atoms ..weak bond..

Chemical bonds

Ionic Covalent Hydrogen

Types of energy

Kinetic Potential

States of Matter

Liquid Gas Solid

Electrons

Negative charge

Protons

Positive charge

Mass number

Protons + neutrons in nucleus

Nucleus

Protons and neutrons found in nucleus

Subatomic particles

Protons neutrons electrons

Electrical Energy

Results from movement of charged particles Charged particles called ions move along or across cell membranes

Chemical Energy

Stored in bonds When atoms of chemicals become rearranged, potential energy becomes kinetic

Ionic bond

Transfers an electron to another atom.receiving atom becomes negative charge one that lost an electron has acquired a positive charge.neg charge one is unstable

Radiant or electromagnetic energy

Travels in waves Ultra violet light, X-rays , visible light

Covalent bond

Two atoms sharing electron . More stable

Polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing of electrons....one atom is stronger charged.polarized because it is being pulled by the stronger charged atom..water has this bond

Matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

Energy

has no mass. does not take up space. can be measured only by its effects on matter.

Chemical reactions

they underlie all physiological processes