APUSH Ch. 20 Quiz

Immigration Act 1924

a. Established no limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere (for seasonal Mexican labor). Also established the category of "illegal alien", which meant immigrants that entered the US despite the new immigration quotas. Barred entry of people who were ineligible for naturalized citizenship (Asians except for Filipinos). b. Showed that the US was becoming less lenient towards immigration. c. Established Border Patrol as well, and many parts of this act are still in place today.

Civilian Conservation Corps - CCC

a. The Civilian Conservation Corp was created as part of the New Deal in 1933, and was a public works program. b. The CCC gave work to unemployed young men, usually through outdoor manual labor. The workers mostly rebuilt infrastructure and create conservation sites, including many national and state parks. c. The CCC was operational until 1942, when it decided that the national unemployment rate had decreased enough to merit the end of the program.

ERA - Equal Rights Amendment

a. The Equal Rights Amendment, or ERA was a proposed amendment for the Constitution and promote by the National Women's Party that would eliminate all legal distinctions on account of sex. b. The amendment was considered the logical next step after women being granted the right to vote, according to the National Women's Party. With the ability to vote, it was argued, there was no more need to special legal protection, and because of it there could be equal education, employment, and citizenship opportunities for women. c. The Amendment was not passed, and was opposed by other major women's organizations. This, along with the start of the Great Depression led to its ultimate demise.

Flappers

a. 1920s. Young American women who rebelled against the old standards of women. They bobbed their hair, wore shorter dresses, danced jazz, drove cars, gambled, drank alcohol, and smoked. b. Changed standard of sexual behavior and gave women more freedom to do what they wanted. c. Can be compared to suffragists, who believed in freedom for women.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

a. 1922, raised taxes on imported goods to their highest levels in American history. Rejected Wilson's principle of supporting free trade. b. Happened as American diplomats pressed for access to overseas markets. c. Can be compared to the Tariff of Abominations (1828), which raised taxes on imported manufactured goods and protected Northern industry.

The Jazz Singer

a. 1927, the first movie with synchronized dialogue. American musical about a young jazz performer. b. Marked the end of the silent film era. Also showed technological progress and the importance of jazz in America. c. Can be compared to the Wizard of Oz, which was the first film in Technicolor, 1939.

Calvin Coolidge

a. 30th president of the U.S. from 1923 to 1929, following the death of Warren G. Harding. He wanted to improve the public's overall view of the government by eliminating corruption and building a strong economy. b. Coolidge took over many of the goals from Harding, such as cutting taxes and reducing government regulation; through this he promoted a laissez-faire economy. c. Calvin Coolidge is similar to Warren G. Harding because Coolidge was Harding's vice president, and promoted many of the same policies as Harding.

Factories in the Field

a. A book written by Carey McWilliams. It exposed the low wages, inadequate housing, and political repression under which migrant Mexican laborers suffered, which the New Deal did nothing to alleviate. b. Mexicans and Mexican-Americans who stayed in the U.S. worked in grim conditions on California's vegetable farms. The Wagner and Social Security Acts of the New Deal did nothing to help agricultural workers. When workers tried to organize a union, they were brutally suppressed. Mexican-American leaders tried to develop a strategy to help their people. They tried to fight for greater whites by identifying as white Americans, but they also sought the support of the Mexican government and inspired a sense of cultural pride, called la raza. c. Comparable to The Bitter Cry of the Children, a book by muckraker John Spargo, which highlighted the terrible working conditions of child miners during the Progressive Era.

Washington Naval Arms Conference

a. A conference hosted by the United States in 1922, which negotiated reductions in the British, French, Japanese, Italian, and American navies. After WWI, the international community wanted to prevent another war, and theses concerns were heightened by growing Japanese militarism. b. The 1920s marked a shift from internationalism to "isolationist" actions that were created to increase exports and investment opportunities overseas, as a reaction to the disappointment that was Wilson's foreign pursuit of democracy and freedom. Though the U.S. pursued isolationism, they did host the conference. c. The treaties signed at the conference secured the United States' existing foreign policy in the Pacific including the Open Door Policy, while limiting the scope of Japanese imperial expansion as much as possible.

Johnson-Reed Immigration Act or National Origins Act

a. A law passed in 1924 that aimed to ensure that descendents of the old immigrants (typically from England, Ireland, and Germany) would always outnumber children of the new immigrants (from Eastern Europe, mostly). Though it did not establish laws on immigration from the Western Hemisphere. It also barred anyone ineligible for naturalization from entering the country, or, in other words, anyone from Asia, except Filipinos. b. During the 1920s, views on immigration and immigrants changed drastically. Native born Americans were deeply afraid of immigrant radicalism. Even employers let their fears outweigh their desire for cheap, unskilled labor, especially because industrial growth was slow and northern industrialists had gotten used to hiring African Americans since the Great Migration. The law established for the first time the category of "illegal alien." It established Border Patrol. c. Can be compared to the Naturalization Act of 1790, which had barred blacks and Asian from becoming citizens.

New Negro

a. A term associated in politics with pan-Africanism and the Garvey movement. However, in art, it meant the rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to be put in place of derogatory stereotypes. The "New Negro" was someone who was proud to be black. b. The rise of the "New Negro" led writers from the Harlem Renaissance to uncover the roots of rural black culture and traditions and that from urban ghettos. Black writers, artists, and actors experienced greater freedom. Poets and novelists like Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, and Claude McKay had their works published by the white press. Though the "New Negro" was proud to be black, Harlem Renaissance works contained strong elements of protests, as seen in McKay's poem "If We Must Die," which affirmed that blacks would not let themselves to be continually murdered senselessly by whites. c. Although Harlem seemed like a place of passion and artistic freedom, the real Harlem was filled with widespread poverty, and its residences were confined to low-wage jobs and forced to pay outrageously expensive rents.

Stock market crash

a. AKA Black Tuesday. 1929, 8 days after Hoover's inauguration. A main cause of the Great Depression. A record almost 13 million shares. Panic selling happened and more than $10 billion in market value vanished. Known today as one of the worst economic events in history. b. The crash was partially caused by overconfidence and people buying stocks with installment payments. The reckless buying by people who did not care about debt caused many stock to be traded. c. A consequence was the Great Depression. $10 billion was lost, and people panicked after the crash and rushed to banks to withdraw their money. However, the banks did not have money to give them. Prices fell nationally and millions were laid off.

Federal Housing Authority - FHA

a. Administration created during New Deal. Guaranteed mortgages to citizens. Insured millions of long-term mortgages issued by private banks. b. Cause: FDR thought it was important to protect the American ambition of owning a home, which gave workers a sense of economic security. The Depression devastated the housing industry c. Consequence: During the Depression, families could own a home and less homes were being foreclosed.

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

a. Also known as "Labor's Magna Carta", the Wagner Act was a law created by Robert Wagner of New York, that established the National Labor Relations Board and facilitated unionization by regulating employment and bargaining practices. b. The Wagner Act also allows for the National Labor Relations Board to supervise elections for union representatives, as well as bring democracy into the workplace, and outlawed "unfair labor practices" from the workplace to make life easier for workers c. The Act brought about higher wages for workers and unionization without fear of striking, which helped improve working conditions and the lives of those workers.

Henry Ford

a. American auto manufacturer. Exemplified the new consumer society during the Progressive Era. Developed production and marketing techniques that allowed the public access to automobiles. Established Ford Motor Company. Came up with the moving assembly line manufacturing method, which was adopted by many industries. Fordism, which described the economic system of high wages and mass consumption, was a term created from him. b. Anti-unionization. Used spies and armed detectives to prevent it. c. Similar to Carnegie, who didn't allow his workers to unionize.

Fundamentalism

a. American movement that sought to get rid of Protestant denominations of modernism and fight the new freedoms that contradicted traditional morality. Fundamentalists believed that the literal truth of the Bible formed the basis of Christian belief. Portrayed by the press as "backwards". b. Important part of 1920s culture and politics and a national phenomenon. c. Could be compared to the Reformation, which also "brought back" old ideals.

Langston Hughes

a. American poet who was part of the Harlem Renaissance and NY's black cultural community. Befriended and sponsored by white intellectuals. Published by white presses. b. Shaped artistic contributions of the Harlem Renaissance and believed in the artistic liberation of everyone, especially the black community. c. Similar to Louis Armstrong, who also believed in artistic liberation through music.

Sheppard-Towner Act

a. An act passed in 1921, which provided federal assistance to programs for infant and child health. It was a major achievement for supporters of the maternalists reforms. It was repealed in 1929 by Congress. b. The act was passed to combat rising mortality rates among new mothers and newborn babies in the U.S., by establishing prenatal and newborn care facilities, especially in rural areas. The act also provided for infant care seminars, national distribution of educational literature, and visits by traveling nurses. c. It was a landmark development in social welfare programs in America, and it influenced the creation of Social Security later. But it was repealed in 1929 by Congress. Some states continued the programs provided for by the Act, but these programs ultimately failed due to lack of funding and the beginning of the Great Depression.

Open-shop

a. An open-shop company is one that hires employees without regard to to their membership in a labor union. b. By passing the NRA, FDR repudiated the older idea of liberty that was based on the idea that economic activity would be encouraged by an unrestrained market. The NRA also included section 7a which gave workers the right to organize unions and was a departure from open-shop practices and a step towards greater industrial freedom. c. Comparable to the Wagner Act, which was another part of FDR's New Deal. It created the National Labor Relations Board and gave employees the right to form unions.

Herbert Hoover

a. As the 31st elected president, he seemed destined to have a very successful term in office. He became rich as a mine engineer working in Asia, Africa, and Europe. During WWI, he was head of the Food Administration. Hoover exemplified the "new era" of American capitalism. While serving as Secretary of Commerce, he published American Individualism, which condemned economic regulation by the government as a limit on American freedom, but insisted the public service should be prioritized over private service. He believed in "associational action," in which private agencies directed regulatory and welfare policies. b. As the 31st elected president, he seemed destined to have a very successful term in office. He became rich as a mine engineer working in Asia, Africa, and Europe. During WWI, he was head of the Food Administration. Hoover exemplified the "new era" of American capitalism. While serving as Secretary of Commerce, he published American Individualism, which condemned economic regulation by the government as a limit on American freedom, but insisted the public service should be prioritized over private service. He believed in "associational action," in which private agencies directed regulatory and welfare policies. b. During the Great Depression, Hoover was reluctant to take any federal action, as he believed the economy would self-correct and he was a strong believer in limited government intervention. Many Americans blamed Hoover for the Depression. c. Today, many people have compared Herbert Hoover to President George W. Bush, as both were president during periods of economic downturn, both believed the economy would self-correct, and both believed that government regulation would be harmful.

Fair Labor Standards Act

a. Banned goods produced by child labor from interstate commerce, set 40 cents as the minimum hourly wage, and required overtime pay for hours of work exceeding 40 per week. b. It was the last major piece of the New Deal. It established the practice of federal regulation of wages and working conditions. c. It can be compared to the Keating-Owens Act passed and then later repealed, during Wilson's presidency. The Keating-Owens Act tried to regulate child labor by setting minimum age requirements for factory work and banning the trade of goods produced by child labor.

Billy Sunday

a. Billy Sunday was an professional baseball player turned prominent evangelical preacher who gave large sermons during the 1920's b. Sunday was a preacher that who was known for giving powerful, often profanic sermons and did everything from promoting salvation through Jesus and opposing radical and progressive groups, to denouncing what he considered sins, including Darwinism to alcohol. c. His successful career as a professional baseball player and large sermons, meant that he held a considerable amount of fame, rival to that others like Babe Ruth, and he used this fame to preach to around 100 million people in his lifetime.

Charles Lindbergh

a. Charles Lindbergh was a famous aviator and military officer who is was best known for being the first person to ever complete a transatlantic flight in 1927. b. Although the task of a transatlantic flight was considered impossible at the time, Lindbergh believed he could prevail. c. Lindbergh prevailed, crossing the Atlantic in 33.5 hours, and was widely praised and considered a hero of the decade, which gave him considerable fame rival to that of figures like Henry Ford or Babe Ruth.

Election of 1936

a. Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt was relected after defeating Republican candidate Alf Landon b. FDR's New Deal and promise to help the people secured his reelection, because the New Deal seemed to have been working up to that point c. The first of three times that FDR was relected as president, showing how popular he really was during the Great Depression and World War II.

Dorothea Lange

a. Dorothea Lange was a celebrated photographer during the 1920's-30's who took pictures of people during the Depression and the Dust Bowl. b. Lange had wanted to be a photographer, and landed work during the Depression taking pictures of rural workers around the country.

Installment purchasing

a. During the 1920s, businesses would give people credit, which they used to buy products and other goods. The buyers were expected to pay back the credit, usually in weekly or monthly payments, until there was no more debt on the item. b. The purchasing of installments was important to the time period because it allowed consumers to buy goods without necessarily having the money needed to pay for the goods. These installments contributed to the Great Depression, because many people could not pay back their debts, which caused businesses to crash. c. Installment purchases were very similar to the modern day credit card, in which a person could use credit to buy items, and then be issued a monthly bill to pay back the debt. Modern day credit cards also come with interest, meaning that a consumer will end up paying more than what they originally owned.

Dust Bowls

a. Dust Bowls were large areas of land in the southern and midwestern United States, in which the layer of topsoil was completely or mostly blown away in strong winds. The Dust Bowls took place duirng the 1930s. b. The Dust Bowls occurred due to a severe drought in the interior of the country. c. As a result of the Dust Bowls, many farming families moved to other parts of the country until the farming conditions in their home states improved.

Prohibition

a. Enforced through the 18th Amendment, it prohibited the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol. It was later overturned by the 21st Amendment. b. Though it was often portrayed as a glamorous episode of gang battles and drinkers easily outwitting the police, it was really effectively enforced, though selectively. Wealthy Americans continued to have access to alcohol, but blacks and immigrants suffered large-scale arrests and jailings, accompanied by police violence. Too many Americans saw it as a violation of freedom for liquor to completely stop flowing - owners of speakeasies and bootleggers who supplied alcohol illegally brought in large profits. c. Prohibition led to the building of new federal prisons and led the foundation for powerful national action against crime and immorality. It was a very divisive issue - It raised major questions of local rights, individual freedom, and the wisdom of attempting to impose religious and moral values on the entire society through legislation, and divided the Democratic party into "wet" and "dry" wings. Police and political officials would turn a blind eye to violations of Prohibition through bribes. The corruption brought about by Prohibition reinforced fundamentalists' identification of urban life and modern ideas of freedom with immorality and decline in Christian morals and liberty.

The New Deal - RRR

a. FDR implemented Relief, Recovery, or Reform (The Three Rs) programs during the Great Depression to combat America's economic issues and widespread unemployment. These programs were known as Roosevelt's New Deal, through which he hoped to reconcile democracy, individual liberty, and economic recovery and development. b. The initiatives were nicknamed "Alphabet Soup Agencies," and were referred to by their acronyms, passed mostly during the Hundred Days (first 3 months of FDR's presidency). They included agencies such as the NRA, AAA, and CCC, which focused on emergency relief programs, regulating the banks and stock market, providing debt relief, managing farms, and introducing public works projects. c. Comparable to the Square Deal, which was Teddy Roosevelt's domestic policy plan, and focused on the Three Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation. Similarly, FDR's New Deal followed the belief that big business should be regulated, regulated the banks to protect Americans' money, and with the CCC created jobs focused on conservation.

Hundred Days

a. First 3 months of FDR's administration. Unprecedented rapid legislation in an attempt to stabilize the economy during the Depression. New agencies created. b. Cause: The Great Depression. The banks were failing and the economic system was about to collapse, so FDR saw a need for new legislation. c. Consequence: 15 proposals passed by Congress, including the National Recovery Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

a. Franklin D Roosevelt, or FDR, was 32nd president of the United States, and served after Herbert Hoover, helped bring America out of the Great Depression, and was secretly unable to use his legs. b. FDR, who was elected into office during the Great Depression, brought America out of poverty by offering "The New Deal", which was a series of programs designed to help the U.S. recover from the affects of the Depression . He also served as president during WWII. c. Similar to Woodrow Wilson and his Square Deal and thoughts of WWI, FDR's New Deal was successful, and he led the country into the Second World War after neutrality was no longer an option.

Huey Long and "Share the Wealth" program

a. Huey Long's career and beliefs exemplified Louisiana's Populist and Socialist traditions, and the state's heritage of undemocratic politics. He became governor of Louisiana in 1938, and became a senator in 1930. He used his dictatorial-like power to build roads, schools, and hospitals, and to increase tax burdens on Louisiana's oil companies. He was nicknamed the "Kingfish." b. His Share Our Wealth movement called for the confiscation of most of the wealth of the richest Americans in order to finance an immediate grant of $5000 and a guaranteed job and annual income for all citizens. He was going to run for president, but he was assassinated by the son of a political rival in 1935. c. His rise to political prominence was a sign of widespread dissatisfaction with the slow pace of economic recovery. He can be compared to Upton Sinclair, who, in 1934, became governor of California and was the head of the End Poverty in California movement. His movement called for California to use idle factories and land to provide jobs for the unemployed.

Great labor upheaval of 1934

a. Huge upsurge of laborers demanding better wages, end to employer power, basic civil liberties, and union recognition. b. Cause: Militant labor leaders survived repression so they led the labor upsurge. The mobilization of millions of workers. c. Consequence: Thousands of strikes nationwide, violence between workers and police.

U.S. v. Butler

a. In January 1936, in the case of U.S. v. Butler, the AAA fell. The case upheld that the AAA was an unconstitutional exercise of congressional power over local economic activities. b. The AAA was a New Deal act that addressed the plight of farmers. It let the federal government set production quotas for major crops and paid farmers to plant less in an attempt to raise farm prices. Beginning in 1935, the Supreme Court, which still believed in liberty of contract, began to invalidate key New Deal laws. First, the NRA went on the grounds that it attempted to regulate businesses that did not engage in interstate commerce. c. The First New Deal soon stopped, because it failed to end the Depression or win judicial approval (because many of the First New Deal's programs were deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, as seen in U.S. v. Butler).

Bonus Army

a. In the spring of 1932, 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans descended on Washington D.C. to demand early payment for a bonus due in 1945. They were driven away by federal soldiers led by Douglas MacArthur. b. They set up a Hooverville across from the Capital Building. President Hoover said that the camp needed to be dissolved, as it was an embarrassment for the U.S. Two marchers were killed when the camp was driven away by federal soldiers. This outraged the public, and Hoover's already tarnished public reputation sank even lower. c. Can be compared to how in the summer of 1932, the National Farmers' Holiday Association, led by Milo Reno, a former Iowa Populist, protested low prices by temporarily blocking roads in the Midwest to prevent farm goods from reaching markets. All over the nation, unemployed Americans were responding to the Depression through protests for jobs and public relief.

Isolationism

a. Isolationism was a policy largely coined by president Wilson, which followed the ideals of Washington's farewell address and the Monroe Doctrine. b. With the end of Wilson's administration came the end of Isolationism. In its place there was favor towards unilateral American Action to increase exports and investment opportunities overseas. c. Emerging from WWI as a new international power, with Britain and France owing them large debts, the U.S. used this to push loans to European and Latin American governments.

Tennessee Valley Authority - TVA

a. It built dams to prevent floods and deforestation along the Tennessee River, and through the dam, provided cheap electric power for homes and factories to a 7-state region where many families still lived in isolated log cabins. b. Some New Deal public-works initiatives, like the TVA, looked to government-planned economic transformation as much as economic relief. The TVA put the government in the business of selling electricity in competition with private businesses. It significantly improved the lives of many southerners and offered a preview of the program of regional planning that spurred the economic development of the west. c. Comparable to the Hoover Dam, built in 1931, which provided water and power to the developing cities of Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Phoenix. It also provided electricity to millions of homes.

Jazz

a. Jazz was a new genre of music that originated in New Orleans but quickly became popular in Harlem, New York City. Jazz was most popular among the black community of America, but was soon adopted by the white population as well. Jazz quickly spread all over the world, and became very popular in Europe. b. Jazz allowed blacks to continue to create their own sense of culture and tradition, free from restrictions set by whites. Jazz clubs became to pop up around the country, and many famous jazz musicians originated during the 1920s and remained popular for the next several decades. c. Jazz is similar to the literary styles that became popular among black writers during the time, as both gave blacks a sense of individuality and community.

John Steinbeck - Grapes of Wrath

a. John Steinbeck's novel, The Grapes of Wrath, was written in 1939 and was about the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression in the United States. b. The Dust Bowl was a large series of dust storms that ravaged the central area of the UNited States, destroying people's farms, homes, and livelihoods. Steinbeck's book shed new light on what it was like for someone to experience and suffer from the dust storms.

Welfare Capitalism

a. Many employers created beneficial policies towards their employees, such as setting up cafeterias, break rooms, and medical facilities. The purpose of this was to establish a sense of loyalty to the place of employment, and make the worker more eager to stay. b. Welfare capitalism was important because it stregthened capitalism in America, through the workers being more loyal to their companies. c. Similar to modern-day fringe benefits, which are addition benefits to an employees job, used to appeal to future and current employees.

Martha Graham

a. Martha Graham was a modern dancer b. Her 1938 modern dance masterpiece, American Document, was an embodiment of Popular Front aesthetics with an emphasis on America's multi-ethnic heritage. The dance was focused on the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address, but it also referenced more shameful aspects of American history like the disposession of Indians the the plight of the unemployed. c. Her work is comparable to Earl Robinson's song "Ballad for Americans" which celebrated the religious, racial, and ethnic diversity of American society.

Keynesian economics

a. Maynard Keynes challenged economists' tradtional belief in balanced budgets. He believed that large-scale government spending was necessary to sustain purchasing power and stimulate economic activity. These ideas became known as Keynesian economics. b. Roosevelt adhered to Keynesian economics in regards to the New Deal. He asked Congress for billions more for work relief and farm aid. c. Rather than economic planning, the years of 1935-1936 would focus on using public spending as the government's major tool for combating unemployment and stimulating economic growth.

Agricultural Adjustment Act - AAA

a. New Deal Act that addressed the plight of farmers. Let the federal government set production quotas for major crops and paid farmers to plant less in an attempt to raise farm prices. b. Cause: During the Depression, farmers were struggling. They didn't have a market to sell their crops in and there was no demand. c. Consequence: Significantly raised farm prices and incomes, but uneven distribution of benefits. Money only went to property-owning farmers and tenants and sharecroppers were evicted and many moved to cities and the west coast.

Sacco and Vanzetti

a. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants, who in May of 1920, at the peak of the first Red Scare, were accused and arrested of participating in a robbery at a factory in Massachusetts in which a security guard was killed. The men were anarchists who believed in a society in which government, churches, and private property were abolished. b. There was very little evidence that linked them to the crime, but the U.S. during this time was very anti-immigrant and anti-radical. Their 1921 trial attracted international attention. There were mass movements in Europe and the U.S. to save their lives (they were to be executed), supported by many intellectuals. The governor of Massachusetts appointed a three-member commission to review the case, headed by Abbott Lowell, president of Harvard, and a former member of the Immigration Restriction League. The commission upheld their death sentences. c. The Sacco-Vanzetti case showed how deeply anti-radical and anti-immigrant fears and the Red Scare ran in American beliefs, and it undermined American freedoms. To native-born Americans, the men were an alien threat to their way of life. To Italian-Americans, the outcome symbolized American nativist prejudices and stereotypes.

Congress of Industrial Organization - CIO

a. Originally creates in 1935 under a different name, the CIO was a organization that encompassed other organizations of semiskilled workers in industrial jobs. b. The CIO became famous for organizing "sit down strikes", were the workers on strike would stay in their workplaces, stop working, and sit down, effectively halting the production process. c. The actions of the CIO led to the creation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which enforced the right to a minimum wage and overtime pay. The FLSA also banned child labor in most places, especially workplaces with oppressive and dangerous conditions.

McNary-Haugen Bill

a. Other corrupt individuals in Harding's corrupt administration before his 1923 heart attack included his Attorney General Harry Daugherty, who accepted bribes not to prosecute convicted criminals, and the head of the Veterans Bureau Charles Forbes, who received kickbacks from the sale of government supplies. b. The veto showed how Coolidge continued President Harding's policies. Also showed that American farmers were still struggling financially. c. The veto showed how Coolidge continued President Harding's policies. Also showed that American farmers were still struggling financially.

Teapot Dome Scandal

a. President Harding's administration was the most corrupt in American history. Harding himself had no respect for the dignity of the presidency as was a heavy drinker and had an affair with a woman from Ohio. He surrounded himself with many buds of his from Ohio who used their political powers for private gain, such as Harry Daugherty and Charles Forbes. b. He hired his Ohio Gang in D.C, which was his Republican administration while he was governor of Ohio. Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall accepted nearly $500,000 from private businessmen to whom he leased government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. The oil reserves had been set aside for the U.S. Navy c. Fall was the first cabinet member to be convicted of a felony. The scandal revealed an unprecedented level of political corruption and greed (before the Watergate Scandal).

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

a. Program by the federal government in 1932 signed by Hoover. Loaned money to failing banks, railroads, and businesses. b. Helped keep many businesses from bankruptcy. Also was one of the only measures Hoover took to help American during the Great Depression.

Radio / entertainment

a. Radio and the movies spread mass culture across the country and brought entertainment directly to the people. b. Now, Americans were more similar in the way they dressed, thought, the movies and music they listened to, and the celebrities and social and sports "heros" they idolized. Recording, film, and sports stars like Enrico Caruso (opera singer; first celebrity), Charlie Chaplin (actor), Babe Ruth (baseball player), and Jack Dempsey (boxer) were followed and celebrated by ordinary Americans across the country. Charles Lindbergh was the decade's greatest celebrity. c. Yet the radio and other forms of technology were highly exclusive to wealthy Americans. At the end of the 20s, 75% of Americans didn't have a washing machine, and 60% had no radio.

Court packing scheme

a. Roosevelt's court packing scheme, a less than benign action that FDR took in 1937, was a failed plan to add on 6 more Justices to the Supreme Court, increasing the number of judges from 9 to 15. He was not happy with the fact that several of his Second New Deal programs like the AAA and NRA were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, and wanted more people that favored his plans and were more sympathetic to them to prevent any more setbacks. b. While FDR's scheme was initially a failure, his goal of more cooperation with the Supreme Court was achieved, as after his reelection in 1936, Congress was more willing to support economic legislation set up by FDR and his administration c. The court upheld a minimum wage law of the state of Washington similar to the New York measure it had declared unconstitutional a year earlier, turned aside challenges to Social Security and the Wagner Act, and were more open to working in favor of the New Deal.

Eleanor Roosevelt

a. Roosevelt's distant cousin, whom he married in 1905. b. She turned the position of First Lady into a base for political activity. She traveled a lot and spoke out on issues, she wrote a regular newspaper column that sometimes disagreed with her husband's policies, and she worked for civil rights, labor legislation, and work relief. c. Comparable to Woodrow Wilson's wife, Edith, who basically took over for Wilson after his stroke. Though Edith Wilson did not participate in her own political work, she still played a vital role in the presidency.

Fireside chats

a. Roosevelt's radio addresses were known as his "fireside chats." b. Roosevelt was a master of political communication. At a time when his political opponents controlled most newspapers, he harnessed radio's power to bring his message directly into American homes. By the mid-1930s, more than ⅔ of American families owned radios. c. He reclaimed the terms "liberalism" and "freedom." He gave "liberalism" the meaning of a large, active, and socially conscious state. He made the word "freedom" a rallying cry for the New Deal. In his second fireside chat, he juxtaposed his definition of freedom as greater security to the older definition of liberty of contract.

Schechter v. U.S.

a. Schechter vs U.S. was a 1935 Supreme court case involving the Schechter Poultry Company of Brooklyn, which had been charged with violating the code adopted by the chicken industry b. The court case ruled that Schechter was unlawful because in its codes and other regulations it delegated legislative powers to the president and attempted to regulate local businesses that did not engage in interstate commerce. c. The court case was one of many brought to the Supreme Court, like with the United States vs Butler case, that had to deal with the aftermath of Roosevelt's New Deal.

Frances Perkins

a. Secretary of Labor under FDR during the Depression. Advised FDR and helped create the New Deal. First woman to be a cabinet secretary. Held a key position in FDR's administration. Also a Hull House veteran and witnessed the Triangle fire of 1911 in person. b. Believed in the federal government's involvement in the economy. Shaped policies during the Depression to help the American economy and people become stable again. Huge hand in the creation of the New Deal.

section 7a

a. Section of the National Industry Recovery Act. Recognized workers' right to unionize. Won support from labor but largely ignored by anti-union employers. b. A step for government support for industrial freedom and a step away from the past policies of "free economy".

Sit down strike / UAW

a. Sit down strikes were a new type of protest created by labor unions like the UAW (United Auto Workers) in the 1930's, where workers refused to leave the factories, making production impossible, which highly effective in the organizing drive of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. b. This new form of striking was nonviolent and led to the control of factories and plants like when 7,000 General Motors workers seized control of the Fisher Body Plant in Cleveland.

"brain trusts"

a. The "brain trusts" were advisors to President Roosevelt, who had been with him during his campaign. They continued to advise him as president. b. The "brain trusts" believed in the effectiveness of the New Deal, and helped FDR create the policies associated with it.

21st Amendment

a. The 21st Amendment was ratified at the end of 1933 during FDR's administration. The purpose of the amendment was to repeal the 18th Amendment, which placed a prohibition on alcohol in the United States. b. The 21st Amendment served to reduce the epower held by organized crime rings, which had gained power by controlling the alcohol industry in America during Prohibition. Following the ratification, Americans were finally free to drink again, instead of having to do it illegally with the fear of being arrested. c. The 21st Amendment also prohibited the transportation and use of alcohol in any state that has laws against it.

ACLU

a. The American Civil Liberties Union upheld the rights of every citizen of the United States, as promised by the Constitution. The ACLU was primarily founded due to the lack of public freedom during World War I, especially the Espionage and Sedition Acts. b. The ACLU believed that the rights promised by the Constitution could not be taken away under any circumstances, so the union felt the need to defend these rights. c. The ACLU is similar to the Civil Rights Movement, which fought to gain rights for African Americans, since they were citizens of America and therefore entitled to the same rights as white men.

Banking Act / Bank Holiday

a. The Banking Act was an act passed by FDR to provide funds to shore up threatened institutions. b. The act halted all bank operations for a week and called Congress into a special session in hopes of determining a solution to the problem. c. On March 9, it rushed to pass the Emergency Banking Act, which provided funds to shore up threatened institutions.

Glass-Steagall Act / FDIC

a. The Glass-Steagall Act barred commercial banks from becoming involved in buying and selling stocks. It also established the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), which is an institution that insures the accounts of individual depositors. b. The Act was part of the FDR's New Deal measures to transform the financial system. Together with the Emergency Banking Act, the financial system was rescued and the government's power over the economy greatly increased. In 1936, not a single bank failed in the U.S. c. Comparable to the Federal Reserve Act under Wilson, which created the Federal Reserve System. Both Acts reformed the financial system and the banks to prevent further economic panic. Additionally, both the Federal Reserve System and the FDIC are still around today.

The Great Depression

a. The Great Depression was the period of American history where nearly the entire country was in severe poverty, with declines in international and national level trading. b. The depression was caused by the international stock markets crashed, after years of economic trouble in the U.S. with banks failing, land remaining undeveloped, and mortgages foreclosed. c. The depression destroyed businesses and family, leaving investments worthless and companies broke due to the bloated stock market failing, and many families lost their life savings on account of the Depression.

Harlem Renaissance

a. The Harlem Renaissance was the term for the artistic movement inspired by the "New Negro" idea. It included people like Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Bill Robinson, and others. b. It was made up of writers, poet, artists, and protesters who were trying to shed the stereotypical ideas pertaining to the African American community at the time. c. Overall the movement was successful, with pieces like Claude McKay's Home to Harlem being quoted by Winston Churchill during WWII to inspire the British public.

Home Owners Loan Corporation

a. The Home Owners Loan Corporation and the FHA insure millions of long-term mortgages issued by private banks. The federal government also built thousands of units of low-rent housing. b. FDR spoke of "the security of the home" as a right of every American, a right that was as important as physical security and social insurance. Parts of the New Deal, like the Home Owners Loan Corporation and the FHA worked to protect homeowners from foreclosure and to stimulate new construction. Thanks to measure like these, tens of millions of Americans were able to own homes, and it became cheaper for most Americans to buy single-family homes than to rent apartments. c. Comparable to the FHA and the Veterans' Administration. During the Depression, the Veterans' Administration provided loan guaranty for homes for veterans.

Indian Reorganization Act / Indian New Deal

a. The Indian Reorganization Act/ Indian New Deal was the series of reforms intended to help to expand Native American rights during the New Deal era, prominently started by John Collier, the commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. b. Collier's version of the act included increased access for Native Americans to relief programs, and more employed Native Americans at the BIA. The Congressionally passed version of the act was very diluted. c. The Congressional version of the Indian Reorganization Act was watered down from the version Collier created, and didn't improve Native American lives in ny substantial ways.

Meyers v. Nebraska (1923)

a. The Meyers vs. Nebraska Supreme Court case involved Constitutional rights based on native language. b. The problem of native language gained popularity due to the KKK Going after immigrants and anyone who they believed was not completely loyal to America. In reponse to this, foreigners were urged by the Catholic Church to learn English and embrace American values. Most immigrants did not embrace forced Americanization. c. The Supreme Court ruled that the freedoms, liberties, and rights of the Constitution extended to all American citizens, regardless of what language those citizens spoke. The ruling gave immigrants new freedoms to live the way they wanted, instead of being forced to conform to American ways of life.

National Industrial Recovery Act

a. The National Industrial Recovery Act was created in 1933 on the last day of the Hundred Days. The NIRA created public-works jobs and established self-regulation for industries. b. The NIRA was important because it led to several other organizations, such as the National Recovery Administration and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and it helped America recover from the economic depression. c. The NIRA only lasted for about two years, when it was declared unconstitutional in 1935, partly due to the Act giving the president more power at the expense of Congress.

National Recovery Administration

a. The National Recovery Administration was a group that brought together business and labor leaders to create "codes of fair competition" and "fair labor" policies, including a national minimum wage. b. An administration set up as part of FDR's New Deal to end the Great Depression, the goal was to bring better jobs for Americans and prevent another Great Depression from happening in the U.S. again. c. This along with other programs like the Works Progress Administration helped to bring America out of poverty.

The Communist Party and Popular Front

a. The Popular Front was a period during the mid-1930s when the Communist Party sought to ally itself with socialists and New Dealers in movements for social change, urging reform of the capitalist system rather than revolution. The communists gained a lot of respectability. b. For the first time in American history, the left, which included socialists, communists, and labor radicals enjoyed greater political influence. The CIO and Communist Party became focal points for broad social and intellectual impulse that helped to redraw boundaries of freedom. c. The Communist Party helped to give the Second New Deal a sense of militancy and a more inclusive idea of freedom and what it means to be an American.

Public Works Administration - PWA

a. The Public Works Administration was an administration that was created as part of the National Industry Recovery Act to help contract private construction companies to build roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. b. FDR's New Deal, which included the Public Works Administration,served to provide large amounts of new jobs for the American people in hopes of repairing the financial damage the Great Depression caused, as well as rebuild the country better than the state that it was in before.

Scopes Trial

a. The Scopes Trial was a court trial in a small town in Tennessee, which turned into a world-wide news story and attracted reporters from all over the world. John Scopes was put on trial for teaching about Darwin's theory of evolution, which was against the law in Tennessee public schools. b. The trial brought into the public eye the difference between scientific and religious teachings, as Scopes was only put on trial because the theory of evolution contradicted the traditional biblical story of creation. c. This was similar to the Schenck v. United States occurring around the same time, as both revolved around free speech. The Schenck case came from the Espionage Act, while the Scopes trial was simply a matter of state laws, but both cases reflected that free speech was not always a guantee in America, even if it was promised by the Constitution.

Scottsboro Boys

a. The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American teenagers ranging from ages 13 to 20 who were falsely accused in Alabama of raping two White American women on a train in 1931. b. The jury decided that the boys were guilty despite little to no evidence, which prompted national outrage from civil rights groups other reform organizations. c. The court eventually ruled that African Americans could not be discriminated against in court, and that all African Americans were entitled to fair trial without discrimination, as well as a fair jury and that African Americans couldn't be excluded from juries from that point further.

The 2nd KKK

a. The Second KKK was the recreation of the KKK in 1915 after the lynching of Leo Frank, a jewish factory manager accusing of killing a teenage girl, but were created due to anti-immigrant/Americanization sentiment. b. This new new clan hated more than just African Americans, and were against jewish people, immigrants, catholics, and against various new ideals like feminism, unions, etc. c. Compared to the first KKK, the second KKK was larger and more cult like, in part thanks to the 1915 movie "The Birth of A Nation", which premiered in the White House during Wilson's presidency.

Works Progress Administration

a. The Works Progress Administration was was created as a part of the New Deal, and gave jobs to almost everyone who requested a job. Most of the jobs involved manual labor and construction of some sort. b. The people working for the WPA mostly built bridges, roads, and building. The WPA also employed artistic people in a federal arts program, which sponsored concerts and paid the artists to paint murals and other artwork in government buildings. c. Similar to the Public Works Administration, which also focused on giving manual labor and construction jobs to those who asked for them. Both agencies were able to hire millions of people during the Great Depression.

Social Security Act and Welfare State

a. The centerpiece of the Second New Deal. Embodied Roosevelt's belief that the federal government had a responsibility to ensure the material well-being of all Americans. It created a system of unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and aid to the disabled, the elderly, poor, and families with dependent children. The Act launched the welfare state, a system of income assistance, health coverage, and social services for all citizens. Social Security was paid for through taxes on employers and workers. b. Ideas of helping the elderly, poor, and families with dependent children were not new. Yet, the idea of the American government supervising a permanent system of social insurance - which Social Security did do - was new. The welfare state showed the power and the limits of the Second New Deal. It marked a radical departure from previous government policies with little interference in the lives of ordinary Americans, but it was more decentralized than European welfare states and covered fewer citizens. Social Security is still around today, providing benefits for the old, poor, people with dependent children, as well as retirement and healthcare benefits. It is comparable to the mother's pensions earned by the maternalist reforms of the Progressive era.

Modern "new" woman

a. The modern "new" woman was a woman who did not embody the typical beliefs of what a woman should do or how they should act. Many people did not accept or encourage women participating in this type of behavior. b. The "new" women of the time had different clothing and hairstyles than in previous decades, because they were trying to be more free and change peoples' perceptions of what a woman should be. c. This idea of the "new" woman is related to modern feminism. In both cases women want to gain more freedom, and they do this by altering the prevailing views of how a woman is defined.

Hoovervilles

a. The name given to large areas of shacks and other small housing, which were set up mostly for the unemployed in major cities. b. The name implies that the majority of people blamed the Great Depression and subsequent unemployment rise on president Herbert Hoover, who became the scapegoat for the depression and all of its related problems c. Most Hoovervilles lasted from the early 1930s to the eventual recovery of the economy in the early 1940s.

Buying on margin

a. The practice of borrowing money from a bank or broker to purchase stocks or other everyday objects. If the money could not be paid back, the possessions of the buyer could be foreclosed on and taken by the creditor. b. This idea is crucial because it was one of the factors that resulted in the stock market crash of 1929. Too many people couldn't pay back their debts, and the stock prices plummeted due to over extension of the banks.

Dr. Townshend and Father Coughlin

a. Townshend was a California physician. Coughlin was the "radio priest" who broadcasted attacking Wall Street bankers and capitalists, and called for government ownership of industries to combat the GD. b. Townshend won support for his plan, which had the government pay older citizens $200 monthly under the requirement that they spend it right away. Coughlin was critical of FDR because he thought the New Deal failed to promote social justice. c. Townshend believed his plan would boost the economy. Coughlin was similar to Aimee Semple McPherson, who broadcasted sermons.

Warren G. Harding and "Return of Normalcy"

a. Warren G Harding was the 29th president of the U.S, and his "Return to Normalcy" was what he called removing Wilson-era policies of progressivism after WWI. b. Harding's administration soon became extremely corrupt, with his Secretary of the Interior Design being convicted of selling oil reserves to big oil companies for nearly 500,000 c. Other corrupt individuals in Harding's corrupt administration before his 1923 heart attack included his Attorney General Harry Daugherty, who accepted bribes not to prosecute convicted criminals, and the head of the Veterans Bureau Charles Forbes, who received kickbacks from the sale of government supplies.